The regulatory role of exosomes in venous thromboembolism.

Exosomes are nanoscale endocytic vesicles, 30-150 nm in diameter, secreted by most cells. They mainly originate from multivesicular bodies formed by intracellular invagination of lysosomal microparticles, and released into the extracellular matrix after fusion of multivesicular bodies with cell membrane. Studies have shown that exosomes contain a variety of active molecules, such as proteins, lipids and RNAs (such as mRNA, miRNA, lncRNA, circRNA, etc.), which regulate the behavior of recipient cells and serve as circulating biomarkers of diseases, including thrombosis. Therefore, exosome research is important for the diagnosis, treatment, therapeutic monitoring, and prognosis of thrombosis in that it can reveal the counts, surface marker expression, protein, and miRNA cargo involved. Recent studies have shown that exosomes can be used as therapeutic vectors for tissue regeneration and as alternative vectors for drug delivery. In this review, we summarize the physiological and biochemical characteristics, isolation, and identification of exosomes. Moreover, we focus on the role of exosomes in thrombosis, specifically venous thromboembolism, and their potential clinical applications, including as biomarkers and therapeutic vectors for thrombosis.

Subclavian steal syndrome decreases neurogenesis in the cerebellar cortex and affects cognitive function in rabbits.

Subclavian steal syndrome (SSS) is a condition characterized by a steno-occlusive impairment of the proximal subclavian artery. The majority of patients with SSS are asymptomatic, while symptomatic patients present with neurological symptoms. SSS is a risk factor for cerebral ischemia, which reacts badly upon cognitive function; however, it remains unknown whether SSS is able to cause progressive cognitive impairment. In the present study, the potential effects of SSS on cognitive function were investigated using atherosclerotic rabbits as a model of SSS. A total of 48 male New Zealand rabbits were divided into the control, sham and SSS groups. The results of eyeblink experiments indicated no significant differences among the three groups; however, SSS did appear to exert a negative impact on neurogenesis in the cerebellar cortex. In order to further clarify the mechanisms underlying this SSS-mediated reduction in cell proliferation, the energy metabolism, immune function and oxidative stress statuses were evaluated by determining the levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine, interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, malondialdehyde, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, CuZn-superoxide dismutase and catalase. The results showed that the levels of extracellular ATP in the cerebellar cortex had decreased, while levels of adenosine had also decreased. These findings suggest that SSS is able to inhibit neurogenesis in the cerebellar cortex by decreasing the extracellular ATP levels. Furthermore, these changes may result in an impairment of the cognition of the rabbits. The early diagnosis and treatment of SSS may, therefore, prevent or mitigate cognitive impairment in the future.

Combination coating of chitosan and anti-CD34 antibody applied on sirolimus-eluting stents can promote endothelialization while reducing neointimal formation.

BACKGROUND: Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) capture technology improves endothelialization rates of sirolimus-eluting stents (SES), but the problem of delayed re-endothelialization, as well as endothelial dysfunction, has still not been overcome. Therefore, we investigated whether the combination coating of hyaluronan-chitosan (HC) and anti-CD34 antibody applied on an SES (HCASES) can promote endothelialization, while reducing neointimal formation and inflammation. METHODS: Sirolimus-eluting stents(SES), anti-CD34 antibody stents (GS) and HC-anti-CD34 antibody combined with sirolimus-eluting stents (HCASES) were deployed in 54 normal porcine arteries and harvested for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and histological analysis. The ratio of endothelial coverage above the stents was evaluated by SEM analysis at 7, 14 and 28 days. The percentage of in-stent stenosis was histologically analyzed at 14 and 28 days. RESULTS: SEM analysis at 7 days showed that endothelial strut coverage was increased in the HCASES group (68±7%) compared with that in the SES group (31±4%, p=0.02). At 14 days, stent surface endothelialization, evaluated by SEM, showed a significantly higher extent of endothelial coverage above struts in the GS (95 ± 2%) and the HCASES groups (87±4%) compared with that in the SES group (51±6%, p=0.02). Histological examination showed that the percentage of stenosis in the HCASES group was not significantly different to that of the SES and GS groups (both p> 0.05). At 28 days, there was no difference in the rates of endothelial coverage between the HCASES and GS groups. The HCASES group showed less stenosis than that in the GS group (P < 0.05), but it was not significantly different from the SES group (P=0.068). CONCLUSIONS: SEM and histology demonstrated that HCASESs can promote re-endothelialization while enhancing antiproliferative effects.

