Comprehensive Analysis of Photoreceptor Outer Segments: Flow Cytometry Characterization and Stress-Driven Impact on Retinal Pigment Epithelium Phagocytosis.

Phagocytosis is one of the key functions of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, which maintain photoreceptor health by removing photoreceptor outer segments (POSs) that are regularly shed. A deficiency in RPE function to phagocytose POSs may lead to vision loss in inherited retinal diseases and eventually to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with geographic atrophy. Significant progress has been made in the field of cell replacement therapy for AMD using stem-cell-derived RPE. To test their function, RPE cells are incubated with purified bovine POSs for the demonstration of efficient binding, internalization, and digestion of POSs. Here, we present an image-based method to measure phagocytosis activity by using POSs labeled with a pH-sensitive fluorescent dye, which has low fluorescence at neutral pH outside of the cell and high fluorescence at low pH inside the phagosome. Further, we introduce a unique flow-cytometry-based method for the characterization of POSs by measuring specific markers for POSs such as rhodopsin and opsin. Using this method, we demonstrated a comparable quality of several bovine POS isolation batches and a reliable assessment of POS quality on RPE phagocytosis assay performance when subjected to different stress conditions. This work provides new tools to characterize POSs and insight into RPE phagocytosis assay development for the functional evaluation of RPE cells in the field of cell replacement therapy.

Mechanistic Studies on Dehydration in Class V Lanthipeptides.

Lanthipeptides are ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides characterized by lanthionine (Lan) and/or methyllanthionine (MeLan) residues. Four classes of enzymes have been identified to install these structures in a substrate peptide. Recently, a novel class of lanthipeptides was discovered that lack genes for known class I-IV lanthionine synthases in their biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC). In this study, the dehydration of Ser/Thr during the biosynthesis of the class V lanthipeptide cacaoidin was reconstituted in vitro. The aminoglycoside phosphotransferase-like enzyme CaoK iteratively phosphorylates Ser/Thr residues on the precursor peptide CaoA, followed by phosphate elimination catalyzed by the HopA1 effector-like protein CaoY to achieve eight successive dehydrations. CaoY shows sequence similarity to the OspF family proteins and the lyase domains of class III/IV lanthionine synthetases, and mutagenesis studies identified residues that are critical for catalysis. An AlphaFold prediction of the structure of the dehydration enzyme complex engaged with its substrate suggests the importance of hydrophobic interactions between the CaoA leader peptide and CaoK in enzyme-substrate recognition. This model is supported by site-directed mutagenesis studies.

Effects of long-term discharge of acid mine drainage from abandoned coal mines on soil microorganisms: microbial community structure, interaction patterns, and metabolic functions.

More than twenty abandoned coal mines in the Yudong River Basin of Guizhou Province have discharged acid mine drainage (AMD) for a long time. The revelation of microbial community composition, interaction patterns, and metabolic functions can contribute to a better understanding of such ecosystems, which in its turn can be helpful in the development of strategies aiming at the ecological remediation of AMD pollution. In this study, reference and contaminated soil samples were collected along the AMD flow path for high-throughput sequencing. Results showed that the long-term AMD pollution promoted the evolution of γ-Proteobacteria, and the acidophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria Ferrovum (relative abundance of 15.50%) and iron-reducing bacteria Metallibacterium (9.87%) belonging to this class became the dominant genera. Co-occurrence analysis revealed that the proportion of positive correlations among bacteria increased from 51.02 (reference soil) to 75.16% (contaminated soil), suggesting that acidic pollution promotes the formation of mutualistic interaction networks of microorganisms. Metabolic function prediction (Tax4Fun) revealed that AMD contamination enhanced microbial functions such as translation, repair, and biosynthesis of peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide, etc., which may be an adaptive mechanism for microbial survival in extremely acidic environment. In addition, acidic pollution promoted the high expression of nitrogen-fixing genes in soil, and the discovery of autotrophic nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as Ferrovum highlights the possibility of using this taxon for bioremediation of AMD pollution.

MELK is a novel therapeutic target in high-risk neuroblastoma.

Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK) is known to modulate intracellular signaling and control cellular processes. However, the role of MELK in oncogenesis is not well defined. In this study, using two microarray datasets of neuroblastoma (NB) patients, we identified that MELK expression is significantly correlated to poor overall survival, unfavorable prognosis, and high-risk status. We found that MELK is a direct transcription target of MYCN and MYC in NB, and MYCN increases MELK expression via direct promoter binding. Interestingly, knockdown of MELK expression significantly reduced the phosphorylation of target protein Retinoblastoma (pRb) and inhibited NB cell growth. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of MELK activity by small-molecule inhibitor OTSSP167 significantly inhibited cell proliferation, anchorage-independent colony formation, blocked cell cycle progression, and induced apoptosis in different NB cell lines including a drug-resistant cell line. Additionally, OTSSP167 suppressed NB tumor growth in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model. Overall, our data suggest that MELK is a novel therapeutic target for NB and its inhibitor OTSSP167 is a promising drug for further clinical development.

TAK1 inhibitor 5Z-7-oxozeaenol sensitizes cervical cancer to doxorubicin-induced apoptosis.

Aberrant activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) allows cancer cells to escape chemotherapy-induced cell death and acts as one of the major mechanisms of acquired chemoresistance in cervical cancer. TAK1, a crucial mediator that upregulates NF-κB activation in response to cellular genotoxic stress, is required for tumor cell viability and survival. Herein, we examined whether TAK1 inhibition is a potential therapeutic strategy for treating cervical cancer. We found that TAK1 inhibitor 5Z-7-oxozeaenol significantly augmented the cytotoxic effects of Dox in a panel of cervical cancer cell lines. Treatment with 5Z-7-oxozeaenol hindered Dox-induced NF-κB activation and promoted Dox-induced apoptosis in cervical cancer cells. Moreover, 5Z-7-oxozeaenol showed similar effects in both positive and negative human papillomavirus-infected cervical cancer cells. Taken together, our results provide evidence that TAK1 inhibition significantly sensitizes cervical cancer cells to chemotherapy-induced cell death and supports the use of TAK1 inhibitor with current chemotherapies in the clinic for patients with refractory cervical cancer.