Acceso de mujeres en embarazo, parto y post parto a servicios de salud según clase social / Access of women in pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum to health services according to social class

Resumen Objetivo: comprender el acceso que tienen las mujeres en situación de embarazo, parto y post parto a los servicios de salud según la clase social en Bogotá (Colombia). Métodos: estudio cualitativo. Perspectiva hermenéutica crítica. Método etnografía crítica. Muestreo teórico. Análisis por triangulación en Atlas Ti. Participaron 9 mujeres y 8 profesionales de la salud. Se realizaron 38 entrevistas a profundidad durante 13 meses y 62 acompañamientos a las maternas en las actividades de control prenatal, vacunación, trabajo de parto, consulta post parto, exámenes de seguimiento, curso Psicoprofiláctico, hospitalización y sala de espera, tanto en servicios públicos como privados. Resultados: existen desigualdades según la clase social en el acceso que tienen las mujeres a los servicios de salud en los siguientes aspectos: acceso a servicio a especialistas, hacer la fila para esperar la atención, la disponibilidad de citas y agenda para programar la cita, perder la cita habiendo llegado al servicio, la prioridad que le dan las instituciones a las maternas, madrugar para conseguir atención, pedir la cita, las condiciones de la espera y elegir la clínica o el personal. Conclusiones: los anteriores aspectos se intensifican en clases sociales con menos ventajas. Se requiere disminuir las desigualdades sociales para disminuir las inequidades en salud.

Abstract Objective: to understand the access that women in pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum have to health services according to social class in Bogotá (Colombia). Methods: qualitative study. Critical hermeneutical perspective. Critical ethnography method. Theoretical sampling. Analysis by triangulation in Atlas Ti. 9 women and 8 health professionals participated. 38 in-depth interviews were carried out during 13 months and 62 accompaniments to the maternal in the activities of prenatal control, vaccination, labor, postpartum consultation, follow-up examinations, Psychoprophylactic course, hospitalization and waiting room, both in public services as private. Results: there are inequalities according to social class in the access that women have to health services in the following aspects: access to specialist services, queuing to wait for care, availability of appointments and schedule to schedule the appointment, Missing the appointment having arrived at the service, the priority that institutions give to maternal mothers, getting up early to get care, requesting an appointment, waiting conditions and choosing the clinic or staff. Conclusions: the previous aspects are intensified in social classes with less advantages. Reducing social inequalities is required to decrease health inequities.

[Women in pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum: a look from the feminist point of view]. / Mujeres en embarazo, parto, y posparto: una mirada desde el pensamiento feminista.

This essay analyzes the contributions of the gender approach of feminist thinking to understand the relationship of women in pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum with health service personnel. Origi nal qualitative design research was analyzed, were the relationship of women with health personnel is visualized. It is concluded that the gender approach of feminist thinking is a useful approximation to understand the problem of women's relations with health service personnel in aspects such as obstetric violence, care and the intersection of gender with other categories, in the framework of the health system.

Este ensayo analiza los aportes del enfoque de género del pensamiento feminista para comprender la relación de las mujeres en el embarazo, parto, y posparto con el personal de los servicios de salud. Se analizaron investigaciones originales de diseño cualitativo en las cuales se visualiza la relación de las mujeres con el personal de salud. Se concluye que el enfoque de género del pensamiento feminista es una aproximación útil para comprender la problemática de las relaciones de las mujeres con el personal de los servicios de salud en aspectos como la violencia obstétrica, el cuidado y la intersección del género con otras categorías, en el marco del sistema de salud.

Relations established by women during pregnancy, delivery and postpartum with health personnel according to social class in Bogotá: qualitative study. / Relaciones que establecen las mujeres durante el embarazo, parto y posparto con el personal de salud según clase social en Bogotá: estudio cualitativo.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the relationship established between women in a situation of pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum with the health services personnel according to social class in Bogotá (Colombia). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Qualitative study. Critical hermeneutical perspective and critical ethnography. Theoretical sampling. Analysis by triangulation in Atlas.ti. 9 women and 8 health professionals participated. 38 in-depth interviews were conducted for 13 months and 62 accompaniments to the maternal in the activities of prenatal control, vaccination, labor, postpartum consultation, follow up exams, prophylactic pisco course, hospitalization and waiting room, both in public services as private. RESULTS: There are inequalities according to social class in which the relationship between women and staff is configured in the following aspects: permeability to the needs of women, recognition of psychosocial aspects, having different points of view against a medical recommendation and right to complain or demand to improve. CONCLUSIONS: The situation described above intensifies gender issues in women with a less advantageous social class. It is necessary to develop interventions in educational and health institutions that consider aspects where human resources are sensitized on social issues related to the theoretical proposals of research and the democratization of medical information. It is unfair that the condition of social class and gender affects the quality of care and economically stratifies people's rights.

