Neuro-stimulating effect of Citri Reticulata Pericarpium Viride essential oil through regulating Glu/NMDAR on olfactory bulb to improve anxiety-like behavior.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Citri Reticulata Pericarpium Viride (also known Qing-Pi or QP) is a plant in the Rutaceae family, QP is a traditional Qi-regulating medicine in Chinese medicine that is compatible with other Chinese medicine components and has extensive clinical practice in treating anxiety and depression. Reports on the pharmacological effects of QP have demonstrated its neuroprotective effects and antioxidant capacities. Numerous pharmacological benefits of QP are attributed to its antioxidant abilities. Anxiety disorders are a broadly defined category of mental illnesses. Oxidative stress and an imbalance in the antioxidant defense system are typical pathological features of these disorders. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of QP essential oil on anxiety using animal models and investigate the underlying neurobiological mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study aimed to develop an animal model of anxiety using chronic restraint stress and investigate the effects of inhalation of Citri Reticulata Pericarpium Viride essential oil on anxiety-like behavior, olfactory function, and olfactory bulb neurogenesis in mice with anxiety. RESULTS: The results showed that long-term chronic restraint stimulation caused a decrease in olfactory function, significant anxiety-like behavior, and a notable reduction in the number of neurons in the olfactory bulb. However, inhalation of Citri Reticulata Pericarpium Viride essential oil reversed these effects, improving the olfactory function, neuro-stimulating effect, alleviating anxiety-like behavior, and regulating theta (4-12Hz) oscillation in the hippocampus DG area. These effects were associated with changes in the expression levels of glutamate receptor NMDAR and NeuN in olfactory bulb. CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed that mice with anxiety induced by chronic restraint stress exhibited significant olfactory dysfunction, providing strong evidence for the causal relationship between anxiety disorders and olfactory dysfunction. Moreover, QP essential oil has the potential to be developed as a therapeutic drug for anxiety disorders, in addition to its role as a complementary anxiolytic.

A platform for whole-genome speed introgression from Aegilops tauschii to wheat for breeding future crops.

Breeding new and sustainable crop cultivars of high yields and desirable traits has been a major challenge for ensuring food security for the growing global human population. For polyploid crops such as wheat, introducing genetic variation from wild relatives of its subgenomes is a key strategy to improve the quality of their breeding pools. Over the past decades, considerable progress has been made in speed breeding, genome sequencing, high-throughput phenotyping and genomics-assisted breeding, which now allows us to realize whole-genome introgression from wild relatives to modern crops. Here, we present a standardized protocol to rapidly introgress the entire genome of Aegilops tauschii, the progenitor of the D subgenome of bread wheat, into elite wheat backgrounds. This protocol integrates multiple modern high-throughput technologies and includes three major phases: development of synthetic octaploid wheat, generation of hexaploid A. tauschii-wheat introgression lines (A-WIs) and homozygosis of the generated A-WIs. Our approach readily generates stable introgression lines in 2 y, thus greatly accelerating the generation of A-WIs and the introduction of desirable genes from A. tauschii to wheat cultivars. These A-WIs are valuable for wheat-breeding programs and functional gene discovery. The current protocol can be easily modified and used for introgressing the genomes of wild relatives to other polyploid crops.

Reversible splenial lesion syndrome type II in youth mimicking acute ischemic stroke like onset: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Reversible splenial lesion syndrome (RESLES) is a newly recognized syndrome. Its typical pathologic findings is a reversible progress correlated with transiently reduced diffusion lesion in the splenium of the corpus callosum. The common clinical symptoms include mildly altered states consciousness, delirium, and seizure. METHODS: We presented a 21-year-old patient with signs of acute ischemic stroke (AIS), including symptoms of weakness on the right upper limb and aphasia, lasting 50 minutes until he was taken to the emergency. He just had a cough 20 days ago. RESULTS: An elevated level of white blood cell count, neutrophil count, monocyte count, protein of cerebrospinal fluid was found in laboratory examinations. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed distinct lesions involving white matter in the splenium of the corpus callosum and frontal-parietal cortex on both cerebral hemispheres. Digital subtraction angiography examination was also unremarkable. The patient recovered to baseline within 4 days. We treated the patient with glucocorticoid, antiviral drugs, butylphthalide, and dehydrating drugs. In addition, the follow-up brain magnetic resonance imaging scan showed reduced lesions. AIS-like symptoms did not occur during a 30-day follow-up period. CONCLUSION: This patient with reversible splenial lesion syndrome type II exhibited AIS-like symptoms, which was uncommon on clinical. This case extends the recognized clinical phenotypes for this disorder.

