Neuroinflammation in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus precipitates visceral pain induced by pancreatic cancer in mice.

Background: Given the pivotal role of neuroinflammation in chronic pain and that the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) is a crucial brain region involved in visceral pain regulation, we sought to investigate whether the targeted modulation of microglia and astrocytes in the PVN could ameliorate pancreatic cancer-induced visceral pain (PCVP) in mice. Methods: Using a mouse model of PCVP, achieved by tumor cell injection at the head of the pancreas, we measure the number of glial cells, and at the same time we employed minocycline to inhibit microglia and chemogenetic methods to suppress astrocytes in order to investigate the respective roles of microglia and astrocytes within the PVN in PCVP. Results: Mice exhibited visceral pain at 12, 15 and 18 days post-tumor cell injection. We observed a significant increase in the population of both microglia and astrocytes. Inhibition of microglial activity through minocycline microinjection into the PVN resulted in alleviation of visceral pain within 30 and 60 min. Similarly, chemogenetic inhibition of astrocyte function at 14 and 21 days post-injection also led to relief from visceral pain. Conclusions: This study found that PVN microglia and astrocytes were involved in regulating PCVP. Our results suggest that targeting glia may be a potential approach for alleviating visceral pain in patients with pancreatic cancer.

Inhibition of GABAergic neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus precipitates visceral pain induced by pancreatic cancer in mice.

Background: For patients with pancreatic cancer, visceral pain is a debilitating symptom that significantly compromises their quality of life. Unfortunately, the lack of effective treatment options can be attributed to our limited understanding of the neural circuitry underlying this phenomenon. The primary objective of this study is to elucidate the fundamental mechanisms governing visceral pain induced by pancreatic cancer in murine models. Methods: A mouse model of pancreatic cancer visceral pain was established in C57BL/6N mice through the intrapancreatic injection of mPAKPC-luc cells. Abdominal mechanical hyperalgesia and hunch score were employed to evaluate visceral pain, whereas the in vitro electrophysiological patch-clamp technique was utilized to record the electrophysiological activity of GABAergic neurons. Specific neuron ablation and chemogenetics methods were employed to investigate the involvement of GABAergic neurons in pancreatic cancer-induced visceral pain. Results: In vitro electrophysiological results showed that the firing frequency of GABAergic neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) was decreased. Specific destruction of GABAergic neurons in the PVN exacerbated visceral pain induced by pancreatic cancer. Chemogenetics activation of GABAergic neurons in the PVN alleviated visceral pain induced by pancreatic cancer. Conclusions: GABAergic neurons located in PVN play a crucial role in precipitating visceral pain induced by pancreatic cancer in mice, thereby offering novel insights for identifying effective targets to treat pancreatic cancer-related visceral pain.

First-line treatments for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a network meta-analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis in China and the United States.

Background: Various therapeutic strategies are available for the first-line treatment of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (aHCC). But which approach is the most cost-effective remains uncertain. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of first-line strategies in aHCC patients from the perspective of Chinese and US payers. Design: A network meta-analysis (NMA) and cost-effectiveness study. Data sources and methods: A NMA was conducted to collect all first-line strategies with aHCC from 1 October 1 2018 until 1 January 2022. The relevant randomized controlled trial literature in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library for the last 3 years were searched. The abstracts of meetings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, European Society of Medical Oncology, and American Association for Cancer Research were also reviewed. A Markov model that included three states was developed. One-way sensitivity and probabilistic sensitivity analysis were performed to investigate the uncertainty of the economic evaluation. Scenario analysis was conducted to explore the economic benefits of treatment strategies in low-income populations. Results: Base-case analysis in China included 1712 patients showed that atezolizumab combined with bevacizumab, sintilimab combined with bevacizumab, lenvatinib (LEVA), and sorafenib (SORA) added 0.46, 1.25, 0.77, and -1.08 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), respectively, compared with donafenib, resulting in an incremental cost-effective ratio of $85607.88, $12109.27, and $1651.47 per QALY at a willingness-to-pay (WTP) of $11101.70/QALY. In the United States, only the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) of SORA was higher that were lower than the WTP threshold ($69375/QALY), and LEVA was the most cost-effective strategy with the ICERs were 25022.13/QALY. Conclusion: The NMA and cost-effectiveness analysis revealed that LEVA is the favorite choice in the first-line treatment of Chinese aHCC patients and US payers' perspective when the WTP was $11101.70/QALY in China and $69375.0/QALY in the United States. Registration: This study has been registered on the PROSPERO database with the registration number CRD42021286575.

