EBV antibody and gastric cancer risk: a population-based nested case-control study in southern China.

BACKGROUND: We aim to clarify the controversial associations between EBV-related antibodies and gastric cancer risk. METHODS: We analysed the associations between serological Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 immunoglobulin A (EBNA1-IgA) and viral capsid antigen immunoglobulin A (VCA-IgA) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the risk of gastric cancer in a nested case-control study originated from a population-based nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) screening cohort in Zhongshan, a city of southern China, including 18 gastric cancer cases and 444 controls. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: All the sera of cases were sampled before diagnosis and the median time interval was 3.04 (range: 0.04, 7.59) years. Both increased relative optical density (rOD) values of EBNA1-IgA and VCA-IgA were associated with higher risks of gastric cancer with age adjusted ORs of 1.99 (95%CI: 1.07, 3.70) and 2.64 (95%CI: 1.33, 5.23), respectively. Each participant was further classified as high or medium/low risk based on a combination of two anti-EBV antibody levels. Participants in the high-risk group had substantially higher odds of developing gastric cancer than that in the medium/low risk group with an age adjusted OR of 6.53 (95%CI: 1.69, 25.26). CONCLUSIONS: Our research reveals positive associations between EBNA1-IgA and VCA-IgA and gastric cancer risk in southern China. We thus postulate that EBNA1-IgA and VCA-IgA might appear to be potential biomarkers for gastric cancer. More research to further validate the results among diverse populations and investigate its underlying biological mechanism is needed.

Efficiency and Safety of Laparoscopic Radical Cystectomy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer, and Postoperative Recurrence.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficiency of open radical cystectomy (ORC) in relation to laparoscopic radical cystectomy (LRC) for muscle-invasive bladder cancer, and incidence of postoperative recurrence. METHODS: A total of 90 patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer admitted to our urology department from January 2019 to May 2022 were included in this study. Using the random number table, the patients were assigned equally to ORC and LRC groups. The perioperative data of the patients were collected and recorded. The outcome indicators comprised erythrocyte pressure and creatinine levels, blood gas analysis, type of urinary diversion, and histopathology of surgically removed tumors. RESULTS: Operation time of LRC was significantly longer than that of ORC, but other perioperative indices of LRC were better than those of ORC (p < 0.05). Hematocrit levels in LRC group were higher than those in ORC group at postoperative 1 day and before discharge (p < 0.05). However, creatinine levels were lower in LRC group than in ORC group at postoperative 1 day and before discharge (p < 0.05). Moreover, LRC resulted in better blood gas indices than ORC (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the type of urinary diversion and histopathological results from surgically removed tumor between the two groups (p > 0.05). Patients who received LRC had a lower incidence of complications than those given ORC (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: LRC reduced perioperative complications, decreased mean length of hospital stays, and enhanced recovery of gastrointestinal and renal functions. These data suggest that LRC is safer and more efficient than ORC. However, further studies are required prior to clinical application of this procedure.

Efficiency and Safety of Laparoscopic Radical Cystectomy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer, and Postoperative Recurrence

Objective: To evaluate the efficiency of open radical cystectomy (ORC) in relation to laparoscopic radical cystectomy (LRC) for muscle-invasive bladder cancer, and incidence of postoperative recurrence. Methods: A total of 90 patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer admitted to our urology department from January 2019 to May 2022 were included in this study. Using the random number table, the patients were assigned equally to ORC and LRC groups. The perioperative data of the patients were collected and recorded. The outcome indicators comprised erythrocyte pressure and creatinine levels, blood gas analysis, type of urinary diversion, and histopathology of surgically removed tumors. Results: Operation time of LRC was significantly longer than that of ORC, but other perioperative indices of LRC were better than those of ORC (p < 0.05). Hematocrit levels in LRC group were higher than those in ORC group at postoperative 1 day and before discharge (p < 0.05). However, creatinine levels were lower in LRC group than in ORC group at postoperative 1 day and before discharge (p < 0.05). Moreover, LRC resulted in better blood gas indices than ORC (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the type of urinary diversion and histopathological results from surgically removed tumor between the two groups (p > 0.05). Patients who received LRC had a lower incidence of complications than those given ORC (p < 0.05). Conclusions: LRC reduced perioperative complications, decreased mean length of hospital stays, and enhanced recovery of gastrointestinal and renal functions. These data suggest that LRC is safer and more efficient than ORC. However, further studies are required prior to clinical application of this procedure (AU)

The Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy in the Treatment of Patients with Urinary Calculi.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) for urinary calculi and precautions of postoperative complications. Methods: 90 patients with urinary calculi at our hospital were randomly recruited between July 2019 and July 2020 and were allocated (1 : 1) to receive either ESWL (observation group) or conventional surgery (control group). Clinical efficacy was the primary endpoint, whereas adverse events were the secondary endpoint. Results: The operation time, early activity time, and hospitalization time of the observation group were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05). ESWL resulted in less postoperative pain in patients versus conventional surgery (P < 0.05). ESWL was associated with a significantly higher total clinical efficacy (97.78%) versus conventional surgery (82.22%) (P < 0.05). The eligible patients given ESWL had a lower incidence of complications (11.12%) versus those given conventional surgery (31.12%) (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Hematuria prevention requires precise localization of stones as well as adjustment of pulse energy and the number of impacts due to stone changes. Precautions against renal colic necessitate complete comminution of stones intraoperatively, more postoperative water intake, moderate exercise, or injection of antispasmodic drugs and cathartics for pain relief. Nausea and vomiting precautions require preoperative recording of previous medical history and corresponding treatment, intraoperative real-time adjustment of voltage pulse frequency, and duration depending on the magnitude of intraoperative reaction. Urinary tract infection prevention requires preoperative prevention and proper postoperative anti-infection and anti-inflammatory treatment, along with enough water intake and bed rest. Other precautions include thorough comminution of the calculi, proper anti-infection and anti-inflammatory treatment, no early exercise or excessive activity after surgery, and proper postoperative care. ESWL is effective in treating patients with urinary calculi with a simple, safe, and quick operation and a low incidence of adverse events, as it effectively reduces the incidence of complications, accelerates the recovery of patients and improves their quality of life.

Joint Adaptive Sampling Interval and Power Allocation for Maneuvering Target Tracking in a Multiple Opportunistic Array Radar System.

In this paper, a joint adaptive sampling interval and power allocation (JASIPA) scheme based on chance-constraint programming (CCP) is proposed for maneuvering target tracking (MTT) in a multiple opportunistic array radar (OAR) system. In order to conveniently predict the maneuvering target state of the next sampling instant, the best-fitting Gaussian (BFG) approximation is introduced and used to replace the multimodal prior target probability density function (PDF) at each time step. Since the mean and covariance of the BFG approximation can be computed by a recursive formula, we can utilize an existing Riccati-like recursion to accomplish effective resource allocation. The prior Cramér-Rao lower boundary (prior CRLB-like) is compared with the upper boundary of the desired tracking error range to determine the adaptive sampling interval, and the Bayesian CRLB-like (BCRLB-like) gives a criterion used for measuring power allocation. In addition, considering the randomness of target radar cross section (RCS), we adopt the CCP to package the deterministic resource management model, which minimizes the total transmitted power by effective resource allocation. Lastly, the stochastic simulation is embedded into a genetic algorithm (GA) to produce a hybrid intelligent optimization algorithm (HIOA) to solve the CCP optimization problem. Simulation results show that the global performance of the radar system can be improved effectively by the resource allocation scheme.

Mass screening for liver cancer: results from a demonstration screening project in Zhongshan City, China.