Immunosensing of neuron-specific enolase based on signal amplification strategies via catalysis of ascorbic acid by heteropolysate COF.

In view of the importance of quantification of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), an electrochemical NSE immunosensor was developed. The sandwich voltammetric immunosensor utilized vinyl-functionalized crystalline covalent organic framework (COFTAPT-Dva) modified electrode to load lots of Ab1 via thiol-ene "click" reaction as matrix. A crystalline cationic EB-COF:Br was used to load Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) and H3[PMo12O40] (PMo12) as immunoprobe. The AuNPs with the size of about 30 nm were firstly grown on EB-COF:Br and then a large number of electroactive PMo12 were uniformly assembled on AuNPs/EB-COF:Br via ion exchanging reaction. The AuNPs not only facilitated the bonding of Ab2 based on Au-S bond, but also improved performance of Ab2/AuNPs/EB-COF:PMo12 immunoprobe. The sensitivity of sandwich electrochemical immunosensor could be primarily amplified based on loaded abundant PMo12. Secondary sensitivity amplification of immunosensor could be achieved by using PMo12 to catalyze ascorbic acid. The linear range of sandwich voltammetric immunosensor based on current change of differential pulse voltammetry is 500 ± 36 fg mL-1 - 100 ± 8 ng mL-1. Thanks to the dual sensitivity amplification strategy, the sensitivity is as high as 54.06 ± 3.2 µA cm-2/lg(cNSE/ng mL-1), and the detection limit is as low as 166 ± 10.8 fg mL-1. It proves that it is completely feasible to amplify sensitivity of sandwich voltammetric immunosensors using polyoxometalate-COF and its catalytic substrate.

Fabrication of 3D HierarchicalSphericalHoneycomb-Like Nd2O3/Co3O4/Graphene/Nickel Foam Composite Electrode Material for High-Performance Supercapacitors.

A 3D hierarchical spherical honeycomb-like composite electrode materialof neodymium oxide (Nd2O3), cobalt tetraoxide (Co3O4), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on nickel foam (named as Nd2O3/Co3O4/rGO/NF) were successfully fabricated by combining the hydrothermal synthesis method and the annealing process. Nickel foam with a three-dimensional spatial structure was used as the growth substrate without the use of any adhesives. The Nd2O3/Co3O4/rGO/NF composite has outstanding electrochemical performance and can be used directly as an electrode material for supercapacitors (SCs). By taking advantage of the large specific surface area of the electrode material, it effectively slows down the volume expansion of the active material caused by repeated charging and discharging processes, improves the electrode performance in terms of electrical conductivity, and significantly shortens the electron and ion transport paths. At a 1 A/g current density, the specific capacitance reaches a maximum value of 3359.6 F/g. A specific capacitance of 440.4 F/g with a current density of 0.5A/g is still possible from the built symmetric SCs. The capacitance retention rate is still 95.7% after 30,000 cycles of testing at a high current density of 10 A/g, and the energy density is 88.1 Wh/kg at a power density of 300 W/kg. The outcomes of the experiment demonstrate the significant potential and opportunity for this composite material to be used as an electrode material for SCs.

An Immunosensor Using Electroactive COF as Signal Probe for Electrochemical Detection of Carcinoembryonic Antigen.