SP1-induced lncRNA DANCR contributes to proliferation and invasion of ovarian cancer.

Transcription factor SP1 could manipulate pathways involved in ovarian cancer progression. LncRNAs are involved in SP1-mediated tumorigenesis. LncRNA DANCR could promote metastasis of ovarian cancer. However, the regulatory function and involvement of SP1-induced lncRNA DANCR in ovarian cancer remain elusive. Data from this study showed that SP1 was up-regulated in ovarian cancer tissues and cells (CAOV3, SKOV3, A2780), and SP1 could bind to the promoter region of DANCR through chromatin immunoprecipitation and leuciferase activity assays. Therefore, DANCR was transcriptionally induced by SP1 in ovarian cancer tissues and cells (CAOV3, SKOV3, A2780). Functionally, reduced expression of DANCR suppressed cell viability, migration and invasion of CAOV3, while enhanced DANCR expression contributed to SKOV3 growth. Over-expression of SP1 reversed the suppressive effects of DANCR interference on ovarian cancer progression. In conclusion, SP1-induced DANCR contributed to oncogenic potential of ovarian cancer, suggesting a promising therapeutic target for ovarian cancer.

Chemical Deprenylation of N6 -Isopentenyladenosine (i6 A) RNA.

N6 -isopentenyladenosine (i6 A) is an RNA modification found in cytokinins, which regulate plant growth/differentiation, and a subset of tRNAs, where it improves the efficiency and accuracy of translation. The installation and removal of this modification is mediated by prenyltransferases and cytokinin oxidases, and a chemical approach to selective deprenylation of i6 A has not been developed. We show that a selected group of oxoammonium cations function as artificial deprenylases to promote highly selective deprenylation of i6 A in nucleosides, oligonucleotides, and live cells. Importantly, other epigenetic modifications, amino acid residues, and natural products were not affected. Moreover, a significant phenotype difference in the Arabidopsis thaliana shoot and root development was observed with incubation of the cation. These results establish these small organic molecules as direct chemical regulators/artificial deprenylases of i6 A.

Identification of Flavin Mononucleotide as a Cell-Active Artificial N6 -Methyladenosine RNA Demethylase.

N6 -Methyladenosine (m6 A) represents a common and highly dynamic modification in eukaryotic RNA that affects various cellular pathways. Natural dioxygenases such as FTO and ALKBH5 are enzymes that demethylate m6 A residues in mRNA. Herein, the first identification of a small-molecule modulator that functions as an artificial m6 A demethylase is reported. Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), the metabolite produced by riboflavin kinase, mediates substantial photochemical demethylation of m6 A residues of RNA in live cells. This study provides a new perspective to the understanding of demethylation of m6 A residues in mRNA and sheds light on the development of powerful small molecules as RNA demethylases and new probes for use in RNA biology.

Toward Anion-π Interactions Directed Self-Assembly with Predesigned Dual Macrocyclic Receptors and Dianions.

Realizing anion-π interaction induced self-assembly with charge-neutral π receptors as building components is extremely challenging. We designed and synthesized a series of bisoxacalix[2]arene[2]triazines 7-11 in which two macrocyclic motifs are linked in diverse branching angle and rigidity. Crystal structures showed the use of rigid linkers is able to control the orientation of the two macrocyclic cavities. The interplay between the two cavities was revealed by binding studies of 8-11 with chloride in solution. Whereas 180°- and 120°-branched hosts 8 and 9 possess dual complexation ability, 60°-branched and flexibly linked hosts 10 and 11 only form 1:1 complex with chloride. Association and self-assembly of these bismacrocyclic building units with dianionic naphthalene-1,5-disulfonate were systematically investigated. The formation of oligomeric self-assemblies and large aggregates in solution was suggested by 1H NMR titrations, concentration- and temperature-variable 1H NMR, diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY), ESI-MS, and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The anion-π induced long-distance self-assembly with coherent particle formation was revealed by SEM, TEM, cryo-TEM, and AFM techniques. The systematic studies allowed us to draw the conclusion that the dianion served to bridge the initial host aggregates through anion-π interactions and was responsible for the coherent particle formation. The cavity orientation of the bismacrocycle components was found to have a significant influence on the coherent particle morphology.