OBJETIVO: Comprender la relación que se establece entre las mujeres en situación de embarazo, parto y posparto con el personal de los servicios de salud según la clase social en Bogotá (Colombia). MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio cualitativo, perspectiva hermenéutica crítica y etnografía crítica con muestreo teórico. Análisis por triangulación en Atlas.ti. Participaron nueve mujeres y ocho profesionales de la salud. Se realizaron 38 entrevistas a profundidad durante 13 meses y 62 acompañamientos a las mujeres en las actividades de control prenatal, vacunación, trabajo de parto, consulta posparto, exámenes de seguimiento, curso psicoprofiláctico, hospitalización y sala de espera, tanto en servicios públicos como privados. RESULTADOS: Existen desigualdades según la clase social en la forma en que se configura la relación entre las mujeres y el personal en los siguientes aspectos: permeabilidad a las necesidades de la mujer, reconocimiento de aspectos psicosociales, tener diferentes puntos de vista frente a una recomendación médica y derecho a quejarse o exigir para mejorar la atención de los servicios de salud. CONCLUSIONES: Lo anterior intensifica las problemáticas relacionadas con el género en las mujeres con una clase social menos aventajada. Es necesario el desarrollo de intervenciones en las instituciones educativas y de salud que tengan en cuenta aspectos donde se sensibilice el recurso humano en temas sociales relacionados con las propuestas teóricas de la investigación y la democratización de la información médica. Es injusto que la condición de clase social y de género afecte la calidad en la atención y estratifique económicamente los derechos de las personas.

Relaciones que establecen las mujeres durante el embarazo, parto y posparto con el personal de salud según clase social en Bogotá: estudio cualitativo / Relations established by women during pregnancy, delivery and postpartum with health personnel according to social class in Bogotá: qualitative study

RESUMEN Objetivo: Comprender la relación que se establece entre las mujeres en situación de embarazo, parto y posparto con el personal de los servicios de salud según la clase social en Bogotá (Colombia). Materiales y métodos: Estudio cualitativo, perspectiva hermenéutica crítica y etnografía crítica con muestreo teórico. Análisis por triangulación en Atlas.ti. Participaron nueve mujeres y ocho profesionales de la salud. Se realizaron 38 entrevistas a profundidad durante 13 meses y 62 acompañamientos a las mujeres en las actividades de control prenatal, vacunación, trabajo de parto, consulta posparto, exámenes de seguimiento, curso psicoprofiláctico, hospitalización y sala de espera, tanto en servicios públicos como privados. Resultados: Existen desigualdades según la clase social en la forma en que se configura la relación entre las mujeres y el personal en los siguientes aspectos: permeabilidad a las necesidades de la mujer, reconocimiento de aspectos psicosociales, tener diferentes puntos de vista frente a una recomendación médica y derecho a quejarse o exigir para mejorar la atención de los servicios de salud. Conclusiones: Lo anterior intensifica las problemáticas relacionadas con el género en las mujeres con una clase social menos aventajada. Es necesario el desarrollo de intervenciones en las instituciones educativas y de salud que tengan en cuenta aspectos donde se sensibilice el recurso humano en temas sociales relacionados con las propuestas teóricas de la investigación y la democratización de la información médica. Es injusto que la condición de clase social y de género afecte la calidad en la atención y estratifique económicamente los derechos de las personas.