Two kinds of two-dimensional (2D) covalent-organic frameworks (COF) were used to construct a sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor for a proof-of-concept study. Vinyl-functionalized COFTab-Dva could be linked with Ab1 by the thiol-ene "click" reaction. Electroactive COFTFPB-Thi was modified with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to ensure the successful connection with Ab2 through Au-S bond. Meanwhile, electroactive COFTFPB-Thi was used to as signal probe to realize both the detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and the amplification of detection signal. In detection process of the sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor, glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with 2D COFTab-Dva first then connected with Ab1 by the thiol-ene "click" reaction, next quantitative CEA was captured, followed by specificially capturing signal probe of Ab2/AuNPs/COFTFPB-Thi where AuNPs acted as nanocarriers of Ab2 and COFTFPB-Thi served as the signal producers. As the amount of CEA was increased, the amount of signal probe captured to the electrode was also increased, and the peak signal intensity of the redox reaction of COFTFPB-Thi was enhanced accordingly. Thus, the quantitative detection of CEA could be realized according to the peak signal intensity of electroactive COFTFPB-Thi. The electrochemical immunosensor owned wide detection range of 0.11 ng/mL-80 ng/mL, low detection limit of 0.034 ng/mL and good practicability. This study opens up a new revelation for quantitative detection of CEA using electroactive COF as enhanced signal probe.

Investigating the Mechanical Properties and Durability of Metakaolin-Incorporated Mortar by Different Curing Methods.

In this paper, the traditional, silicate-based Portland cement (PC) was employed as the control to explore the impact of adding varying amounts of metakaolin (MK) on the mechanical properties of cement mortar. In fact, as a mineral admixture, metakaolin (MK) has the ability to significantly improve the early strength and sulfate resistance of cement mortar in traditional, silicate-based Portland cement (PC). In addition to this, the performance of Portland cement mortar is greatly affected by the curing mode. The previous research mainly stays in the intermittent curing and alkaline excitation mode, and there are few studies on the influence of relatively humidity on it. Moreover, the paper investigated the impact of four different curing methods about humidity on the mechanical properties and sulfate resistance. The results show that the best content of metakaolin in Portland cement is 10% (M10), and the best curing method is 95% humidity in the first three days followed by 60% humidity in the later period (3#). Based on previous literature that suggests that adding MK thickens water film layer on the surface of mortar, the mechanism of MK increasing the early strength of cement was analyzed. The compressive strength of the Portland cement containing 10% MK (M10) after 1 day curing is 3.18 times that of pristine PC mortar, and is comparable if PC is cured for three days under the same curing conditions. The traditional PC mortar is highly dependent on the wet curing time, and normally requires a curing time of at least seven days. However, the incorporation of MK can greatly reduce the sensitivity of Portland cement to water; MK cement mortar with only three days wet curing (3#M10) can reach 49.12 MPa after 28 days, which can greatly shorten the otherwise lengthy wet curing time. Lastly, the cement specimens with MK also demonstrated excellent resistance against sulfate corrosion. The work will provide a strong theoretical basis for the early demolding of cement products in construction projects. At the same time, this study can also provide a theoretical reference for the construction of climate drought and saline land areas, which has great reference value.

Effect of Fly Ash and Metakaolin on Properties and Microstructure of Magnesium Oxysulfate Cement.

To improve the mechanical performance and lower the production cost of magnesium oxysulfate cement (MOSC), this article investigates the effects of single and compounded addition of metakaolin (MK) and/or fly ash (FA) on the setting time, mechanical strength, water resistance, hydration product, composition, and microstructure of the resulting cement. MOSC samples with different proportions, ranging from 0 to 30 wt.%, of FA and/or MK substituting magnesium oxide (MgO) were prepared. The microstructure was explored by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and mercury intrusion porosimetry. The findings suggest that adding FA can delay the setting of MOSC; however, the effect of adding MK to MOSC was reversed. Furthermore, the phase composition of the MOSC hydration products was unaltered upon adding FA and/or MK, but thicker and longer 517 phase crystals were observed. FA and MK can effectively fill the large pores of MOSC through filling and nucleation effects, reduce the pore size, and form a denser microstructure, thereby improving its mechanical properties. The optimal MOSC sample was found by substituting 10 wt.% of both FA and MK, resulting in a cement that exhibited a short setting time and an incredibly high mechanical strength and density. These findings will further the development of stronger, more cost-efficient, and more water-resistant MOSC products.