Polymorphism in rs2229783 of the Alpha 1(XI) Collagen Gene Is Associated with Susceptibility to but not Severity of Kashin-Beck Disease in a Northwest Chinese Han Population.

A case-control study was conducted to investigate associations between organophosphate pesticide (OP) exposure, aggression, impulsivity, and attempted suicide. The purpose of this study was to explore whether genomic polymorphisms in the alpha 1(XI) collagen gene (COL11A1) were associated with the risk and severity of Kashin-Beck disease (KBD). Twenty-two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in COL11A1 were genotyped in 274 KBD cases and 249 healthy controls using the Sequenom MassARRAY system. The expression of type XI collagen (COL11A) in the knee articular cartilage of 22 KBD patients and 21 controls was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Our results showed that the frequency distribution of genotypes of the rs2229783 polymorphism in COL11A1 was significantly different between the KBD and control groups (P = 0.0003). Moreover, the expression level of COL11A in cartilage was significantly lower in the KBD group than in the controls (t = 2.637, P = 0.02). However, no association was found between the rs2229783 and the severity of KBD, suggesting a role of COL11A1 in the susceptibility to but not the severity of KBD.

Anionic Head Containing Oxacalix[2]arene[2]triazines: Synthesis and Anion-π-Directed Self-Assembly in Solution and Solid State.

A series of oxacalix[2]arene[2]triazines bearing one anionic head such as carboxylate, sulfonate, sulfate, and phosphate were synthesized. With the anionic head and complementary V-shape electron-deficient cavity, these macrocycles can serve as dual building units, and their anion-π directed self-assembly was investigated. The formation of oligomeric aggregates in solution was revealed by nuclear magnetic resonance, dynamic light scattering, and mass spectroscopy. Crystal structures further confirmed chainlike assembly formation directed by anion-π interactions.

Study of a Laser Wavelength Correction Method Applied to the Measurement of OH Radical with Laser-Induced Fluor.

A method for dye laser wavelength correction applied for the measurement of OH radical with FAGE (Fluorescence Assay by Gas Expansion) is researched in this article. Sufficiently stable concentration of OH radical is produced with thermal dissociation of H2O by using an alumel filament and the fluorescence is excited with 282 nm laser in a low pressure cell. The fluorescence is detected with a photomultiplier and a high speed data acquisition card, while the laser light is monitored by a photodiode, and both signals are handled by a LabVIEW program for further analysis. The data acquisition card is triggered by a positive TTL pulse generated by a digital delay generator, which is triggered by a rising edge of a synchronized output pulse of the dye laser. The LabVIEW program is used to determine the location of the OH excited line according to the fluorescence intensity of OH radical when the frequency of the dye laser is scanned. By scanning dye laser wavelength range in 281.97~282.28 nm, excitation spectrum of OH radical is recorded. In order to optimize system parameters and achieve a high signal-to-noise ratio, the effects of the humidity, oxygen concentration, mass flow and pumping speed on fluorescence intensity and lifetime are studied at Q12 line and less than ±1.9% fluctuations of the fluorescence intensity is obtained. With analysis of the reaction mechanism of the thermal dissociation of H2O, it is concluded that reaction of oxygen and water is a major source of OH radical. Laser output wavelength is scanned in a small range around Q12 line to find out the exact exciting line and then correct the laser's output, which might slightly shift due to the environmental change and leads to reduction of fluorescence intensity. The wavelength correction procedure is implemented many times and the results show that the systematic error of the instrument is less than 0.1 pm. According to the experimental results, this method meets the needs of quantitative accurate measuring tropospheric OH radical by FAGE.

Clinical classification of Caroli's disease: an analysis of 30 patients.

