GABA receptors mediate adaptation and sensitization processes in mouse retinal ganglion cells.

Two coordinated dynamic properties (adaptation and sensitization) are observed in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) under the contrast stimulation. During sustained high-contrast period, adaptation decreases RGCs' responses while sensitization increases RGCs' responses. In mouse retina, adaptation and sensitization respectively show OFF- and ON-pathway-dominance. However, the mechanisms which drive the differentiation between adaptation and sensitization remain unclear. In the present study, multi-electrode recordings were conducted on isolated mouse retina under full-field contrast stimulation. Dynamic property was quantified based on the trend of RGC's firing rate during high-contrast period, light sensitivity was estimated by linear-nonlinear analysis and coding ability was estimated through stimulus reconstruction algorism. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors were pharmacologically blocked to explore the relation between RGCs' dynamic property and the activity of GABA receptors. It was found that GABAA and GABAC receptors respectively mediated the adaptation and sensitization processes in RGCs' responses. RGCs' dynamic property changes occurred after the blockage of GABA receptors were related to the modulation of the cells' light sensitivity. Further, the blockage of GABAA (GABAC) receptor significantly decreased RGCs' overall coding ability and eliminated the functional benefits of adaptation (sensitization). Our work suggests that the dynamic property of individual RGC is related to the balance between its GABAA-receptor-mediated inputs and GABAC-receptor-mediated inputs. Blockage of GABA receptors breaks the balance of retinal circuitry for signal processing, and down-regulates the visual information coding ability. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11571-023-09950-2.

MOF-derived multi-"hotspot" 3D Au/MOF-808 (Zr) nanostructures as SERS substrates for the ultrasensitive determination of thiram.

A convenient self-assembly method is proposed for synthesis of 3D Au/MOF-808 (Zr) composite nanostructures with a cerium metal-organic framework loaded with gold nanoparticles. We combine adsorption properties of MOF materials with surface plasmon resonance of noble metals to construct hotspot-dense 3D Au/MOF-808 (Zr) SERS substrates, by using a two-step method of solvothermal and reduction reactions. The results show that optimal SERS substrates are obtained from a volume ratio of gold nanoparticles to MOF-808 (Zr) solution of 4:1 and a self-assembly time of 2 h. Rhodamine 6G (R6G) is used as a molecular probe to characterize and analyze SERS properties of substrates of 3D Au/MOF-808 (Zr) prepared under the optimal process conditions, where the substrates are capable to detect R6G concentrations down to 10-10 M with a relative standard deviation of 8.81%. Finally, we applied the SERS substrates of 3D Au/MOF-808 (Zr) to the detection of pesticide thiram, and establish a quantitative determination method. 3D Au/MOF-808 (Zr) provides a sensitive detection of thiram in lake water by SERS with a detection limit of 1.49 × 10-9 M. Application tests show that a SERS enhancement factor of the MOF-based SERS substrates for the detection of thiram can be significantly increased to 5.91 × 105. Thus, the above results indicate that such substrate has high sensitivity, good adsorption, homogeneity, and reproducibility, which can be extended for sensitive detection of pesticide residues in food and environment.

[Research progress in raw and processed Raphani Semen and prediction of quality markers].

Raphani Semen, with both edible and medicinal values, is a typical Chinese herbal medicine with different effects before and after processing. The raw helps ascending and the cooked helps descending. This paper comprehensively summarizes the differences in chemical constituents and pharmacological effects between raw and processed Raphani Semen that are reported in recent years. Based on the principle of quality markers(Q-markers) of traditional Chinese medicines, the chemical constituent sources, chemical constituent detection techniques, and correlation between bidirectional regulatory efficacy and chemical constituents are compared between raw and processed Raphani Semen. The results suggest that sulforaphene and glucoraphanin could be used as candidate Q-markers of raw and processed Raphani Semen, respectively. This review is expected to provide a reference for further research on the processing, new drug development, and improvement of safety and effectiveness of Raphani Semen in clinical application.

A novel method for quantitative determination of multiple substances using Raman spectroscopy combined with CWT.