Influence of orthodontic force on osteoprotegerin and osteoprotegerin ligand mRNA expression in the inflammatory periodontal tissues / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore certain principle of how osteoprotegerin (OPG) and osteoprotegerin ligand (OPGL) take part in the periodontal tissues remodeling under the combined influence of inflammation and orthodontic force.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The positive signals of OPG and OPGL mRNA were measured with in situ hybridzation after orthodontic tooth movement in the experimental periodontitis groups and control ones.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The OPG and OPGL mRNA expression intensity in the experimental group showed difference from control. All their optical density index reached a peak in day 2, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>OPG and OPGL play important roles in the periodontal reconstruction induced by inflammation irritation and orthodontic force, and complex interaction could exist between the two factors.</p>

Integrin 3 mRNA changes after orthodontic teeth movement in periodontitis rats / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the integrin beta3 mRNA changes after orthodontic treatment on normal teeth and periodontitis teeth in rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>96 adult SD rats of 10 weeks old were randomly divided into normal tooth move-ment group and periodontitis tooth movement group. The rats in the two groups were sacrificed after 0 d, 12 h, 1 d, 3 d, 5 d and 7 d of tooth movement. The alveolar specimens were prepared. The integrin beta3 mRNA were detected using in situ hybridization in the specimens. The OD index of positively stained osteoclasts for integrin beta3 mRNA after orthodontic tooth movement in the two groups were measured and compared.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were weak positive signals on the cytoplasm of osteoclasts in periodontum in both groups after 12 hours and 3 days force activation. No positive signals were detected in the rest samples. There was no difference in the OD of positive stained osteoclasts between normal and periodontitis groups. Strong expressions were present on cells with one or two nuclei in the alveolar marrow.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>It is suggested that integrin beta3 mRNA is related with osteoclasts maturation and migration in orthodontic tooth movement.</p>

The clinic skill in fixed appliance based on characteristics of Chinese normal occlusion / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the bracket placement and arch wire bending based on ethnic differences and individual differences of normal occlusion.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The prominence, tip, torque, upper first molar offset of crown and arch form between Chinese and Caucasian normal occlusion were compared.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The results showed the ethnic differences of prominence, tip, torque, upper first molar offset of crown and arch form between Chinese and Caucasian normal occlusion. The placement of bracket was influenced by the crown morphology.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The adjustments of the bracket placement and arch wire bending with Edgewise and pre-adjusted appliance are necessary to adapt to ethnic difference and individual difference.</p>

The integrin beta1 mRNA changes after orthodontic movement of teeth in periodontitis rats / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the integrin beta1 mRNA changes after orthodontic tooth movement in normal teeth and periodontitis teeth of rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The OD of positively stained osteoclasts for integrin beta1 mRNA using in situ hybridzation was detected after orthodontic tooth movement in normal teeth and periodontitis teeth groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Integrin beta1 mRNA expression were detected on all osteoclasts in tooth movement samples of normal and periodontitis teeth. There were stronger positive signals after given orthodontic force in both of the two groups. But no differences were found after 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10 days since orthodontic tooth movement. The integrin beta1 mRNA signals in normal tooth movement group were not different from that in periodontitis group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The integrin beta1 of osteoclasts may play a role in the stability and remodeling of periodontal ligament in orthodontic tooth movement. There were no difference in the OD of integrin beta1 mRNA staining in orthodontic tooth movement between normal teeth group and periodontitis teeth group.</p>

A comparative study of the bracket bond failure between adults and adolescents receiving fixed orthodontic therapy / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the bracket bond failure and its causes between adult and adolescent patients during fixed orthodontic therapy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Bracket bond failure data of 30 adults and 30 adolescents, receiving fixed orthodontic therapy, have been collected within the first 12 visits, respectively. The compliance has been analyzed with survival analyse between the two groups.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The general bracket bond failure rate in the adult group is lower than that of the adolescent group and the difference is significant (p < 0.05). In the adolescent group, the failure rate for mandibular anterior teeth is highest and different from that of the adult group (p < 0.05). The failure rate resulted from biting hard food is ranked No. 1.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The compliance of the adults receiving fixed orthodontic therapy is better than that of the adolescents. The investigation of bracket bond failure causes is beneficial in helping orthodontists improve orthodontic practice and raise clinical efficiency. The survival analysis is effective in evaluating the bond failure.</p>