From trade-off to synergy: microbial insights into enhancing plant growth and immunity.

The reduction in crop yield caused by pathogens and pests presents a significant challenge to global food security. Genetic engineering, which aims to bolster plant defence mechanisms, emerges as a cost-effective solution for disease control. However, this approach often incurs a growth penalty, known as the growth-defence trade-off. The precise molecular mechanisms governing this phenomenon are still not completely understood, but they generally fall under two main hypotheses: a "passive" redistribution of metabolic resources, or an "active" regulatory choice to optimize plant fitness. Despite the knowledge gaps, considerable practical endeavours are in the process of disentangling growth from defence. The plant microbiome, encompassing both above- and below-ground components, plays a pivotal role in fostering plant growth and resilience to stresses. There is increasing evidence which indicates that plants maintain intimate associations with diverse, specifically selected microbial communities. Meta-analyses have unveiled well-coordinated, two-way communications between plant shoots and roots, showcasing the capacity of plants to actively manage their microbiota for balancing growth with immunity, especially in response to pathogen incursions. This review centers on successes in making use of specific root-associated microbes to mitigate the growth-defence trade-off, emphasizing pivotal advancements in unravelling the mechanisms behind plant growth and defence. These findings illuminate promising avenues for future research and practical applications.

Impact of Helicobacter pylori eradication timing on the risk of thromboembolism events in patients with peptic ulcer disease: a population-based cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of Helicobacter pylori eradication on venous thromboembolism (VTE) events, and the differences between early and late treatment timing. DESIGN: A population-based cohort study. SETTING: Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 6736 patients who received H. pylori eradication therapy from 2000 to 2010 were identified. We randomly selected 26 944 subjects matching in gender, age and baseline year as comparison cohort. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The incidence rate ratios of VTE in the H. pylori eradication cohorts to that of the control cohort were examined. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to estimate the relative HRs and 95% CI of VTE development. RESULTS: The total incidence rate of VTE was observed in the late H. pylori eradication cohort, the early H. pylori eradication cohort and the control cohort (15.2, 3.04 and 2.91 per 1000 person-years, respectively). An age-specific trend was found in the late H. pylori eradication cohort, with a greater rate of VTE in the 50-65 years and more than 65 years age groups (adjusted HR 5.44; 95% CI 4.21 to 7.03 and 3.13; 95% CI 2.46 to 3.99). With comorbidities, the late H. pylori eradication cohort seemed to have the highest VTE incidence rate and adjusted HR (4.48, 95% CI 3.78 to 5.30). CONCLUSIONS: Late H. pylori eradication was associated with a significantly increased risk of VTE, and there was a significantly greater risk of VTE in patients with female gender, age more than 50 years and with comorbidities.

Association Between Non-Suicidal Self-Injury and Gut Microbial Characteristics in Chinese Adolescent.

Purpose: By exploring the gut-related microbiota differences of adolescents with non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and depression (without NSSI) and healthy volunteers, we provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of NSSI in adolescents through intestinal microecological regulation. Patients and Methods: A total of 99 subjects were recruited in Guangdong Province, China, including 51 adolescents with NSSI (KD), 24 healthy adolescents (NOR1), and 24 depression adolescents without NSSI (NOR2). General clinical data and fecal samples were collected from all subjects, who were assessed using the NSSI Behavioral Questionnaire and the 24-item Hamilton Depression Scale. The taxonomic composition of the gut microbiota was determined using the 16S rDNA gene sequencing method. Results: There were significant differences in diversity between the KD and NOR1, and the species uniformity index of the KD according to the Shannon and Simpson indices was significantly reduced compared with that of the NOR1 (4.81 vs 5.21, p<0.01; 0.02 vs 0.01, p<0.05). The relative abundances were different among the KD, NOR1 and NOR2, as reflected at the taxonomic levels of class, order, family, genus, and species. Bacteroides were the dominant flora of the KD and NOR2, while Mitsuokella was the dominant flora that distinguished the KD from the NOR2. Conclusion: We found that gut microbiota diversity was decreased in adolescents with NSSI, and the relative abundance was altered at different taxonomic levels. These results enrich the understanding of the relationship between NSSI and depression and the gut microbiota, Supporting that NSSI and depression are not homologous disorders. What is more, it establishes the basis for exploring the mechanisms of flora action in NSSI, providing a possible direction for NSSI to achieve a better prognosis and prevent relapse.