BACKGROUND: Caroli's disease (CD) is a rare congenital disorder. The early diagnosis of the disease and differentiation of types I and II are of extreme importance to patient survival. This study was designed to review and discuss observations in 30 patients with CD and to clarify the clinical characteristics of the disease. METHODS: The demographic and clinical features, laboratory indicators, imaging findings and pathology results for 30 patients with CD were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: Caroli's disease can occur at any age. The average age of onset in the study cohort was 24 years. Patients who presented with symptoms before the age of 40 years were more likely to develop type II CD. Approximately one-third of patients presented without positive signs at original diagnosis and most of these patients were found to have type I CD on pathology. Anaemia, leucopoenia and thrombocytopoenia were more frequent in patients with type II than type I CD. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and computed tomography (CT) examinations were most useful in diagnosing CD. CONCLUSIONS: No typical symptoms, signs or laboratory indicators are able to distinguish CD from other conditions. Both MRCP and CT were most valuable in diagnosis. The two types of CD may be differentiated by age of onset and routine blood tests.

Contrast-enhanced sonography for quantitative assessment of portal hypertension in patients with liver cirrhosis.

OBJECTIVES: The clinical utility of contrast-enhanced sonography in portal hypertension remains unclear. We explored the feasibility of using contrast-enhanced sonography for noninvasive assessment of portal venous pressure. METHODS: Twenty healthy individuals (control group; 9 men; mean age, 46.4 years) and 18 patients with portal hypertension (15 men; mean age, 46.2 years) were enrolled in this study. The portal hypertension group included patients who underwent splenectomy and pericardial blood vessel disarticulation at our hospital from October 2010 to March 2011. One week before surgery, patients with portal hypertension underwent preoperative liver contrast-enhanced sonography. Two-dimensional, Doppler, and contrast-enhanced sonographic parameters were compared between the groups. Portal venous pressure was measured intraoperatively by portal vein puncture in the portal hypertension group, and its relationship with the other parameters was analyzed. RESULTS: The 2-dimensional, Doppler, and contrast-enhanced sonographic parameters differed between the groups (P < .01). Portal venous pressure was inversely correlated with the area under the portal vein/hepatic artery time-intensity curve ratio (Qp/Qa), portal vein/hepatic artery strength ratio (Ip/Ia), and portal vein/hepatic artery wash-in perfusion slope ratio (ßp/ßa), with correlation coefficients of -0.701, -0.625, and -0.494, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of the liver contrast-enhanced sonographic parameters Qp/Qa, Ip/Ia, and ßp/ßa could be used as a new quantitative method for noninvasively assessing portal venous pressure.

[Clinical value of acoustic radiation force impulse imaging for quantitative evaluation of degree of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C patients].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the diagnostic value of acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging technology for the assessment of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients. METHODS: One-hundred-and-eight CHC patients were examined by real-time ultrasound elastography using the Acuson S2000 ARFI instrument (Siemens Healthcare) and underwent liver biopsy for pathohistological analysis. The correlation between liver fibrosis grades determined by the two approaches was analyzed. The cut-off values for diagnosis by ARFI (S more than 2, S more than 3 and S = 4) were determined by generating a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. RESULTS: The spectrum of liver stiffness detected by ARFI sonoelastography included S1 at (1.26+/-0.27) m/s (n = 36), S2 at (1.45+/-0.51) m/s (n = 31), S3 at (2.01+/-0.54) m/s (n = 27), and S4 at (2.28+/-0.82) m/s (n = 14). The ARFI values were significantly different among the four different stages of liver fibrosis (P less than 0.001). The liver stiffness detected by ARFI sonoelastography was significantly correlated with the liver fibrosis stage determined by the gold standard pathohistological analysis (Spearman's rank coefficient: 0.61, P less than 0.001). Using the ARFI technology for assessment of liver fibrosis gave areas under the ROC curve of 0.779 for S more than 2 patients, of 0.863 for S more than 3 patients, and of 0.0880 for S = 4 patients. CONCLUSION: The real-time ultrasound elastography ARFI technology can show the elasticity modulus of liver, and its data values positively correlate with the patho-histology grade of liver fibrosis in CHC patients. ARFI technology is easy to operate, non-invasive, and quantitative, and has potential clinical value for assessing liver fibrosis in CHC.