Current Chinese national guidelines recommend routine screening for liver cancer in patients positive for HBsAg, irrespective of fibrosis status, age, or family history of liver cancer. We aim to evaluate whether the recommended screening strategy could reduce liver-cancer-specific mortality. We conducted a liver cancer mass screening trial in Xiaolan Town, Zhongshan City, China, among residents aged 35-64 years in 2012. All volunteers were offered serological testing for hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg). We proposed biannual screening using serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and ultrasonography examination for subjects positive for HBsAg. Among 17,966 participants (26.2% of 68,510 eligible residents) who were free of liver cancer at baseline in 2012, we identified 57 incident cases of liver cancer within the first 4 years of follow-up (i.e., 43 among 2,848 HBsAg-positive participants and 14 among 15,118 HBsAg-negative participants), compared with 104 cases identified in non-participants (N = 50,544). A total of 207 participants had the recommended number of ultrasonography examinations (every 6 months) during the screening period. Compared with cases identified from non-participants, the cases arising among participants were more likely to be at early stage and had better survival than those among non-participants. However, we did not observe a reduction in liver cancer-specific mortality rate among participants (relative risk = 1.04, 95% confidence interval = 0.68, 1.58, P = 0.856). Our demonstration screening study does not show a reduction in liver cancer mortality within the first 4 years of follow-up according to current guidance in China, although long-term efficacy remains to be evaluated. Targeted surveillance among high-risk individuals as recommended by international guidelines, along with measures to improve compliance, should be evaluated in the Chinese population.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma incidence and mortality in China, 2013.

BACKGROUND: We estimated the incidence and mortality of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in China in 2010 according to the data of 145 domestic population-based cancer registries in 2014, and no such reports since then. Hence, to further and better understand its epidemiology in China and to provide more precise scientific information for its control and prevention in China, we analyzed the NPC incidence and mortality of 255 domestic population-based cancer registries, and estimated the national rates in 2013 again. METHODS: NPC incidence and mortality data of 255 domestic cancer registries in 2013, accepted by the 2016 National Cancer Registry Annual Report, were collected and collated, and the indices of NPC such as the numbers of new cases and deaths, crude rates, age-standardized rates, and truncated rates of incidence and mortality were calculated and analyzed. The incidence and mortality in China and its constituent areas were estimated according to the national population in 2013. RESULTS: An estimated 42,100 new cases and 21,320 deaths were attributed to NPC in China in 2013, accounting for 1.14% of all new cancer cases and 0.96% of all cancer-related deaths that year in China. Crude incidence and mortality of NPC were 3.09/100,000 and 1.57/100,000, respectively. World age-standardized incidence and mortality were 2.17/100,000 and 1.08/100,000, respectively. The incidence and mortality of males were obviously higher than those of females and slightly higher in urban areas than in rural areas. Among seven Chinese administrative regions, NPC incidence and mortality were obviously higher in South China than in other regions and lowest in North China. Top 3 incidence and mortality provinces and registering areas all located in South China. The age-specific incidence and mortality rose quickly from age 25-29 and 35 to 39 years, respectively, peaked at different ages and varied by location. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrated that NPC incidence and mortality in China in 2013 were also at high levels worldwide, which suggested that its control and prevention should be enhanced.

Auto-Coding of Cancer Registry Data in China.

The significance, difficulty and strategy of coding cancer data according to international coding standards are discussed, and the concept, methods and realization of cancer data automatic coding in cancer registries in China are introduced in the paper. Coding cancer data automatically with software could not only reduce the time, manpower and workload, while improving the accuracy and efficiency of cancer data coding, but also enhance the validity of cancer registration and the value of cancer registry data, which is of great significance.