Critically-Ill Patients with Biliary Obstruction and Cholangitis: Bedside Fluoroscopic-Free Endoscopic Drainage versus Percutaneous Drainage.

Severe acute cholangitis is a life-threatening medical emergency. Endoscopic biliary drainage (EBD) or percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) is usually used for biliary decompression. However, it can be risky to transport a critical patient to the radiology unit. We aimed to compare clinical outcomes between bedside, radiation-free EBD and fluoroscopic-guided PTBD in patients under critical care. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit with biliary obstruction and cholangitis from January 2011 to April 2020. RESULTS: A total of 16 patients receiving EBD and 31 patients receiving PTBD due to severe acute cholangitis were analyzed. In the EBD group, biliary drainage was successfully conducted in 15 (93.8%) patients. Only one patient (6.25%) encountered post-procedure pancreatitis. The 30-day mortality rate was no difference between the 2 groups (32.72% vs. 31.25%, p = 0.96). Based on multivariate analysis, independent prognostic factors for the 30-day mortality were a medical history of malignancy other than pancreatobiliary origin (HR: 5.27, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-27.57) and emergent dialysis (HR: 7.30, 95% CI: 2.20-24.24). CONCLUSIONS: Bedside EBD is safe and as effective as percutaneous drainage in critically ill patients. It provides lower risks in patient transportation but does require experienced endoscopists to perform the procedure.

Enhancing the mechanical and thermal properties of polypropylene composite by encapsulating styrene acrylonitrile with ammonium polyphosphate.

BACKGROUNDS: In recent decades, incorporating polypropylene (PP) within flame retardants has proved to be an effective method of improving the thermal stabilities of PP, but too much adversely affects the mechanical properties of this polymer materials. Herein we report a novel multifunctional flame retardant, (styrene acrylonitrile)-(titanate-modified ammonium polyphosphate) (SAN-TAPP), to simultaneously improve the mechanical properties and thermal stability of PP composites. METHODS: SAN-TAPP was synthesized by encapsulating SAN resins with functional titanate-modified APP (TAPP) and subsequently was incorporated into PP by a melt-blending process. The phase characteristics and morphology of SAN-TAPP were investigated, and the mechanical properties and thermal stability of different content of PP/SAN-TAPP composites were studied. RESULTS: The results showed that the TAPP was almost entirely wrapped in the SAN resins and PP/SAN-TAPP composites exhibited the sea-island morphology. For the mechanical properties, the impact strength of PP/SAN-TAPP composite was significantly improved, especially 15 wt% SAN-TAPP filled PP/SAN-TAPP composite exhibiting 2.17 times higher than that of pure PP. And the tensile strength and modulus also increased by addition of SAN-TAPP. For the thermal stabilities, melting temperatures (Tm) and residual char yield were improved. Furthermore, the LOI value of PP/SAN-TAPP composites increased from 19.8 to 27.5%; The 15 and 20 wt% SAN-TAPP filled in PP/SAN-TAPP composites passed the V-2 test of UL-94, and exerted the similar effect on the flame retardancy to TAPP with the same loading. CONCLUSIONS: These results revealed that a novel PP/SAN-TAPP composites with synthetically enhancement on the mechanical properties, thermal stabilities and flame retardancy, suggesting a strong correlation between the phase structure, mechanical and thermal properties.

Appreciation of different styles of humor: An fMRI study.

