[Current status and influence factors of ACEI/ARB application in elderly coronary heart disease outpatients complicated with diabetes mellitus in China].

Objective: To investigate the current status and influence factors of ACEI/ARB application in elderly coronary heart disease outpatients complicated with diabetes mellitus in 21 provinces of China. Methods: In this multicenter, non-intervention and cross-sectional survey, the elderly coronary heart disease patients aged 60 years or over were recruited from 165 hospitals in 21 provinces across China from April to July 2011. Current status and influence factors of ACEI/ARB application among 1 789 cases with diabetes mellitus were investigated in the survey. Results: Totally, 1 069 patients used ACEI/ARB drugs (59.8%); proportion of ACEI (544 cases, 30.4%) drugs were the same as ARB drugs (533 cases, 29.8%) in terms of usage of drug types, and combination of the two drugs were taken by 28 cases (1.6%) at the same time. ACEI/ARB usage decreased with the increasing of age, and the rate of drug usage in male patients was slightly higher than that in female, however there was no statistical difference (both P>0.05); the rate of usage of ACEI/ARB drugs gradually decreased with increasing of coronary heart disease or diabetes duration (P<0.05); the rates of usage of ACEI/ARB drugs in hypertension, dyslipidemia, myocardial infarction, renal insufficiency patients and patients received revascularization therapy were significantly higher (all P<0.05). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that hypertension (OR=3.016, 95%CI: 1.376-4.887), dyslipidemia (OR=1.489, 95%CI: 1.114-2.031), revascularization (OR=2.291, 95%CI: 1.276-3.277), myocardial infarction (OR=2.561, 95%CI: 1.571-4.545), renal insufficiency (OR=1.337, 95%CI: 1.145-2.013), and insulin treatment (OR=1.584, 95%CI: 1.084-2.511) were positively correlated with ACEI/ARB usage (P<0.05); and coronary heart disease duration was negatively correlated with ACEI/ARB drugs usage (duration 5-10 years: OR=0.621, 95%CI: 0.416-0.823; duration >10 years, OR=0.664, 95%CI: 0.471-0.840). Conclusions: The rate of usage of ACEI/ARB drugs in elderly coronary heart disease outpatients complicated with diabetes mellitus is still low, however, patients with hypertension, dyslipidemia, myocardial infarction, renal insufficiency and patients received revascularization therapy and insulin treatment are more likely to use ACEI/ARB drugs.

[Effects of body mass index on blood pressure control rate in elderly coronary heart disease outpatients with hypertension].

Objective: To explore the influences of body mass index (BMI) on blood pressure control rate in elderly coronary heart disease (CHD) outpatients with hypertension. Methods: In this multicenter, non-intervention and cross-sectional survey, the elderly coronary heart disease patients with hypertension aged 60 years or over were recruited from 165 hospitals in 21 provinces or cities across China from April to July 2011, and 5 140 cases of elderly CHD patients with hypertension were finally included into the study. The cases were divided into low BMI group (n=130 cases), normal body mass index (BMI) group (n=1 390 cases), overweight (n=2 418 cases), obesity group (n=662 cases) according to the different levels of BMI. Clinical data and blood pressure control rate were compared among the groups, and relationships of different BMI levels with blood pressure control rate were analyzed by the binary classification unconditioned Logistic regression equation. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in blood pressure control rate of general population, men and women patients among low BMI group, normal BMI group, overweight and obesity group (χ2=66.346, 58.995, 26.044, respectively, P<0.001), blood pressure failure rate in obesity group (73.7%) was higher than that in overweight group (65.8%) and normal BMI group (57.5%) (P<0.05), and overweight group was also higher than normal BMI group (P<0.05); blood pressure failure rate in obesity men was higher than that in normal BMI and low BMI group (P<0.05), overweight group was higher than normal BMI group (P<0.05); blood pressure failure rate in obesity women was higher than that in normal BMI and low BMI group (P<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in blood pressure control rate of different age groups (60-70, 71-80, >80 years old) among low BMI group, normal BMI group, overweight and obesity group (χ2=37.729, 20.007, 15.538, respectively, P<0.001). Blood pressure failure rate in obesity patients with 60-70 years old was higher than that in overweight and normal BMI group (P<0.05), blood pressure failure rates in obesity and overweight patients with 71-80 and > 80 years old were also higher than those in normal BMI group (P<0.05). Multivariable Logistic regression equation showed that overweight in overall population (OR=1.313, 95%CI 1.170-1.731, P<0.05), obesity (OR=2.295, 95%CI 2.295-1.496, P<0.05) were independent risk factors for blood pressure failure rate, in addition, obesity was also risk factor for blood pressure failure rate in men and women patients. Conclusions: Increased BMI has an adverse effect on blood pressure control rate in elderly CHD outpatients with hypertension, and may be the independent risk for blood pressure failure rate in those patients. Much more attention should be given to control BMI level so as to increase the blood pressure success rate and improve the patients' prognosis.