The identification of mixed solutions is a challenging and important subject in chemical analysis. In this paper, we propose a novel workflow that enables rapid qualitative and quantitative detection of mixed solutions. We use a methanol-ethanol mixed solution as an example to demonstrate the superiority of this workflow. The workflow includes the following steps: (1) converting Raman spectra into Raman images through CWT; (2) using MobileNetV3 as the backbone network, improved multi-label and multi-channel synchronization enables simultaneous prediction of multiple mixture concentrations; and (3) using transfer learning and multi-stage training strategies for training to achieve accurate quantitative analysis. We compare six traditional machine learning algorithms and two deep learning models to evaluate the performance of our new method. The experimental results show that our model has achieved good prediction results when predicting the concentration of methanol and ethanol, and the coefficient of determination R2 is greater than 0.999. At different concentrations, both MAPE and RSD outperform other models, which demonstrates that our workflow has outstanding analytical capabilities. Importantly, we have solved the problem that current quantitative analysis algorithms for Raman spectroscopy are almost unable to accurately predict the concentration of multiple substances simultaneously. In conclusion, it is foreseeable that this non-destructive, automated, and highly accurate workflow can further advance Raman spectroscopy.

Plasma amplifiers: multiscale light-enhanced uniform SERS composite substrates for breaking through resonance limitations.

A phenomenon known as plasmon resonance constitutes a unique optical effect that can induce an enhancement in localized electromagnetic fields, resulting in a substantial increase in the electromagnetic field intensity surrounding metallic nanostructures. In this work, the coupling effect of excitation of surface plasmon polaritons and local surface plasmons in nanoparticles is deeply studied under the background of nanoparticles/one-dimension grating composite structures through grating matching. By employing finite-difference time-domain simulations as our methodological approach, we discern gratings with a periodicity of 1.5 µm support surface plasmon bound states between the gratings. Furthermore, the modulation of SPs along the vertical sidewalls of the grating due to standing wave effects exhibits oscillatory behavior with varying grating heights. Experimental results obtained from the nanoparticle/grating composite SERS substrate validate theoretical predictions, demonstrating higher enhanced Raman signals at 633 nm compared to 532 nm. Remarkably, this structure exhibits good performance, with R6G detection sensitivity down to concentrations as low as 10-10 M and mapping achieving a relative standard deviation of 7.79%, underscoring its uniformity and capability of electromagnetic field enhancement.

Hetero Diels-Alder reactions of isolable N-borylenamines.

A new strategy for N-borylenamines by reaction of 2-alkynyl benzyl azides with B(C6F5)3 was developed. This novel 1,3-carboboration reaction proceeded via a 5-exo-dig cyclization/formal 1,1-carboboration/B(C6F5)2 shift reaction sequence. Additionally, N-borylenamines can undergo hetero Diels-Alder (HDA) reactions with a variety of dienophiles. Our results are an attractive complement to HDA reactions.

Sphingomonas bacteria could serve as an early bioindicator for the development of chlorantraniliprole resistance in Spodoptera frugiperda.

The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) was found to have invaded China in December 2018, and in just one year, crops in 26 provinces were heavily affected. Currently, the most effective method for emergency control of fulminant pests is to use of chemical pesticides. Recently, most fall armyworm populations in China were begining to exhibite low level resistance to chlorantraniliprole. At present, it is not possible to sensitively reflect the low level resistance of S. frugiperda by detecting target mutation and detoxification enzyme activity. In this study we found that 12 successive generations of screening with chlorantraniliprole caused S. frugiperda to develop low level resistance to this insecticide, and this phenotype was not attribute to genetic mutations in S. frugiperda, but rather to a marked increase in the relative amount of the symbiotic bacteria Sphingomonas. Using FISH and qPCR assays, we determined the amount of Sphingomonas in the gut of S. frugiperda and found Sphingomonas accumulation to be highest in the 3rd-instar larvae. Additionally, Sphingomonas was observed to provide a protective effect to against chlorantraniliprole stress to S. frugiperda. With the increase of the resistance to chlorantraniliprole, the abundance of bacteria also increased, we propose Sphingomonas monitoring could be adapted into an early warning index for the development of chlorantraniliprole resistance in S. frugiperda populations, such that timely measures can be taken to delay or prevent the widespread propagation of resistance to this highly useful agricultural chemical in S. frugiperda field populations.

Deep learning-based Raman spectroscopy qualitative analysis algorithm: A convolutional neural network and transformer approach.