Humor styles are important in facilitating social relationships. Following humor styles theory, this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study is the first to use "one-liner" humor to investigate the neural correlates involved in appreciating humor styles that differ in terms of target (self or other) and motivation (benign or detrimental). Interestingly, we observed greater activation in response to humor that facilitates relationships with others (self-defeating and affiliative humor) than to humor that enhances the self (self-enhancing and aggressive humor). Self-defeating humor may play an important role in Chinese culture in facilitating social relationships at one's own expense. Psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis revealed temporal pole (TP)-frontal functional connectivity underlying the appreciation of self-directed humor, and temporo-parietal junction (TPJ)-frontal connectivity underlying the appreciation of other-directed humor. Amygdala-frontal coupling was observed during the appreciation of detrimental humor, while nucleus accumbens (NAc)-temporal coupling and midbrain-frontal coupling appear to play a role in the affective experience of amusement in response to benign humor. This study contributes to our understanding of the neural correlates of appreciating different humor styles, including humor that facilitates social relationships.

Synthesis and properties of novel styrene acrylonitrile/polypropylene blends with enhanced toughness.

BACKGROUND: Although polypropylene (PP) has been widely used, its brittleness restricts even further applications. METHODS: In this study, we have used a melt blending process to synthesize styrene acrylonitrile (SAN)/PP blends containing 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt% SAN. The effects of adding various amount of SAN on the blends characteristics, mechanical properties, thermal behavior and morphology were investigated. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that SAN had no obviously effect on crystal form but reduced the crystallinity of PP and increased the viscosity. The heat deflection temperature and Vicat softening temperature were enhanced for all SAN/PP blends, in particular for blends with low SAN content (5 and 10 wt%). The morphology of SAN/PP blends with 10 wt% SAN revealed the presence of nanoparticles dispersed on the surface, while SAN/PP blends with 20 wt% SAN exhibited the presence of spherical droplets and dark holes. All SAN/PP blends showed higher impact strength compared to pure PP, especially for SAN/PP blend containing 10 wt% SAN for which the impact strength was 2.3 times higher than that of pure PP. CONCLUSIONS: The reason for significant increase in impact properties seemed to have a strong correlation with nanoparticles morphology and the decrease of PP crystallinity.

Lamivudine versus entecavir in the rescue of chemotherapy-induced hepatitis B flare-up.

BACKGROUND: Lack of nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA) prophylaxis prior to chemotherapy is a common problem worldwide. The efficacy of newer-generation NAs in the rescue for the hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation has not been confirmed. We aimed to compare lamivudine (LVD) and entecavir (ETV) in the rescue of chemotherapy-induced HBV flare-up. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, we screened all HBV carriers who received therapeutic LVD or ETV for hepatitis flare-up after chemotherapy between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2015. Patients who had other concurrent primary liver diseases such as chronic hepatitis C, who had baseline HBV viral load <2000 IU/ml or data unavailable, or those who had primary or secondary liver cancers were excluded. By means of propensity scores, LVD users were randomly matched 1:1 with ETV users. Cumulative incidences of, and hazard ratios (HRs) for, mortality at 6 months were analyzed, and 1-year virological responses were evaluated. RESULTS: In total, 32 LVD and 32 ETV users were matched for outcome analysis, and their baseline characteristics were not significantly different. Comparing LVD users to ETV users, the 6-month liver-related mortality rates (6.3% vs. 12.5%, p = 0.47) and overall mortality rates (31.3% vs. 25%, p = 0.54) were not significantly different. In multivariate analysis, prothrombin time prolongation >4 s (HR: 10.78, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.55-74.93) and HBV viral load L (HR: 3.40 per 1 log IU/ml, 95% CI: 1.39-8.40) were independent prognostic factors for liver-related mortality. There was no drug resistance to LVD or ETV over the course of 1 year. CONCLUSION: Clinical outcomes were not different between LVD and ETV users. Delayed detection of hepatitis flare-up with coagulopathy and a high viral load could result in a poor prognosis.

Relationship between use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and irritable bowel syndrome: A population-based cohort study.