Role of inflammatory parameters in the susceptibility of cerebral thrombosis.

We aimed to investigate the association of inflammation-related genes such as IL-10, IL-6 and IL-1B with risk of ischemic stroke. We included 426 cases with ischemic stroke and 426 health controls from Xinxiang, China. Genomic DNA was extracted from the buffy coat layer of collected blood with the TIANamp blood DNA kit. Diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and smoking habits were associated with risk of ischemic stroke. We found that individuals carrying the CC genotype of IL-1B rs1864169 had a higher risk of ischemic stroke when compared with the TT genotype (OR = 1.80, 95%CI = 1.16-2.80). The IL-6 rs1800796 TT genotype was associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke. We found that IL-1B rs1864169 and IL-6 rs1800796 polymorphisms may interact with diabetes, hypertension and obesity. Our study suggests that IL-6 rs1800796 and IL-1B rs1864169 polymorphisms are associated with ischemic stroke risk in the Chinese population.

Influence of urea fertilizer placement on nitrous oxide production from a silt loam soil.

Urea placement in band or nests has been shown to enhance N use efficiency, but limited work has been done to assess its affect on N(2)O emissions. This study compared N(2)O emissions from urea prills applied to an Amsterdam silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic Haplustolls) using broadcast, band, and nest placements. Experiments were conducted in greenhouse pots (200 kg N ha(-1)) and in canola (Brassica rapa L.) seeded fields using rates of 100 kg N ha(-1) (recommended) and 200 kg N ha(-1). Urea placement affected N(2)O emission patterns and cumulative N(2)O losses in the greenhouse and field. Urea prills placed in nests, and sometimes bands delayed N(2)O production with peak flux activity occurring later, and elevated emission activity being more prolonged than for broadcast applications. Differences were more obvious at 200 kg N ha(-1). These effects were attributed to a delay in urea hydrolysis and inhibition of nitrification. The fraction of applied urea-N lost as N(2)O for broadcast, band, and nest placements applied at the recommended rate averaged 2.0, 2.7, and 5.8 g N kg(-1) N, respectively. The fraction of applied urea-N lost as N(2)O averaged 2.9, 10.4, and 9.2 g N kg(-1) N for broadcast, band, and nest placements when urea-N rate was increased from 100 to 200 kg N ha(-1), respectively. Greater N(2)O production with nest placement may in part be due to significant soil NO(2)-N accumulations. Potential benefits to crop fertilizer use efficiency that come with placement of urea in concentrated zones may lead to enhanced N(2)O production.

Phytophthora infestans isolates from Northern China show high virulence diversity but low genotypic diversity.

Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of 48 Phytophthora infestans isolates, collected in five provinces in Northern China between 1997 and 2003, were determined and compared with reference isolates. Characterisation included mating type, virulence, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype and DNA fingerprinting patterns based on simple sequence repeats (SSR) and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP). All isolates had the A1 mating type, mtDNA haplotype IIa and an identical SSR genotype (designated as SG-01-01) that differed from SSR genotypes found in the reference isolates, including those representing the 'old' US-1 lineage that dominated the P. infestans population worldwide prior to 1980. In contrast, the virulence spectra were highly variable and virulence to all resistance genes present in the standard differential set (R1 to R11) was found. AFLP analysis revealed some diversity; eight different AFLP genotypes were found that could be grouped into two major clusters. This study shows that there is very little genotypic diversity in the P. infestans population in Northern China. The occurrence of many different races within this rather uniform population is discussed in the framework of recent insights into the molecular determinants of avirulence in potato-P. infestans'gene-for-gene' interactions.