Targeting GNAQ in hypothalamic nerve cells to regulate seasonal estrus in sheep.

Kazakh sheep are typical seasonal estrus animals. Their reproductive system regulation mainly involves the complex regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPGA), which is also closely related to reproductive hormone secretion. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), synthesized and secreted by the hypothalamus, is the key to controlling sheep reproductive activity. We studied how GNAQ (G protein subunit alpha q) regulates estrus in sheep by controlling GnRH expression and secretion. We used hypothalamic nerve cells as the research model. GNAQ overexpression and RNA interference vectors were constructed and transfected into the hypothalamic nerve cells of fetal Kazakh sheep. qPCR, western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to detect GNAQ gene expression in Kazakh ewe tissues and analyze its regulatory effect on GnRH expression in the hypothalamic nerve cells. The fetal sheep hypothalamic nerve cells were successfully isolated and cultured. qPCR and cell immunofluorescence showed that the purity of positive cells was >95%. The tissue expression profile showed that there were different degrees of GNAQ gene expression in the Kazakh ewe tissue. Expression levels were relatively higher in the hypothalamus, pituitary, brain, and uterine tissues. When GNAQ expression was downregulated in the hypothalamic nerve cells, the upstream genes KISS1 (kisspeptin), GPR54 (KISS1 receptor), and ER (estrogen receptor) were all upregulated, as were the downstream genes PLCB1 (phospholipase C beta 1), PRKCB (protein kinase C beta), and GNRH. At the same time, GnRH secretion levels were also upregulated. GNAQ regulated its downstream gene PLCB1 in the hypothalamic nerve cells, and directly regulated GnRH expression and secretion through the calcium and PRKC signaling pathways. GNAQ also regulated kisspeptin expression, subsequently regulating GnRH expression and secretion indirectly through the kisspeptin-GPR54 signaling pathway. Our results are of great importance for improving the reproductive performance of seasonal-estrus sheep.

A Facile, Protein-Derived Supramolecular Theranostic Strategy for Multimodal-Imaging-Guided Photodynamic and Photothermal Immunotherapy In Vivo.

Theranostic systems that permit both diagnosis and treatment in vivo are highly appealing means by which to meet the demands of precision medicine. However, most such systems remain subject to issues related to complex molecular design and synthesis, potential toxicity, and possible photoactivity changes. Herein, a novel supramolecular theranostic strategy involving biomarker protein activation (BPA) and a host-guest strategy is proposed. To exemplify BPA, a facile "one-for-all" nanotheranostic agent for both albumin detection and cancer treatment is demonstrated, which utilizes a nanoparticulate heavy-atom-free BODIPY dye derivative (B4 NPs). The fluorescence and photoactivity of BODIPY dyes are completely suppressed by aggregation-induced self-quenching in the nanoparticulate state. However, a Balb/c nude mouse model is used to confirm that following the disassembly of injected B4 NPs, BODIPY specifically binds albumin in vivo, accompanied by significantly enhanced biocompatibility and photothermal conversion efficiency. More importantly, this supramolecular host-guest BPA strategy enables the resultant nanoplatform to act as a facile and efficient strategy for photodynamic and photothermal immunotherapy.

New insights into the dispersion history and adaptive evolution of taxon Aegilops tauschii in China.

