Apomixis for no bacteria-induced thelytoky in Diglyphus wani (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae).

In Hymenoptera species, the reproductive mode is usually arrhenotoky, where haploid males arise from unfertilized eggs and diploid females from fertilized eggs. In addition, a few species reproduce by thelytoky, where diploid females arise from unfertilized eggs. Diploid females can be derived through various cytological mechanisms in thelytokous Hymenoptera species. Hitherto, these mechanisms were revealed mainly in endosymbiont-induced thelytokous Hymenoptera species. In contrast, thelytokous Hymenoptera species in which a reproductive manipulator has not been verified or several common endosymbionts have been excluded were paid less attention in their cytological mechanisms, for instance, Diglyphus wani (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Here, we investigated the cytological mechanism of D. wani using cytological methods and genetic markers. Our observations indicated that the diploid karyotypes of two strains of D. wani consist of four pairs of relatively large metacentric chromosomes and one pair of short submetacentric chromosomes (2n = 10). The arrhenotokous strains could complete normal meiosis, whereas the thelytokous strain lacked meiosis and did not expulse any polar bodies. This reproductive type of lacking meiosis is classified as apomictic thelytoky. Moreover, a total of 636 microsatellite sequences were obtained from thelytokous D. wani, dominated by dinucleotide repeats. Genetic markers results showed all three generations of offspring from thelytokous strain maintained the same genotype as their parents. Our results revealed that D. wani is the first eulophid parasitoid wasp in Hymenoptera whose thelytoky was not induced by bacteria to form an apomictic thelytoky. These findings provide a baseline for future inner molecular genetic studies of ameiotic thelytoky.

Multiple Data Demonstrate That Bacteria Regulating Reproduction Could Be Not the Cause for the Thelytoky of Diglyphus wani (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae).

In Hymenoptera parasitoids, the reproductive mode is arrhenotoky, while a few species reproduce by thelytoky. The thelytoky of Hymenoptera parasitoids is generally genetically determined by the parasitoids themselves or induced by bacteria, including Wolbachia, Cardinium, and Rickettsia. Diglyphus wani (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a recently reported thelytokous species is a main parasitoid attacking agromyzid leafminers. To assess whether endosymbionts induce thelytoky in D. wani, we performed universal PCR detection and sequenced the V3-V4 region of 16S ribosomal RNA gene. In addition, bacteria were removed through high-temperature and antibiotic treatments, and the localized bacteria were detected using FISH. Based on general PCR detection, Wolbachia, Cardinium, Rickettsia, Arsenophonus, Spiroplasma, and Microsporidia were absent in laboratory and field individuals of thelytokous D. wani. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the dominant endosymbionts in thelytokous D. wani were not reproductive manipulators. High-temperature and antibiotic treatment for five consecutive generations cannot reverse the thelytokous pattern of D. wani, and no male offspring were produced. Moreover, no bacterial spots were found in the ovaries of D. wani. Thus, it is considered that the thelytoky of D. wani does not result in the presence of endosymbionts. This species is thus the second reported eulophid parasitoid whose thelytoky appears not to be associated with endosymbionts.

[Historical study of the research of Korean Ginseng by Japanese and Korean doctors in eighteenth century].

In the eighteenth Century, Korean envoys and Japanese doctors did a lot of conversation on Korean ginseng, the content of which were arranged as books later by Japanese. Through 5 collections of those books, it is found that the contents of those conversations are focused mainly on 3 aspects, viz., the name and the quality of the Korean ginseng, processing method and cultivation conditions. Those records not only reflect the condition of Japanese doctors truly and actually getting the knowledge of Korean ginseng, but also provide precious historical data to the research on the history of Japan and Korea medical communication in the Edo period.

[An overview on the collation and revision of medical books by the Bureau for Revising Medical Books in the Northern Song Dynasty].

The Bureau for Revising Medical Books was a temporary agency established by the government of the Northern Song Dynasty in 1057, the 2nd year of Jiayou of Emperor Renzong, exclusively for the edition, revision and publishing of ancient medical books. 11 medical books were revised and edited by 13 Bureau members in a period of 12 years until 1069, the 2nd year of Xining of Emperor ShenZong, which eventually became the final versions until today. 8 medical books were initially planned for the revision, but 11 were actually completed in the end. The time for completing a revision varied from over 10 years at most to less than 1 year at least. Instead of working in the office, the officers of the Bureau for Revising Medical Books did their works at home. The members of the said Bureau came from the Tiju officer of the Bureau for Revising Medical Books and the officials of revising medical books, consisting of both Confucian ministers and medical officers. Confucian ministers played an important role in revising medical books. The Bureau had a strict workflow in electing revising officials, making the project, and the determination of the principles and arrangements of the tasks of editing and proofreading.

[Comparative study of theoretical literature on cold pathogenic disease in Wai tai mi yao fang (Arcane Essentials from the Imperial Library) and Tai ping sheng hui fang (Taiping Holy Prescriptions for Universal Relief)].