Raman spectroscopy is a general and non-destructive detection technique that can obtain detailed information of the chemical structure of materials. In the past, when using chemometric algorithms to analyze the Raman spectra of mixtures, the challenges of complex spectral overlap and noise often limited the accurate identification of components. The emergence of deep learning has introduced a novel approach to qualitative analysis of mixed Raman spectra. In this paper, we propose a deep learning-based Raman spectroscopy qualitative analysis algorithm (RST) by borrowing the ideas of convolutional neural network and Transformer. By transforming the Raman spectrum into 64 word vectors, the contribution weights of each word vector to the components are obtained. For the 75 spectral data used for validation, the positive identification rate can reach 100.00 %, the recall rate can reach 99.3 %, the average identification score can reach 9.51, and it is applicable to the fields of Raman and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, compared with traditional CNN models, RST has excellent accuracy and robustness in identifying components in complex mixtures. The model's interpretability has been enhanced, aiding in a deeper understanding of spectroscopic learning patterns for future analysis of more complex mixtures.

Molecular mechanisms for selective action of afidopyropen to Myzus persicae and Coccinella septempunctata.

BACKGROUND: Afidopyropen is a novel insecticide with high selectivity between sucking insects such as the peach aphids Myzus persicae and natural enemies like the seven-spotted lady beetle Coccinella septempunctata. However, the mechanisms of selective action for afidopyropen remain unknown. RESULTS: The LC50 values of afidopyropen to the 1st-4th instar larvae and adult C. septempunctata were 372- to more than 7267-fold higher than that to adult M. persicae. Though the activity of cytochrome P450s in M. persicae was 6.1- to 7.5-fold higher than that in C. septempunctata, the latter has much higher activities of carboxylesterase (CarEs) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), and the crude enzyme of C. septempunctata and M. persicae showed similar metabolism efficiency to afidopyropen. Molecular docking results demonstrated that afdopyropen showed higher binding affinity to the vanilloid-type transient receptor potential (TRPV) channel of M. persicae (-9.1 kcal/mol) than to that of C. septempunctata (-8.2 kcal/mol). And the EC50 value of afdopyropen to the TRPV channel of C. septempunctata (41 360 nM) was 19 885-fold higher than that in M. persicae (2.08 nM). CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated that the significantly different sensitivity of M. persicae and C. septempunctata TRPV channel to afidopyropen play a key role in the high selectivity of afidopyropen. These findings provide new insights into the selective mechanisms of afidopyropen against insect pests and natural enemies as well as the theory support for coordinated application of chemical control and biological control. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Mesoporous silica nanospheres-mediated insecticide and antibiotics co-delivery system for synergizing insecticidal toxicity and reducing environmental risk of insecticide.

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are efficient carriers of drugs, and are promising in developing novel pesticide formulations. The cotton aphids Aphis gossypii Glover is a world devastating insect pest. It has evolved high level resistance to various insecticides thus resulted in the application of higher doses of insecticides, which raised environmental risk. In this study, the MSNs based pesticide/antibiotic delivery system was constructed for co-delivery of ampicillin (Amp) and imidacloprid (IMI). The IMI@Amp@MSNs complexes have improved toxicity against cotton aphids, and reduced acute toxicity to zebrafish. From the 16S rDNA sequencing results, Amp@MSNs, prepared by loading ampicillin to the mesoporous of MSNs, greatly disturbed the gut community of cotton aphids. Then, the relative expression of at least 25 cytochrome P450 genes of A. gossypii was significantly suppressed, including CYP6CY19 and CYP6CY22, which were found to be associated with imidacloprid resistance by RNAi. The bioassay results indicated that the synergy ratio of ampicillin to imidacloprid was 1.6, while Amp@MSNs improved the toxicity of imidacloprid by 2.4-fold. In addition, IMI@Amp@MSNs significantly improved the penetration of imidacloprid, and contributed to the amount of imidacloprid delivered to A. gossypii increased 1.4-fold. Thus, through inhibiting the relative expression of cytochrome P450 genes and improving penetration of imidacloprid, the toxicity of IMI@Amp@MSNs was 6.0-fold higher than that of imidacloprid. The greenhouse experiments further demonstrated the enhanced insecticidal activity of IMI@Amp@MSNs to A. gossypii. Meanwhile, the LC50 of IMI@Amp@MSNs to zebrafish was 3.9-fold higher than that of IMI, and the EC50 for malformation was 2.8-fold higher than IMI, respectively, which indicated that the IMI@Amp@MSNs complexes significantly reduced the environmental risk of imidacloprid. These findings encouraged the development of pesticide/antibiotic co-delivery nanoparticles, which would benefit pesticide reduction and environmental safety.