Ovary cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2011.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and analyze ovary cancer incidence and mortality in China in 2011 using ovary cancer data from population-based cancer registration in China, and to provide scientific information for its control and prevention. METHODS: Invasive cases of ovary cancer were extracted and analyzed from the overall Chinese cancer database in 2011, which were based on data from 177 population-based cancer registries distributing in 28 provinces. The crude, standardized, and truncated incidences and mortalities et al. were calculated and new and deaths cases from ovary cancer throughout China and in different regions in 2011 were estimated using Chinese practical population. RESULTS: The estimates of new ovary cancer cases and deaths were 45,223 and 18,430, respectively, in China in 2011. The crude incidence rate, age-standardized rate by Chinese standard population (ASR-C) and age-standardized rate by world standard population (ASR-W) incidence were 6.89/100,000, 5.35/100,000 and 5.08/100,000, respectively; the crude, ASR-C and ASR-W mortalities were 2.81/100,000, 2.01/100,000 and 1.99/100,000, respectively. The incidence and mortality in urban areas were higher than those in rural areas. The age-specific incidence and mortality increased rapidly from age 35-39 and peaked at age 60-64 or 75-79 years. After age 45 or 55, the age-specific incidence and death rates in urban were much higher than those in rural areas. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with GLOBOCAN 2012 data, the ovary cancer incidence in China in 2011 was at middle level, but its mortality was at low level worldwide.

Incidence and mortality of liver cancer in China, 2010.

Liver cancer is a common malignant tumor in China and a major health concern. We aimed to estimate the liver cancer incidence and mortality in China in 2010 using liver cancer data from some Chinese cancer registries and provide reference for liver cancer prevention and treatment. We collected and evaluated the incidence and mortality data of liver cancer in 2010 from 145 cancer registries, which were included in the 2013 Chinese Cancer Registry Annual Report, calculated crude, standardized, and truncated incidences and mortalities, and estimated new liver cancer cases and deaths from liver cancer throughout China and in different regions in 2010 from Chinese practical population. The estimates of new liver cancer cases and deaths were 358,840 and 312,432, respectively, in China in 2010. The crude incidence, age-standardized rate by Chinese standard population (ASR China), and age-standardized rate by world standard population (ASR world) were 27.29/100,000, 21.35/100,000, and 20.87/100,000, respectively; the crude, ASR China, and ASR world mortalities were 23.76/100,000, 18.43/100,000, and 18.04/100,000, respectively. The incidence and mortality were the highest in western regions, higher in rural areas than in urban areas, and higher in males than in females. The age-specific incidence and mortality of liver cancer showed a rapid increase from age 30 and peaked at age 80-84 or 85+. Our results indicated that the 2010 incidence and mortality of liver cancer in China, especially in undeveloped rural areas and western regions, were among high levels worldwide. The strategy for liver cancer prevention and treatment should be strengthened.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma incidence and mortality in China in 2010.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is common in South China. Although regional epidemiological data on NPC in China is available, national epidemiological data have been unavailable up to now. The goal of this study was to analyze the NPC incidence and mortality data in some domestic cancer registries, estimate these rates in China in 2010, and provide scientific information that can be harnessed for NPC control and prevention. To accomplish this goal, NPC incidence and mortality data for 2010 were collected from 145 Chinese cancer registries from which data were included in the 2013 National Cancer Registry Annual Report. Such indices as its incident and death numbers, crude rates, age-standardized rates and truncated rates were calculated and analyzed. The incidence and mortality in China and constituent areas were estimated according to the national population in 2010. An estimated 41,503 new cases and 20,058 deaths were attributed to NPC in China in 2010, accounting for 1.34% of all new cancer cases and 1.03% of all cancer-related deaths that year in China. Crude incidence and mortality were 3.16/100,000 and 1.53/100,000, respectively. World age-standardized incidence and mortality were 2.44/100,000 and 1.18/100,000, respectively. Incidence and mortality were higher among males than among females and slightly higher in urban areas than in rural areas. Among seven Chinese administrative regions, NPC incidence and mortality were obviously higher in South China than in other regions and lowest in North China. The male and female age-specific incidence and mortality both rose quickly from age 25-29 years, but peaked at different ages and varied by location. These results demonstrated that NPC incidence and mortality in China especially in South China were at high levels in the world, and suggested that control and prevention efforts should be enhanced.

Cancer registration in the Peoples Republic of China.