ABSTRACT Objective: To understand the relationship established between women in a situation of pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum with the health services personnel according to social class in Bogotá (Colombia). Materials and methods: Qualitative study. Critical hermeneutical perspective and critical ethnography. Theoretical sampling. Analysis by triangulation in Atlas.ti. 9 women and 8 health professionals participated. 38 in-depth interviews were conducted for 13 months and 62 accompaniments to the maternal in the activities of prenatal control, vaccination, labor, postpartum consultation, follow up exams, prophylactic pisco course, hospitalization and waiting room, both in public services as private. Results: There are inequalities according to social class in which the relationship between women and staff is configured in the following aspects: permeability to the needs of women, recognition of psychosocial aspects, having different points of view against a medical recommendation and right to complain or demand to improve. Conclusions: The situation described above intensifies gender issues in women with a less advantageous social class. It is necessary to develop interventions in educational and health institutions that consider aspects where human resources are sensitized on social issues related to the theoretical proposals of research and the democratization of medical information. It is unfair that the condition of social class and gender affects the quality of care and economically stratifies people's rights.

Mujeres en embarazo, parto, y posparto: una mirada desde el pensamiento feminista* / Women in pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum: a look from the feminist point of view

RESUMEN Este ensayo analiza los aportes del enfoque de género del pensamiento feminista para comprender la relación de las mujeres en el embarazo, parto, y posparto con el personal de los servicios de salud. Se analizaron investigaciones originales de diseño cualitativo en las cuales se visualiza la relación de las mujeres con el personal de salud. Se concluye que el enfoque de género del pensamiento feminista es una aproximación útil para comprender la problemática de las relaciones de las mujeres con el personal de los servicios de salud en aspectos como la violencia obstétrica, el cuidado y la intersección del género con otras categorías, en el marco del sistema de salud.

ABSTRACT This essay analyzes the contributions of the gender approach of feminist thinking to understand the relationship of women in pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum with health service personnel. Origi nal qualitative design research was analyzed, were the relationship of women with health personnel is visualized. It is concluded that the gender approach of feminist thinking is a useful approximation to understand the problem of women's relations with health service personnel in aspects such as obstetric violence, care and the intersection of gender with other categories, in the framework of the health system.

Nonnutritive sucking habits among preschool-aged children.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the prevalence and factors associated with nonnutritive sucking habits in preschool-aged children attending daycare centers and preschools in Natal, Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,190 children of both sexes, aged 3 to 5 years, enrolled in daycare centers and preschools in Natal, Brazil. Exclusion criteria were: children with cleft lip and palate, temporomandibular joint disorders, or submitted to orthodontic and/or orthopedic treatment; as well as institutions specialized in children with disabilities. Parents or guardians answered a structured questionnaire providing information on the institution, children's sex and age, parents' educational level, and habit-related questions. Data analysis was performed using the chi-square test and logistic regression. RESULTS: A prevalence of 40.2% of nonnutritive sucking habits was obtained; of these, 27.7% were pacifier-sucking and 12.5% were finger-sucking habits. Girls showed a higher percentage of sucking habits, especially finger sucking (p = 0.02); younger children showed a higher prevalence of pacifier-sucking habits (p = 0.0006). A higher frequency of pacifier- and finger-sucking habits was associated, respectively, with parents' higher education (p < 0.05) and elementary education (p < 0.05). Logistic regression revealed that younger individuals (p = 0.033) and secondary education level of parents (p = 0.035) are independent factors for habit persistence. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of nonnutritive sucking habits was verified, highlighting younger age groups and secondary education level of parents as important associated factors.

Hábitos de sucção não nutritiva em crianças pré-escolares / Nonnutritive sucking habits among preschool-aged children

