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BACKGROUND: Tranexamic acid (TXA) has been used as an anti-fibrinolytic drug for over half a century and has received much attention in recent decades. AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of topical vs intravenous TXA in reducing blood loss and promoting wound healing in bone surgery. METHODS: From the electronic resources, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, ISI, and Scopus were used to perform a literature search over the last 10 years between 2010 and 2020. EndNote™ X8 was used for managing the electronic resource. Searches were performed with mesh terms. The data were retracted blindly by two independent reviewers. Random effects were used to deal with potential heterogeneity and I 2 showed heterogeneity. Chi-square (I 2) tests were used to quantify the extent of heterogeneity (P < 0.01 was considered statistically significant). The efficacy of topical TXA in reducing blood loss and promoting wound healing in bone surgery was compared with intravenous TXA and placebo. RESULTS: According to the research design, 1360 potentially important research abstracts and titles were discovered in our electronic searches, and 18 papers remained in agreement with our inclusion criteria. It was found that TXA reduced 277.51 mL of blood loss compared to placebo, and there was no significant difference between topical TXA and IV TXA in reducing blood loss in bone surgery. Our analyses also showed that TXA significantly reduced blood transfusion compared to placebo and there was no significant difference between topical TXA and IV TXA. CONCLUSION: The use of both topical and intravenous TXA are equally effective in reducing blood loss in bone surgery, which might be beneficial for wound healing after surgery.
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Corni fructus, the fruit of Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc., has been used as a tonic for the kidney in China for thousands of years. Loganin is one of the major constituents derived from Corni fructus. In this study, we revealed the sedative and hypnotic activity of loganin and investigated its mechanisms for the first time. Pentobarbital-induced sleep test and insomnia mice models [induced by caffeine and p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA)] were used for the assessment of sedative and hypnotic effects of loganin. It was found that loganin (20-50 mg/kg) exerted sedative effect in normal mice. Loganin exhibited hypnotic effect by increasing sleep onset and sleep duration in pentobarbital-treated mice, recovering PCPA-induced insomnia and exerting synergistic hypnosis effect with 5-HTP. In addition, electroencephalograph (EEG) and electromyography (EMG) recordings of rats showed that loganin (35 mg/kg) prolonged the ratio of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and shortened wakefulness significantly, further immunohistochemistry showed that loganin (35 mg/kg) increased c-Fos expression in GABAergic neurons of rats in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO). The levels of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) and its metabolite were measured in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and striatum of mice, 1 h after loganin (35 mg/kg) treatment. 5-HT, 5-HIAA/5-HT, DA, and DOPAC were decreased significantly in the prefrontal cortex. In conclusion, these results indicated that loganin produced beneficial sedative and hypnotic activity, which might be mainly mediated by modification of the serotonergic system and GABAergic neurons.
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Objective To study the functional material basis of herb pair Paeoniae Radix Alba-Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and analyze their mechanism of action by the systematic pharmacological method based on the platform of traditional Chinese medicine systematic pharmacological analysis (TCMSP) and the big data of traditional Chinese medicine. Methods TCMSP was used to search for the chemical constituents of the two Chinese herbal medicines, “Baishao” and “Gancao”. The molecular descriptors of the components were compared by the two tailed Mann-Whitney U test method, and the oral bioavailability (OB) and drug-likeness (DL) were used as indicators to screen the active components, targets and related diseases of the herb pair. The “component-target-disease” and PPI network models were constructed, and bioprocess and metabolic pathway were analyzed to explore the drug-based material basis and mechanism of action. Results Through the OB and DL parameters screening, 49 active pharmaceutical ingredients, 100 targets and 230 related diseases were obtained. The active ingredients with higher degree were formononetin, naringenin, and vestitol; The higher degree of targets were prostaglandin g/H synthase 2 (PTGS2), estrogen receptor (ESR1), and calmodulin (CALM); The higher-grade related diseases were unspecific cancer, inflammation, cardiovascular disease, unspecified, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease, mainly involving 16 categories of diseases such as cancer, nervous system diseases, endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases and certain infectious diseases and parasitic diseases. Target proteins are involved in bioprocess including signal transduction, drug response, cell proliferation, RNA polymerase II promoter regulation, positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascades, regulating metabolic pathways such as PI3K-Akt and 5-hydroxytryptamine synapses. Conclusion This study preliminarily verified the basic pharmacological effects and mechanisms of the Paeoniae Radix Alba-Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma herb pair, and explored new ideas for the study of the herb pair and related traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions.