Haemostatic agents of the gelatin matrix for a large liver wound by percutaneous injection without pressure under the guidance of contrast-enhanced ultrasound.

BACKGROUND: The non-operation treatment of intra-abdominal trauma guided contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is one of the hottest research topic. Gelatin/thrombin/calcium (GTC) was developed as a novel haemostatic agent for non-operable intra-abdominal trauma. We hypothesized that GTC can achieve haemostasis (without the use of pressure) within a short time in a large wound model by percutaneous injection under CEUS guidance. METHODS: Forty Wister rats received large liver injuries by haemostatic clamp and were randomly divided into four groups, according to the haemostatic agent used. These included normal saline (NS) group A, lyophilising thrombin powder (LTP) group B, GTC group C, and absorbable α-cyanoacrylate (ACNA) group D. Each injury site was treated with one of the above materials and total bleeding time was recorded. All liver wounds were evaluated using CEUS at three periods: pre-injury, injury and post-treatment. The liver wounds were also evaluated by histology 3, 6, and 9 days after injury and the extents of abdominal adhesions were recorded. RESULTS: The sensitivity of CEUS (100%) in detecting blunt traumatic liver lesions was significantly higher than conventional ultrasound (42.5%). Bleeding times at the injury site in the GTC group C ((129.3 ± 14.0) seconds) and ACNA group D ((5.2 ± 1.0) seconds) were significantly shorter than those in the NS group A ((369.5 ± 48.8) seconds, P < 0.01) and LTP group B ((324.7 ± 52.22) seconds, P < 0.01). The LTP group B showed no significant difference compared with the NS group A. Gross examination of liver tissue revealed that there were fewer intra-abdominal adhesions in the GTC group C (10%) than in the ACNA group D (100%). Histopathologic examination showed that GTC was completely absorbed after nine days. CONCLUSIONS: GTC, delivered by percutaneous injection under CEUS, may achieve haemostasis (without the use of pressure) within a short time in a large wound model. GTC is absorbable and may prevent intra-abdominal adhesions. Therefore, it may be the optimal choice for first aid treatment of large abdominal wounds in the setting of blunt trauma.

[Transrectal real-time tissue elastography combined with grey-scale ultrasound: valuable for the diagnosis of prostate peripheral zone lesions].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the value of strain patterns by transrectal real-time tissue elastography (TRTE) combined with transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) in the differential diagnosis of the peripheral zone lesions of the prostate. METHODS: A total of 145 patients suspected of prostate cancer (PCa) underwent TRUS and TRTE examinations. Based on the features of the strain patterns, the lesions were classified into 5 grades, and the strain patterns were compared with the results of pathological diagnosis. RESULTS: High-quality images of TRTE were obtained in 124 (52 malignant and 72 benign) of the cases. According to the pathological results, malignancies accounted for 6.8% (3/44) in Grade I, 23.1% (3/13) in Grade II, 31.3% (5/16) in Grade III, 75.6% (31/41) in Grade IV and 100% (10/10) in Grade V, with statistically significant differences among the 5 grades (chi2 = 57.9, P < 0.01), and the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were 88.5%, 70.8%, 78.2%, 68.7% and 89.5% for TRTE, in comparison with 78.8%, 86.1%, 83.1%, 80.4% and 84.9% for the combination of TRTE and TRUS. CONCLUSION: The combined use of strain patterns and TRUS is helpful to the differential diagnosis of prostate peripheral zone lesions.

The solvent-free synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines under ultrasound irradiation without catalyst.

The condensation of aldehydes, ethyl acetoacetate and ammonium acetate result 1,4-dihydropyridines in 82-99% yields under ultrasound irradiation without solvent and catalyst at room temperature. Compared with conventional methods, the main advantages of the present procedure are milder conditions, shorter reaction time and higher yields.

Immune response induced by spike protein from transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus expressed in mouse mammary cells.

