RESUMO
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is an immune-mediated chronic inflammatory disease characterized by involvement of sacroiliac and spinal joints. The main pathological features of AS are enthesitis and new bone formationcaused joint fusion, but its pathogenesis is still unclear. Wnt signaling pathway exerts an important effect on the normal bone homeostasis, especially on the formation of osteoblasts, and may contribute to the pathogenesis of AS. Studies have shown that chronic inflammation and genetic regulation participate in the new bone formation of AS through Wnt signaling pathway. This review sums up the effect of Wnt/Β-catenin signaling pathway on bone metabolism of AS in recent years.
RESUMO
<p><b>AIM</b>To establish a suitable condition for extraction of phenylalanine (Phe), 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-OH-Trp) and four diastereomeric salts, (1R,2S)-ephedrine- (2S,3S)-tartaric acid, (1R,2S)-ephedrine-(2R,3R)-tartaric acid, (1S,2S)-pseudoephedrine-(2S,3S)-tartaric acid, (1S,2S)-pseudoephedrine- (2R,3R)-tartaric acid in supercritical fluid extraction and to assess the solubilities of Phe, 5-OH-Trp and the four diastereomeric salts in CO2.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Single-pass method and HPCE.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The solubilities of Phe, 5-OH-Trp and the four diastereomeric salts in CO2 were determined over temperature and pressure ranges of 25-50 degrees C and 6.32-34.03 MPa respectively. The experimental results showed that the solubilities of Phe, 5-OH-Trp and the four diastereomeric salts do not increase with density of CO2. There existed a maximum in the critical region of CO2.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The dramatically high solubilities in the pressure of 6.32-7.78 MPa show a critical behavior, which can be explained by critical characteristic through thermodynamics analysis. The results suggest that the separation of Phe, 5-OH-Trp and the four diastereomeric salts is more efficient in critical region of CO2.</p>