OBJETIVO: Verificar a prevalência e os fatores associados aos hábitos de sucção não nutritiva em crianças pré-escolares matriculadas em creches e pré-escolas de Natal (RN). MÉTODOS: Foi conduzido um estudo transversal com 1.190 crianças de ambos os sexos na faixa etária de 3 a 5 anos, matriculadas em creches e pré-escolas de Natal. Não foram incluídas no estudo crianças com fendas labiopalatinas, desordens temporomandibulares, ou aquelas submetidas a tratamento ortodôntico e/ou ortopédico; também não fizeram parte da amostra instituições de ensino especializadas em crianças portadoras de deficiência. Utilizou-se um questionário estruturado, respondido pelos pais ou responsável, com dados sobre a instituição, sexo e idade das crianças, escolaridade dos pais e questões relacionadas aos hábitos. A análise dos dados foi realizada através do teste do qui-quadrado e a regressão logística. RESULTADOS: Obteve-se prevalência de 40,2 por cento de hábitos de sucção não nutritiva, dos quais 27,7 por cento eram de sucção de chupeta e 12,5 por cento de dedo. Os hábitos de sucção apresentaram maior percentual para o sexo feminino, destacando-se a sucção de dedo (p = 0,02); em crianças com menos idade destacou-se a sucção de chupeta (p = 0,0006). Observou-se maior frequência de sucção de chupeta e de dedo, respectivamente, para o nível superior (p < 0,05) e fundamental (p < 0,05) de escolaridade dos pais. A regressão logística demonstrou que a menor idade dos indivíduos (p = 0,033) e o nível médio de escolaridade dos pais (p = 0,035) são fatores independentes para a persistência dos hábitos. CONCLUSÃO: Verificou-se uma alta prevalência de realização dos hábitos de sucção não nutritiva, apresentando como fatores de destaque a menor idade das crianças e o nível médio de escolaridade dos pais.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the prevalence and factors associated with nonnutritive sucking habits in preschool-aged children attending daycare centers and preschools in Natal, Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,190 children of both sexes, aged 3 to 5 years, enrolled in daycare centers and preschools in Natal, Brazil. Exclusion criteria were: children with cleft lip and palate, temporomandibular joint disorders, or submitted to orthodontic and/or orthopedic treatment; as well as institutions specialized in children with disabilities. Parents or guardians answered a structured questionnaire providing information on the institution, children's sex and age, parents' educational level, and habit-related questions. Data analysis was performed using the chi-square test and logistic regression. RESULTS: A prevalence of 40.2 percent of nonnutritive sucking habits was obtained; of these, 27.7 percent were pacifier-sucking and 12.5 percent were finger-sucking habits. Girls showed a higher percentage of sucking habits, especially finger sucking (p = 0.02); younger children showed a higher prevalence of pacifier-sucking habits (p = 0.0006). A higher frequency of pacifier- and finger-sucking habits was associated, respectively, with parents' higher education (p < 0.05) and elementary education (p < 0.05). Logistic regression revealed that younger individuals (p = 0.033) and secondary education level of parents (p = 0.035) are independent factors for habit persistence. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of nonnutritive sucking habits was verified, highlighting younger age groups and secondary education level of parents as important associated factors.

Molecular Diagnostics of Porcine Stress Syndrome Susceptibility Associated with the Arg615Cys Mutation Using Real-Time PCR with Fluorescent Hybridization Probes / Molecular Diagnostics of Porcine Stress Syndrome Susceptibility Associated with the Arg615Cys Mutation Using Real-Time PCR with Fluorescent Hybridization Probes

Objective : The purpose of the presera study was to devélop a molecular genotyping method test by using a real time PCR hybridization probé and applying it to the analysis of C1843T mutations of the Sus scrofa RYR1 gene. Animáis population Three PSS-susceptible and PSS non-susceptible crossbred swine races were used for the experiments: Pietrain X Landrace Belga, Pietrain X Large White and Pietrain X Duroc. Methods: We have devéloped a genotyping method by using a hybridization probé and applied it to the analysis of C1843T mutations of the RYR1 gene, associated with PSS susceptibility. Genotyping results obtained by hybridization probé strategies were confirmed by restriction analysis and sequencing. In addi-tion, phenotype/genotype correlation analyses were devéloped by using the in vitro contracture test and confirmed the in vivo hálothane-succinylcholine challenge. Results: The real-time PCR with fluorescent hybridization probé methodology was designed to identify ho-mozygous PSS-resistant, PSS-susceptible animáis as well as heterozygous carriers. All cases genotyped by fluorescent hybridization probes were in agreement with PCR restriction enzyme digestión and sequencing and showed a 100% concordance between the in vivo and in vitro porcine stress syndrome (PSS) susceptibility results. Conclusions and clinical relevance: The real-time PCR with fluorescent hybridization probé method described here provides a rapid, easily interpretable and réliáble tool for genotyping the C1843T (Arg615-Cys) polymorphism of the RYR1 gene. This new methodology may be useful in the wide-scale genotyping of PSS-susceptibility and genetic selection.