Two cuticle-enriched chemosensory proteins confer multi-insecticide resistance in Spodoptera frugiperda.

Recent studies revealed that insect chemosensory proteins (CSPs) both play essential roles in insect olfaction and insect resistance. However, functional evidence supporting the crosslink between CSP and insecticide resistance remains unexplored. In the present study, 22 SfruCSP transcripts were identified from the fall armyworm (FAW) and SfruCSP1 and SfruCSP2 are enriched in the larval cuticle and could be induced by multiple insecticides. Both SfruCSP1 and SfruCSP2 are highly expressed in the larval inner endocuticle and outer epicuticle, and these two proteins exhibited high binding affinities with three insecticides (chlorfenapyr, chlorpyrifos and indoxacarb). The knockdown of SfruCSP1 and SfruCSP2 increased the susceptibility of FAW larvae to the above three insecticides, and significantly increased the penetration ratios of these insecticides. Our in vitro and in vivo evidence suggests that SfruCSP1 and SfruCSP2 are insecticide binding proteins and confer FAW larval resistance to chlorfenapyr, chlorpyrifos and indoxacarb by an insecticide sequestration mechanism. The study should aid in the exploration of larval cuticle-enriched CSPs for insect resistance management.

Critical Solvation Structures Arrested Active Molecules for Reversible Zn Electrochemistry.

Aqueous Zn-ion batteries (AZIBs) have attracted increasing attention in next-generation energy storage systems due to their high safety and economic. Unfortunately, the side reactions, dendrites and hydrogen evolution effects at the zinc anode interface in aqueous electrolytes seriously hinder the application of aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Here, we report a critical solvation strategy to achieve reversible zinc electrochemistry by introducing a small polar molecule acetonitrile to form a "catcher" to arrest active molecules (bound water molecules). The stable solvation structure of [Zn(H2O)6]2+ is capable of maintaining and completely inhibiting free water molecules. When [Zn(H2O)6]2+ is partially desolvated in the Helmholtz outer layer, the separated active molecules will be arrested by the "catcher" formed by the strong hydrogen bond N-H bond, ensuring the stable desolvation of Zn2+. The Zn||Zn symmetric battery can stably cycle for 2250 h at 1 mAh cm-2, Zn||V6O13 full battery achieved a capacity retention rate of 99.2% after 10,000 cycles at 10 A g-1. This paper proposes a novel critical solvation strategy that paves the route for the construction of high-performance AZIBs.

Serum trough concentration threshold and risk factors of cefoperazone-induced coagulopathy in critically ill patients: A retrospective case-control study.

PURPOSE: To analyze the risk factors influencing the development of cefoperazone-induced coagulopathy in critically ill patients and determine the threshold of serum trough concentration. METHODS: A retrospective case-control study was conducted in the intensive care unit patients treated with cefoperazone, and it was approved by the Ethical Committee of Drum Tower Hospital affiliated with the Medical School of Nanjing University (NO.2023-158-01). Patients were divided into the normal group and coagulopathy group based on prothrombin time. The clinical characteristics of the two groups were compared using univariate analysis. The serum concentration threshold and influencing factors of cefoperazone-induced coagulopathy in critically ill patients were analyzed using the receiver operating characteristic curve and multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 113 patients were included, and cefoperazone-induced coagulopathy occurred in 39 patients, with an incidence of 34.5%. These patients experienced significant prothrombin time prolongation around day 6 (median) after cefoperazone application. The serum trough concentration threshold of cefoperazone-induced coagulopathy in critically ill patients was 87.765 mg/l. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the APACHE II score (p = 0.034), prophylactic use of vitamin K1 (p < 0.001), hepatic impairment (p = 0.014), and Cmin ≥ 87.765 mg/l (p = 0.005) were associated with cefoperazone-induced coagulopathy. CONCLUSION: Cefoperazone-induced coagulopathy usually occurs on the 6th day of cefoperazone use in critically ill patients. The risk will increase in patients with an APACHE II score > 25, hepatic impairment, and cefoperazone Cmin ≥ 87.765 mg/l. Vitamin K1 is effective in preventing this adverse reaction.

Vestibular dysfunction leads to cognitive impairments: State of knowledge in the field and clinical perspectives (Review).