In the Wai tai mi yao fang (Arcane Essentials from the Imperial Library) compiled in 752, its portion on cold pathogenic disorders embodies the achievements before the mid Tang Dynasty, whereas that in the Tai ping sheng hui fang (Taiping Holy Prescriptions for Universal Relief), compiled in 992 embodies those before the early Song Dynasty. Comparison on the theory of cold disorders in both books reveal that, during the 2 centuries period from mid Tang to early Song Dynasties, the texts as a carrier for the transmission of such theory in both show no distinct changes, but only with minor revisions and improvements.

[The review of the composition of Za Liao Fang of Jinguiyaolue (Synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golden Chamber)].

The contents of Jinguiyaolue (Synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golden Chamber) can mainly be divided into 2 parts, which are "text" and "attached formulas". It is mostly thought that the "text" has more content than the "attached formulas". After comparing the small character version of WU Qian's transcript, which was recently published,with the large character version of Jinguiyaolue, and doing textual research on the "attached formulas" in Za Liao Fang of Jinguiyaolue (Synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golden Chamber) according to the clues left by the Bureau of the Revision of Medical Books in Song Dynasty, we can find that there are only "chai hu decoction with addition or subtraction in four seasons" and "the Kele pear pill for taking for long periods" which belong to the Song masters' copy. However, another 22 prescriptions called "attached formulas" were added when the Song masters revised it.

[Hanke Zhiyan-a vivid reflection of medical exchanges history between Japan and Korea].

Hanke Zhiyan (written by Dooyo Higuchi and published in 1749), held in the Fujikawa collection of Kyoto University Library, recorded in detail the process by which Higuchi was assigned by the government to heal Korean envoys. The name, age, symptoms, diagnosis and medicine of 14 patients were described in detail in this book. It could be known from the recording that Korean envoys suffered from a variety of diseases and Dooyo Higuchi (a Traditional Chinese Medicine doctor of Japan), with a solid academic foundation and plenty of experience, could give specific diagnoses and flexible therapies. Hanke Zhiyan described full and accurate medical exchanges between Japan and Korea, and was a vivid reflection of medical exchanges in the history of the two countries.

[Study on the texts of Taisu cited by the Ishinpo of Nakarai].

After comparing the Renho Temple version of Taisu, and Taisu texts cited by Ishinpo, and analyzing characteristic features of the cited text, it could be that the Renho Temple version of Taisu is probably reliable and it may be the same version system as the one cited by Ishinpo. So Ishinpo is a helpful addition to the Renho Temple version of Taisu. As texts cited by Ishinpo are the epitome and sifting of Taisu, so that the Ishinpo is only of reference value in reading the Renho Temple version Taisu.

[The complete and extant editions of Jinguiyaolue (Synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golder Chamber).].

The extant Jinguiyaolue (Synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golder Chamber) is less likely to originate directly from the section on miscellaneous diseases in the 16-volume Shanghanzabinglun (Treatise on Cold Pathogenic and Miscellaneous Diseases) of ZHANG Zhong-jing which was complied in the early third century. It was, in fact, compiled in the Northern Song dynasty. All the extant editions of Jinguiyaolue, including Japanese editions, were derived from the five editions system complied from the Yuan dynasty to the Ming dynasty, belongs to the large character version. The small character version of Wu Qian's transcript that was recently discovered in the shanghai Library is different from the original system, and this is worthy of attention to. By comparison of Deng Zhen's version with We Qian's version, it was realized that the Northern Song government had not simply converted the large character version into the small character version, but revised it as large-scale for the second time.

[Okada Kousho and historical material of medical exchange between Japan and China in the last part of the Qing dynasty].

Japanese medical doctor Okada Kousho, who lived in Nagasaki, traveled around Shanghai and Suzhou from February to April in 1872. After coming back to Japan, he wrote the "KoGo Nikki (Shanghai Suzhou Travel Diary)" based on this travel records. This article truly and objectively summarized his experience of the Chinese medical world in the last part of the Qing dynasty, and it provides us valuable material for studying the history of Chinese medicine and the medical exchange between China and Japan.

[Research on mutual collation between Japan Cabinet Edition and National Beijing Library Edition of Shang han lun (Treatise on Cold Pathogenic Disease)].

Through textual research on the Song Dynasty block-printed large-character and small-character editions of Shang han lun (Treatise on Cold Pathogenic Disease), it can be definitely verified that Yang Shoujing's so-called 'facsimile handwritten copy of Northern Song edition' was an apocrypha fabricated by Yang himself. Japanese Horikawa's An zheng edition, the original edition adopted by Yun Tieqiao's photocopy, did exert a profound and lasting influence on China. After collating the Song Dynasty block-printed edition collected in Japan National Cabinet Library with the one collected in the National Beijing Library thoroughly, and checking the prefaces and postscripts carefully, it has been found, for the first time, that these two editions, both called 'Song edition', differ dramatically.