Aegilops tauschii, the wild progenitor of wheat D-genome and a valuable germplasm for wheat improvement, has a wide natural distribution from eastern Turkey to China. However, the phylogenetic relationship and dispersion history of Ae. tauschii in China has not been scientifically clarified. In this study, we genotyped 208 accessions (with 104 in China) using ddRAD sequencing and 55K SNP array, and classified the population into six sublineages. Three possible spreading routes or events were identified, resulting in specific distribution patterns, with four sublineages found in Xinjiang, one in Qinghai, two in Shaanxi and one in Henan. We also established the correlation of SNP-based, karyotype-based and spike-morphology-based techniques to demonstrate the internal classification of Ae. tauschii, and developed consensus dataset with 1245 putative accessions by merging data previously published. Our analysis suggested that eight inter-lineage accessions could be assigned to the putative Lineage 3 and these accessions would help to conserve the genetic diversity of the species. By developing the consensus phylogenetic relationships of Ae. tauschii, our work validated the hypothesis on the dispersal history of Ae. tauschii in China, and contributed to the efficient and comprehensive germplasm-mining of the species.

The components transitive regularity of three dosage forms of Liuwei Dihuang Fufang / 数字中医药（英文）

@#Objective To explore the transitive regularity of holistic constituents from the crude slices of the medicinal raw materials (MCS) to the formula granules (FG), fufang decoction (FD), and finally, the concentrated pills (CP) of Liuwei Dihuang Fufang (六味地黄复方, LWDHF). Methods Samples for MCS, FG, FD, and CP of LWDHF were obtained, and a fingerprint database was established using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), by separating the samples in an XB-C18 column and analyzing the transitive regularity of components using the total quantum statistical moment (TQSM), including total quantum zero moment (AUCT), total quantum first moment (MRTT), total quantum second moment (VRTT), and its similarity approach. The AUCT, MRTT, and VRTT were calculated based on the representative HPLC chromatograms of FG, FD, and CP of LWDHF. Results AUCT of FG, FD, and CP of LWDHF was 71 804, 46 553, and 144 646 µV·s, respectively; MRTT was 14.43, 14.54, and 18.85 min, respectively; and VRTT was 106.98, 112.84, and 269.12 min2, respectively. Comparing the similarity of FG/FD, FG/CP and FD/CP of LWDHF, the TQSM similarity values were 98.66%, 76.62%, and 75.37%, respectively, whereas the traditional similarity evaluation values were 98.68%, 85.43%, and 85.60%, respectively. Conclusion The results perform little distinction in the total composition between FG and FD, whereas some distinction existed between FD and CP. Experimental evidence, therefore indicates that FG could be used as the alternative of MCS in clinical applications.

Shewanella oneidensis arcA Mutation Impairs Aerobic Growth Mainly by Compromising Translation.

Arc (anoxic redox control), one of the most intensely investigated two-component regulatory systems in γ-proteobacteria, plays a major role in mediating the metabolic transition from aerobiosis to anaerobiosis. In Shewanella oneidensis, a research model for respiratory versatility, Arc is crucial for aerobic growth. However, how this occurs remains largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that the loss of the response regulator ArcA distorts the correlation between transcription and translation by inhibiting the ribosome biosynthesis. This effect largely underlies the growth defect because it concurs with the effect of chloramphenicol, which impairs translation. Reduced transcription of ArcA-dependent ribosomal protein S1 appears to have a significant impact on ribosome assembly. We further show that the lowered translation efficiency is not accountable for the envelope defect, another major defect resulting from the ArcA loss. Overall, our results suggest that although the arcA mutation impairs growth through multi-fold complex impacts in physiology, the reduced translation efficacy appears to be a major cause for the phenotype, demonstrating that Arc is a primary system that coordinates proteomic resources with metabolism in S. oneidensis.

A novel biosensor based on multienzyme microcapsules constructed from covalent-organic framework.