The vestibular system may have a critical role in the integration of sensory information and the maintenance of cognitive function. A dysfunction in the vestibular system has a significant impact on quality of life. Recent research has provided evidence of a connection between vestibular information and cognitive functions, such as spatial memory, navigation and attention. Although the exact mechanisms linking the vestibular system to cognition remain elusive, researchers have identified various pathways. Vestibular dysfunction may lead to the degeneration of cortical vestibular network regions and adversely affect synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis in the hippocampus, ultimately contributing to neuronal atrophy and cell death, resulting in memory and visuospatial deficits. Furthermore, the extent of cognitive impairment varies depending on the specific type of vestibular disease. In the present study, the current literature was reviewed, potential causal relationships between vestibular dysfunction and cognitive performance were discussed and directions for future research were proposed.

The pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of ceftazidime/avibactam for central nervous system infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negatives: a prospective study.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of ceftazidime/avibactam in critically ill patients with CNS infections. METHODS: A prospective study of critically ill patients with CNS infections who were treated with ceftazidime/avibactam and the steady-state concentration (Css) of ceftazidime/avibactam in serum and/or CSF was conducted between August 2020 and May 2023. The relationship between PK/PD goal achievement, microbial eradication and the clinical efficacy of ceftazidime/avibactam was evaluated. RESULTS: Seven patients were finally included. The ceftazidime/avibactam target attainment in plasma was optimal for three, quasi-optimal for one and suboptimal for three. In three patients with CSF drug concentrations measured, ceftazidime/avibactam target attainment in CSF was 100% (3/3), which was optimal. The AUCCSF/serum values were 0.59, 0.44 and 0.35 for ceftazidime and 0.57, 0.53 and 0.51 for avibactam. Of the seven patients, 100% (7/7) were treated effectively, 71.4% (5/7) achieved microbiological eradication, 85.7% (6/7) survived and 14.3% (1/7) did not survive. CONCLUSIONS: The limited clinical data suggest that ceftazidime/avibactam is effective in the treatment of CNS infections caused by MDR Gram-negative bacilli (MDR-GNB), can achieve the ideal drug concentration of CSF, and has good blood-brain barrier penetration.

Identification and RNAi-based function analysis of trehalase family genes in Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande).

BACKGROUND: Insects utilize trehalases (TREs) to regulate energy metabolism and chitin biosynthesis, which are essential for their growth, development, and reproduction. TREs can therefore be used as potential targets for future insecticide development. However, the roles of TREs in Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), a serious widespread agricultural pest, remain unclear. RESULTS: Three TRE genes were identified in F. occidentalis and cloned, and their functions were then investigated via feeding RNA interference (RNAi) and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assays. The results showed that silencing FoTRE1-1 or FoTRE1-2 significantly decreased expression levels of FoGFAT, FoPGM, FoUAP, and FoCHS, which are members of the chitin biosynthesis pathway. Silencing FoTRE1-1 or FoTRE2 significantly down-regulated FoPFK and FoPK, which are members of the energy metabolism pathway. These changes resulted in 2-fold decreases in glucose and glycogen content, 2-fold increases in trehalose content, and 1.5- to 2.0-fold decreases in chitinase activity. Furthermore, knocking down FoTRE1-1 or FoTRE1-2 resulted in deformed nymphs and pupae as a result of hindered molting. The VIGS assay for the three FoTREs revealed that FoTRE1-1 or FoTRE2 caused shortened ovarioles, and reduced egg-laying and hatching rates. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that FoTRE1-1 and FoTRE1-2 play important roles in the growth and development of F. occidentalis, while FoTRE1-1 and FoTRE2 are essential for its reproduction. These three genes could be candidate targets for RNAi-based management and control of this destructive agricultural pest. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Nutritional Status, Sex, and Ambient Temperature Modulate the Wingbeat Frequency of the Diamondback Moth Plutella xylostella.