The present study is undertaken to investigate the immune response that was induced by the recombinant spike (S) protein from swine-transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) expressed in mouse mammary cells. A mammary-specific expression vector pEBS containing the full-length cDNA of S gene was constructed and expressed in the mouse mammary cells (EMT6). The recombinant S protein from culture supernatant of transgenic EMT6 was harvested and immunized BALB/c mice. The results demonstrated recombinant S protein was expressed at high levels in mammary cells by Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detection. The antibody titer in BALB/c mice following immunization with recombinant S protein was detectable after the first immunization. Maximum titers of antibody (8.86+/-0.19 ng/ml of serum) were attained after the second immunization. In conclusion, the recombinant S protein expressed in mammary cells was able to elicit substantial immunological response against TGEV. This lays the basis for using mammary gland bioreactor generating edible vaccine.

[Molecular cloning and functional analysis of bovine mammary gland matrix attachment regions].

The bovine genomic DNA was extracted from bovine blood, then bovine mammary gland matrix attachment region (BMARs) was cloned using a pair of primers, which were designed based on the related sequences in GenBank through bio-software Primer5.0 and Vector7.0. Upon preliminary analysis with bio-software, BMARs was TA cloned into PMD-18 T vector. By means of adding Kpn2 I and Xho I to 5' upstream of sensitive and antisensitive primers respectively, expressing vector BE was constructed after BMAR was cloned into the downstream of the reporter gene in pEGFP-C1. Bovine ear fibroblast cells were transfected by expressing vector BE with Lipofectamine.Compared with control bovine ear fibroblast cells transfected with pEGFP-C1, the effect of cloned BMR was apparent in dispelling position effect and enhancing gene expression.

Prevalence rate of metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemia in a large professional population in Beijing.

The metabolic syndrome (MS) was a clustering of some cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertriglyceridemia, obesity, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and hypertension. MS patients are at a risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although the prevalence of MS in variety of ethnic group has been well documented, limited information is available about the prevalence in Chinese population. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of the MS and dyslipidemia among 16,342 subjects (8801 males and 7541 females) aged 20-90 years in Beijing. 51.9% males and 40.8% females had at least one abnormal serum lipid concentration. The age-standardized prevalence of MS was 13.2% according to Chinese Diabetes Society (CDS) definition of the MS. The prevalence increased with age in both genders. MS was more commonly seen in males than in females (15.7% versus 10.2%). According to the diagnostic criterion, dyslipidemia was observed in 51.9% of males and 40.8% of females, and there was obvious difference between them (P < 0.001). This report on the MS and dyslipidemia from Beijing professional population showed a high prevalence of these disorders. Efforts on promoting healthy diets and physical activity in China should be undertaken.

Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in a middle and old-aged population of Beijing.

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was epidemic worldwide. The prevalence of CKD indicators, including proteinuria, hematuria/uninfectious leukocyturia and reduced GFR, was investigated in the middle and old-aged population of Beijing Shijingshan district. METHODS: Subjects of 2310 aged > or =40 y were enrolled. Their health conditions were taken by questionnaires and physical check-ups. Spot urine albumin to creatinine ratio, spot urine dipstick and microscopy for urine red cell and leukocyte, and serum creatinine was determined. Using simplified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation estimated GFR assessed renal function. The associations between age, gender, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension, and indicators of kidney damage were examined. RESULTS: Through the questionnaires, the history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and CKD were found in 28%, 47.1% and 3.6% of subjects, respectively. Albuminuria was detected in 8.4% of subjects, hematuria and uninfectious leukocyturia in 0.7%, and reduced GFR in 4.9%. Approximately 12.9% had at least 1 indicator of CKD. The known rate of CKD in the studied population was 7.1%. Age, diabetes mellitus, hyper fasting blood glucose and hypertension were independently associated with albuminuria; age, gender, hyper uric acid and albuminuria with reduced GFR. When proteinuria and reduced GFR were determined using spot urine dipstick protein > or =25 mg/dl and serum creatinine > or =133 micromol/l, the prevalence of proteinuria and reduced GFR were 4.7% and 0.8%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of CKD is common in middle and old-aged population of Beijing, especially in the elderly, but the known rate was relatively low. These findings highlight the clinical and public health importance of CKD.