AIM: To investigate the relationship between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) use and the subsequent development of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). METHODS: This retrospective, observational, population-based cohort study collected data from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. A total of 19653 patients newly using SSRIs and 78612 patients not using SSRIs, matched by age and sex at a ratio of 1:4, were enrolled in the study from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2010. The patients were followed until IBS diagnosis, withdrawal from the National Health Insurance system, or the end of 2011. We analyzed the effects of SSRIs on the risk of subsequent IBS using Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS: A total of 236 patients in the SSRI cohort (incidence, 2.17/1000 person-years) and 478 patients in the comparison cohort (incidence, 1.04/1000 person-years) received a new diagnosis of IBS. The mean follow-up period from SSRI exposure to IBS diagnosis was 2.05 years. The incidence of IBS increased with advancing age. Patients with anxiety disorders had a significantly increased adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of IBS (aHR = 1.33, 95%CI: 1.11-1.59, P = 0.002). After adjusting for sex, age, urbanization, family income, area of residence, occupation, the use of anti-psychotics and other comorbidities, the overall aHR in the SSRI cohort compared with that in the comparison cohort was 1.74 (95%CI: 1.44-2.10; P < 0.001). The cumulative incidence of IBS was higher in the SSRI cohort than in the non-SSRI cohort (log-rank test, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: SSRI users show an increased risk of subsequent diagnosis of IBS in Taiwan.

Neural Correlates of Hostile Jokes: Cognitive and Motivational Processes in Humor Appreciation.

Hostile jokes (HJs) provide aggressive catharsis and a feeling of superiority. Behavioral research has found that HJs are perceived as funnier than non-hostile jokes (NJs). The purpose of the present study was to identify the neural correlates of the interaction between type and humor by comparing HJs, NJs, and their corresponding hostile sentences (HSs) and non-hostile sentences (NSs). HJs primarily showed activation in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) and midbrain compared with the corresponding hostile baseline. Conversely, NJs primarily revealed activation in the ventromedial PFC (vmPFC), amygdala, midbrain, ventral anterior cingulate cortex, and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) compared with the corresponding non-hostile baseline. These results support the critical role of the medial PFC (mPFC) for the neural correlates of social cognition and socio-emotional processing in response to different types of jokes. Moreover, the processing of HJs showed increased activation in the dmPFC, which suggested cognitive operations of social motivation, whereas the processing of NJs displayed increased activation in the vmPFC, which suggested social-affective engagement. HJs versus NJs primarily showed increased activation in the dmPFC and midbrain, whereas NJs versus HJs primarily displayed greater activation in the amygdala and midbrain. The psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis demonstrated functional coupling of the dmPFC-dlPFC and midbrain-dmPFC for HJs and functional coupling of the vmPFC-midbrain and amygdala-midbrain-NAcc for NJs. Surprisingly, HJs were not perceived as funnier than NJs. Future studies could further investigate the neural correlates of potentially important traits of high-hostility tendencies in humor appreciation based on the psychoanalytic and superiority theories of humor.

Adenosine deaminase activity in tuberculous peritonitis among patients with underlying liver cirrhosis.

AIM: To investigate the value of adenosine deaminase (ADA) for early detection of tuberculous peritonitis (TBP) among cirrhotic patients. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 22 patients with TBP from July 1990 to June 2010. Twenty-five cirrhotic patients with uninfected ascites were prospectively enrolled as the cirrhosis control group from July 2010 to June 2011. An additional group of 217 patients whose ascites ADA levels were checked in various clinical conditions were reviewed from July 2008 to June 2010 as the validation group. RESULTS: The mean ascites ADA value of cirrhotic patients with TBP (cirrhotic TBP group, n = 8) was not significantly different from that of non-cirrhotic patients (non-cirrhotic TBP group, n = 14; 58.1 ± 18.8 U/L vs. 70.6 ± 29.8 U/L, P = 0.29), but the mean ascites ADA value of the cirrhotic TBP group was significantly higher than that of the cirrhosis control group (58.1 ± 18.8 U/L vs. 7.0 ± 3.7 U/L, P < 0.001). ADA values were correlated with total protein values (r = 0.909, P < 0.001). Using 27 U/L as the cut-off value of ADA, the sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 93.3%, respectively, for detecting TBP in the validation group. CONCLUSION: Even with lower ADA activity in ascites among cirrhotic patients, ADA values were significantly elevated during TBP, indicating that ADA can still be a valuable diagnostic tool.