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is a cosmopolitan horticultural pest that is undergoing a fast, climate-driven range expansion. Its wide geographic distribution, pest status, and high incidence of insecticide resistance are directly tied to long-distance migration. Wingbeat frequency (WBF) is a key aspect of P. xylostella migratory behavior, but has received limited scientific attention. Here, we investigated the effects of environmental parameters, age, adult nutrition, and sex on P. xylostella WBF. Across experimental regimes, WBF ranged from 31.39 Hz to 78.87 Hz. Over a 10-35 °C range, the WBF of both male and female moths increased with temperature up to 62.96 Hz. Though male WBF was unaffected by humidity, females exhibited the highest WBF at 15% relative humidity (RH). WBF was unaffected by adult age, but adult nutrition exerted important impacts. Specifically, the WBF of moths fed honey water (54.66 Hz) was higher than that of water-fed individuals (49.42 Hz). Lastly, males consistently exhibited a higher WBF than females. By uncovering the biological and (nutritional) ecological determinants of diamondback moth flight, our work provides invaluable guidance to radar-based monitoring, migration forecasting, and the targeted deployment of preventative mitigation tactics.

RSPSSL: A novel high-fidelity Raman spectral preprocessing scheme to enhance biomedical applications and chemical resolution visualization.

Raman spectroscopy has tremendous potential for material analysis with its molecular fingerprinting capability in many branches of science and technology. It is also an emerging omics technique for metabolic profiling to shape precision medicine. However, precisely attributing vibration peaks coupled with specific environmental, instrumental, and specimen noise is problematic. Intelligent Raman spectral preprocessing to remove statistical bias noise and sample-related errors should provide a powerful tool for valuable information extraction. Here, we propose a novel Raman spectral preprocessing scheme based on self-supervised learning (RSPSSL) with high capacity and spectral fidelity. It can preprocess arbitrary Raman spectra without further training at a speed of ~1 900 spectra per second without human interference. The experimental data preprocessing trial demonstrated its excellent capacity and signal fidelity with an 88% reduction in root mean square error and a 60% reduction in infinite norm ([Formula: see text]) compared to established techniques. With this advantage, it remarkably enhanced various biomedical applications with a 400% accuracy elevation (ΔAUC) in cancer diagnosis, an average 38% (few-shot) and 242% accuracy improvement in paraquat concentration prediction, and unsealed the chemical resolution of biomedical hyperspectral images, especially in the spectral fingerprint region. It precisely preprocessed various Raman spectra from different spectroscopy devices, laboratories, and diverse applications. This scheme will enable biomedical mechanism screening with the label-free volumetric molecular imaging tool on organism and disease metabolomics profiling with a scenario of high throughput, cross-device, various analyte complexity, and diverse applications.

Important nutrient sources and carbohydrate metabolism patterns in the growth and development of spargana.

BACKGROUND: Sparganosis is a worldwide food-borne parasitic disease caused by spargana infection, which infects the muscle of frogs and snakes as well as many tissues and organs in humans. There are currently no viable treatments for sparganosis. Understanding spargana's nutrition source and carbohydrate metabolism may be crucial for identifying its energy supply and establishing methods of treatment for sparganosis. METHODS: Using an amino acid analyzer and nutrient concentration detection kits, we assessed nutrient concentrations in the muscles of Fejervarya limnocharis and Pelophylax plancyi infected or not infected with spargana. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to quantify the major enzymes involved in five glucose metabolism pathways of spargana developing in vivo. We also used quantitative PCR to assess key enzymes and transcriptome sequencing to explore the regulation of carbohydrate metabolic pathways in vitro in response to different 24-h food treatments. RESULTS: Infected muscle tissues had considerably higher concentrations of glucogenic and/or ketogenic amino acids, glucose, and glycogen than non-infected muscle tissues. We discovered that the number of differentially expressed genes in Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis was larger in low-glucose than in other dietary groups. We examined differences in the expression of genes producing amino acid transporters, glucose transporters, and cathepsins in spargana grown in various nutritional environments. In the normal saline group, only the major enzymes in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), glycogenesis, and glycogenolysis pathways were expressed. The L-glutamine group had the greatest transcriptional levels of critical rate-limiting enzymes of gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis. Furthermore, the low-glucose group had the highest transcriptional levels of critical rate-limiting enzymes involved in the TCA, glycolytic, and glycogenolysis pathways. Surprisingly, when compared to the in vitro culturing groups, spargana developing in vivo exhibited higher expression of these critical rate-limiting enzymes in these pathways, with the exception of the pentose phosphate pathway. CONCLUSIONS: Spargana have a variety of nutritional sources, and there is a close relationship between nutrients and the carbohydrate metabolism pathways. It takes a multi-site approach to block nutrient absorption and carbohydrate metabolism pathways to provide energy to kill them.