Electrochemical biosensors based on enzymes modified electrode are attracting special attention due to their broad applications. However, the immobilization of enzymes on electrode is always an important challenge because it's not conducive to conformational expansion of enzymes and affects the bioactivity of enzymes accordingly. Although the imobilization of enzymes in micropores of crystalline covalent-organic framework (COF) and metal-organic framework (MOF) to construct electrochemical biosensors based on pore embedding can achive good reuslts, their micropores can still not guarantee that the enzyme's conformation is well extended. Herein, a multienzyme microcapsules (enzymes@COF) containing glucose oxidase, horseradish peroxidase and acetylcholinesterase with a 600 nm-sized cavity and a shell of COF was used to construct electrochemical biosensors. The 600 nm-sized cavity ensures free conformation expansion of encapsulated enzymes and the shell of COF with good chemical stablity protects encapsulated enzymes against external harsh environments. And the specific catalytic substrates of the enzymes can infiltrated into the microcapsule through the pores of COF shell. So, the biosensor based on enzymes@COF microcapsules demonstrated preeminent performances as compared with those of enzymes assembled on electrode. The detection limits were 0.85 µM, 2.81 nM, 3.0×10-13 g/L, and the detection range were 2.83 µM-8.0 mM, 9.53 nM-7.0 µM, 10-12 g/L-10-8 g/L for glucose, H2O2 and malathion detection. This work shows that it is feasible to fabricate electrochemical sensors using enzymes@COF microcapsules.

Lipopolysaccharide Transport System Links Physiological Roles of σE and ArcA in the Cell Envelope Biogenesis in Shewanella oneidensis.

The bacterial cell envelope is not only a protective structure that surrounds the cytoplasm but also the place where a myriad of biological processes take place. This multilayered complex is particularly important for electroactive bacteria such as Shewanella oneidensis, as it generally hosts branched electron transport chains and numerous reductases for extracellular respiration. However, little is known about how the integrity of the cell envelope is established and maintained in these bacteria. By tracing the synthetic lethal effect of Arc two-component system and σE in S. oneidensis, in this study, we identified the lipopolysaccharide transport (Lpt) system as the determining factor. Both Arc and σE, by regulating transcription of lptFG and lptD, respectively, are required for the Lpt system to function properly. The ArcA loss results in an LptFG shortage that triggers activation of σE and leads to LptD overproduction. LptFG and LptD at abnormal levels cause a defect in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) transport, leading to cell death unless σE-dependent envelope stress response is in place. Overall, our report reveals for the first time that Arc works together with σE to maintain the integrity of the S. oneidensis cell envelope by participating in the regulation of the LPS transport system. IMPORTANCE Arc is a well-characterized global regulatory system that modulates cellular respiration by responding to changes in the redox status in bacterial cells. In addition to regulating expression of respiratory enzymes, Shewanella oneidensis Arc also plays a critical role in cell envelope integrity. The absence of Arc and master envelope stress response (ESR) regulator σE causes a synthetic lethal phenotype. Our research shows that the Arc loss downregulates lptFG expression, leading to cell envelope defects that require σE-mediated ESR for viability. The complex mechanisms revealed here underscore the importance of the interplay between global regulators in bacterial adaption to their natural inhabits.

Introgressing the Aegilops tauschii genome into wheat as a basis for cereal improvement.

Increasing crop production is necessary to feed the world's expanding population, and crop breeders often utilize genetic variations to improve crop yield and quality. However, the narrow diversity of the wheat D genome seriously restricts its selective breeding. A practical solution is to exploit the genomic variations of Aegilops tauschii via introgression. Here, we established a rapid introgression platform for transferring the overall genetic variations of A. tauschii to elite wheats, thereby enriching the wheat germplasm pool. To accelerate the process, we assembled four new reference genomes, resequenced 278 accessions of A. tauschii and constructed the variation landscape of this wheat progenitor species. Genome comparisons highlighted diverse functional genes or novel haplotypes with potential applications in wheat improvement. We constructed the core germplasm of A. tauschii, including 85 accessions covering more than 99% of the species' overall genetic variations. This was crossed with elite wheat cultivars to generate an A. tauschii-wheat synthetic octoploid wheat (A-WSOW) pool. Laboratory and field analysis with two examples of the introgression lines confirmed its great potential for wheat breeding. Our high-quality reference genomes, genomic variation landscape of A. tauschii and the A-WSOW pool provide valuable resources to facilitate gene discovery and breeding in wheat.

Structural basis of assembly and torque transmission of the bacterial flagellar motor.