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·Obstructive sleep apnea h ypopnea syndrome ( OSAHS) is a disorder characterized by repeated episodes of collapse of the upper airway during sleep, and ultimately lead to the repeated cycle of night intermittent hypoxemia. Recently, an as sociation of OSAHS and diabeti c retinopathy ( DR) has been reported.This paper reviewed the correlation between OSAHS and DR from clinical relationshi p, the relevant examinations and its possible mechanism of action.
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Memory is known as a series of behavioral changes caused by an experience, while learning is a process for acquiring memory. In the present study, we suggested a new method (hexagonal maze) to evaluate the learning and memory of rats. For preliminary validation, the authors used the maze to carry out two classical experiments. At first, the performance of rats of various ages was observed in the maze. Additionally, after establishing the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation model using the modified multiple platform method (MMPM), the authors also utilized a new experimental device to analyze learning and memory responses to REM sleep deprivation in rats. Behavior of the rats in the maze was recorded by a video recorder and was then quantified. According to the behavioral characteristics, rats of various ages showed differences in memory. Middle-aged male rats exhibited a higher level compared to the young (P<0.05) and the old group (P<0.01). The results also indicated that the ability of learning and memory showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) after REM sleep deprivation. These findings were consistent with those of several similar studies using one of the adopted procedures (Morris water maze, radial arm maze and the Y-maze). Based on the above-mentioned preliminary experiments, the introduction of a hexagonal maze may provide an applicable method for analyzing learning and memory of rat.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the clinical features and mutations of the FAH gene.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Clinical records of two cases were collected, and diagnosis was made according to the diagnostic criteria of the International Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD). Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes with QIAamp DNA Mini Kit. The DNA extracts were subjected to direct sequencing for 14 exons together with adjacent fragments of FAH gene using ABI Prism 3730 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) after PCR based on genomic DNA. The mutation source was verified by analyzing parents' exons corresponding to patients' mutation exons. The homology between human FAH enzyme and that of other species was surveyed using software Clustal X(European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Saffron Walde, UK). Polyphen (Polymorphism Phenotyping), available online, were used to predict possible impact of an amino acid substitution on structure and function of FAH enzyme. Polyphen calculates position-specific independent counts (PISC) scores for two amino acid variants in polymorphic position. A PISC scores that differ by > 2 were regarded as indicating the probability of damaging variants.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Patient 1 was a 5 months and 21 days-old boy who suffered from persistent diarrhea, hepatomegaly, ascites; Alpha-fetoprotein > 1210 µg/L, levels of tyrosine in blood and succinylacetone in urine were 110.8 µmol/L and 83.7 µmol/L. His sister suffered from tyrosinemia type 1. Direct sequencing showed a G to A transition in CDS position 455 and 1027. He was compound heterozygous for the mutation c.455G > A/c.1027G > A, which predicts a change from tryptophan to a stop codon (TGG > TAG) at position 152 (W152X) and a change from glycine to arginine (GGG > AGG) at position 343 respectively. Patient 2 was a 6 year and 1 month-old girl with late-onset rickets who had signs of hepatosplenomegaly, rachitic rosary, windswept knees. Hypophosphatemia and alkaline phosphatase 1620 IU/L were detected. Alpha-fetoprotein 412.8 µg/L, levels of tyrosine in blood and succinylacetone in urine were 835.8 µmol/L and 27.48 µmol/L. Rickets did not improve after administration of calcium and vitamine D3. She is homozygous for the mutation c.1027G > A/c.1027G > A, which predicts G343R. The parents were mutation carriers. Analysis by Clustal X on the alignment of amino acids residual reservation among different species showed that the locative amino acid was highly conserved. Polyphen software predicted G343R was probably damaging (PISC score 3.235).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Children with tyrosinemia type 1 can have manifestations of persistent diarrhea or late-onset rickets. Physical examination can reveal hepatosplenomegaly, laboratory tests indicate markedly elevated serum concentration of alpha-fetoprotein and alkaline phosphatase in plasma and succinylacetone in urine, other members in family may have tyrosinemias or parents are consanguineous. Mutations c.455G > A and c.1027G > A can be detected in FAH gene of Chinese children.</p>