The current situation of cancer registration in China was systematically reviewed. So far, cancer registration in China has been making a great progress in the following aspects: the number of cancer registries and covered population have increased dramatically; a registration network has been established and completed gradually; regulations and rules improved remarkably; more attention is being paid by every level of government; a lot of registration software has been created and financial support ensured. However, we are still facing some problems and challenges, such as no stable groups of registrars, shortage of training opportunities, poor data quality, insufficient utilization and lack of multidisciplinary mechanisms, so that the cancer registration system still needs to be enhanced and improved. Along with the development of economy, science and information technology, methods and patterns of cancer registration is changing. It is to be expected that cancer registration will be automatic, nationwide and integrated with community healthcare in the near future.

Obviously increasing incidence trend for males but stable pathological proportions for both genders: esophageal cancer in Zhongshan of China from 1970-2007.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze esophageal cancer incidence and pathological data of Zhongshan in China in 1970- 2007, and to provide scientific information for its prevention and control. METHODS: From Zhongshan Cancer Registry esophageal cancer incident and pathological data were obtained. Pathological proportions and trends were calculated and analyzed. RESULTS: Although there was a continuously and obviously increasing trend for male incidence rates in 1970-2007 in Zhongshan, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (AD) incident proportions during 1990-2007 remained relatively stable. Moreover, SCC was the major pathological type, accounting for 70.6 percent of all new cases, while AD were relatively few and accounted for only 2.66 percent throughout the period. CONCLUSION: The male esophageal cancer incident pattern in Zhongshan in 1970- 2007 was quite different from most other domestic areas. The data suggest that etiological analysis should be enhanced for improved control in Zhongshan.

[Epidemiology of uterine corpus cancer in some cancer registering areas of China from 2003 - 2007].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze corpus uteri epidemiology in selected cancer registering areas of China during 2003 - 2007, and to provide scientific information for its prevention and control in China. METHODS: The incident and mortality data of corpus uteri cancer in 32 cancer registering areas of China with better quality during 2003 - 2007, which were selected according to the criteria of and provided by National Center for Cancer Registration, were analyzed. RESULTS: There were 8850 new cases and 1559 death cases of corpus uteri cancer, which accounted for 2.96% (8 850/299 306) of all female new cancer cases and 0.94% (1 559/166 305) of all female cancer death cases, respectively. Corpus uteri cancer was the 9th most common cancer for all new female cancer cases which world age adjusted incidence rates was 5.04/105, and 19th most common cancer for all female cancer death cases which world age adjusted mortality rate was 0.83/105 in 32 selected cancer registering areas of China during 2003 - 2007. Zhongshan city, Guangzhou city in Guangdong province and Beijing were the areas with the highest incidence rates in which were 14.51/105, 8.51/105 and 6.69/105, respectively. Zhongshan city in Guangdong province, Dafeng city in Jiangsu province and Feicheng city in Shandong province were the areas with the highest mortality rates, in which were 4.03/105, 3.19/105 and 1.65/105 respectively during 2003 - 2007. There were increasing trends for its incidence rates in above 32 areas during 2003 - 2007, its world age adjusted incidence rates increased from 3.94/105 in 2003 to 5.56/105 in 2007 (P = 0.026), while its urban world age adjusted incidence rates increased from 4.57/105 in 2003 to 6.18/105 in 2007 (P = 0.038), and rural rates increased from 1.74/105 in 2003 to 3.01/105 in 2007 (P = 0.013), and the results showed that urban areas obviously higher than rural areas (P < 0.01). Although there was a slow increasing trend for its world age adjusted mortality rates in above 32 areas during 2003 - 2007 which increased from 0.64/105 in 2003 to 0.87/105 in 2007 (P = 0.214), and from 0.66/105 in 2003 to 0.88/105 in 2007 in urban areas (P = 0.340), and from 0.57/105 in 2003 to 0.83/105 in 2007 in rural areas (P = 0.070), while increasing trends without statistical significance.But mortality rates in urban areas were obviously higher than those of rural areas (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Although the world standardized incidence and mortality rates of corpus uteri cancer were at low level worldwide, there were increasing trends for its incidence rates during 2003 - 2007 in the 32 selected cancer registering areas of China. Moreover, its incidence and mortality rates were at high level worldwide in some areas such as Zhongshan city of Guangdong province and Dafeng city of Jiangsu province during the period, in which suggested that its prevention and control should be enhanced.