The bacterial flagellar motor is a supramolecular protein machine that drives rotation of the flagellum for motility, which is essential for bacterial survival in different environments and a key determinant of pathogenicity. The detailed structure of the flagellar motor remains unknown. Here we present an atomic-resolution cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the bacterial flagellar motor complexed with the hook, consisting of 175 subunits with a molecular mass of approximately 6.3 MDa. The structure reveals that 10 peptides protruding from the MS ring with the FlgB and FliE subunits mediate torque transmission from the MS ring to the rod and overcome the symmetry mismatch between the rotational and helical structures in the motor. The LP ring contacts the distal rod and applies electrostatic forces to support its rotation and torque transmission to the hook. This work provides detailed molecular insights into the structure, assembly, and torque transmission mechanisms of the flagellar motor.

[Research progress of correlation between multidrug resistance and transporters and traditional Chinese medicine intervention].

With the emergence of drug resistance in Western medicine, the repeated administration of clinical first-line drugs becomes more severe. There are many factors leading to multidrug resistance(MDR), so it is very difficult to solve the problem. Since traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) has been used in the field of MDR in recent years, the research on the transporter-associated drug resistance and intervention of TCM has gradually become a hot spot. Therefore, in order to further explore the relationships among drug resistance, transporters, and TCM intervention, we review the relevant research progress in recent years and comb the achievements and limitations of this research at present. In the end, we put forward the research direction of changing body's ADME through the host's transporters and gastrointestinal flora, which provides new ideas for future research.

Mutual interplay between ArcA and σE orchestrates envelope stress response in Shewanella oneidensis.

To survive and thrive in harsh and ever-changing environments, intricate mechanisms have evolved for bacterial cells to monitor perturbations impacting the integrity of their envelope and to mount an appropriate response to contain or repair the damage. In this study, we report in Shewanella oneidensis a previously undescribed mechanism for the envelope defect resulting from the loss of Arc, a two-component transcriptional regulatory system crucial for respiration. We uncovered σE , a master regulator establishing and maintaining the integrity of the cell envelope in γ-proteobacteria, as the determining factor for the cell envelope defect of the arcA mutant. When ArcA is depleted, σE activity is compromised by enhanced production of anti-σE protein RseA. Surprisingly, S. oneidensis σE is not essential for viability, but becomes so in the absence of ArcA. Furthermore, we demonstrated that there is an interplay between these two regulators as arcA expression is affected by availability of σE . Overall, our results underscore functional interplay of regulatory systems for envelope stress response: although each of the systems may respond to perturbation of particular components of the envelope, they are functionally intertwined, working together to form an interconnected safety net.

A novel N,S-rich COF and its derived hollow N,S-doped carbon@Pd nanorods for electrochemical detection of Hg2+ and paracetamol.

Covalent-organic frameworks (COFs) are conjugate crystalline polymers with high porosity, controllable pores and structure as well as large specific surface area, showing great potential for electrochemical sensors. Here, a new N,S-rich COFBTT-TZT is proposed by direct amine-aldehyde dehydration condensation between 4,4',4''-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl)trianiline (TZT) and benzo [1,2-b:3,4-b':5,6-b'']trithiophene-2,5,8-tricarbaldehyde (BTT). The COFBTT-TZT has a hexagonal hcb structure with theoretical pore of 2.2 nm and presents rod-like morphology with many small flakes on its surface. Particularly, there are lots of S and N atoms in COFBTT-TZT, which provides abundant adsorption sites for Hg2+ so that it can be used to detect Hg2+. The proposed Hg2+ sensor has a linear range of 0.54 nM-5.0 µM and a detection limit of 0.18 nM. Besides, using COFBTT-TZT as precursor and template, the hollow N,S-doped C@Pd nanorods which possesses many tiny Pd nanoparticles embedded in rods-like hollow structure are obtained. An electrochemical paracetamol sensor is also proposed based on the N,S-doped C@Pd nanorods, showing low detection limit of 11 nM and wide linear range of 33 nM-120 µM. The good results provide an important guidance for the application of COF in electrochemical sensors.