[History of cancer registration in china].

The first cancer registry office was established in 1959 in China. In 1969, most provinces, autonomous regions and independently administered municipal districts had their own cancer prevention offices. In the 1970s, many cancer high incidence areas began their work on cancer registration. Thirty-eight cancer registry offices had been set up by the 1980s. In 1990 the China Cancer Registration Collaboration Regulations were made and in 2003, the Plan of Cancer Prevention and Control was issued by the Ministry of health of China. Cancer registration was emphasized as the main feature of cancer prevention and control. In 2004, the China Cancer Registration Handbook was published and at the same time, the China Institute of Health Information and the Cancer Registration and Monitoring Board were established and regulations of the board had been passed. Until now there are 195 cancer registry offices in China (80 in cities and 113 in rural areas) covering about 190 million people which accounts for 13% of the Chinese population.

Histopathological classification of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

This article reviews all related research and reports on nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) histopathological classifications worldwide. Despite continuous advance of Chinese and international NPC histopathological classification research, it was difficult to unify previous with current China classifications, and the China with World Health Organization (WHO) classifications. For example, non-keratinizing and undifferentiated carcinoma of the WHO NPC classification does not coincide with poorly-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the previous China classification. In addition, the incidence rates of different NPC pathological types show obvious regional discrepancies. It suggested that for facilitating Chinese and international NPC research and exchange, NPC histopathological classifications worldwide should be effectively unified.

[Trend of changes on incidence and pathological proportions of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Zhongshan city, Guangdong province, during 1970 - 2007].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) incidence and pathological changes in Zhongshan city, during 1970 - 2007. METHODS: Data on NPC in Zhongshan during 1970 - 2007 was from the Zhongshan Cancer Registry system. Indices as incident numbers, crude incidence rates, age-adjusted incidence rates, incident pathological proportion and trend etc. were calculated and analyzed. RESULTS: The NPC world-adjusted incidence rates on males and females were relatively stable as 27.54/10(5) and 11.28/10(5) respectively. Non-keratinizing carcinoma accounted for 84.57 percent of all the new NPC cases while Keratinizing carcinoma only accounted for 5.81 percent. The proportion of pathological types of cancers had not been obviously changed in Zhongshan during 1970 - 2007. CONCLUSION: Although relatively stable on the trends of NPC incidence in Zhongshan during 1970 - 2007, it was still higher than data from the world or the nation.

Epidemiological trends of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in China.

Research papers and data concerning NPC epidemiology in China available worldwide were reviewed. It was found that although the results of three national all death-causes sampling surveys in China showed mortality rates in most sampling areas and all as overall to be declining continuously and remarkably, figures for 1987-2000 in some selected areas of China released by the World Health Organization were relatively stable, and the NPC incidence and mortality rates reported by Zhongshan and Sihui cities of Guangdong Province in China had shown ascending or stable trends, respectively. Differences with regard to change in NPC incidence and mortality rates over time may be caused by variation in the data quality from divergent sources, but the exact reasons clearly warrant further analysis.

No incidence trends and no change in pathological proportions of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Zhongshan in 1970-2007.

OBJECTIVES: To explore nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) incidence and pathological data of Zhongsha, China, in 1970-2007, and to provide scientific information for prevention and control. METHODS: From Zhongshan Cancer Registry NPC data, incident numbers, crude incidence rates, age -adjusted incidence rates, proportion of pathology and incident trends were calculated and analyzed. RESULTS: The male and female NPC world age-standardized incidence rates were 27.5/105 and 11.3/105 respectively, and were relatively stable in 1970-2007 in Zhongshan. The non-keratinizing type accounted for 84.6 percent of all NPC new cases and the keratinizing type only 5.8 percent, and there was no obvious change in pathological proportions over 38 years. CONCLUSION: NPC incidence level was high and stable in Zhongshan in 1970-2007. It suggested that its prevention and control should be enhanced.