2017 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations Summary

The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation has initiated a near-continuous review of cardiopulmonary resuscitation science that replaces the previous 5-year cyclic batch-and-queue approach process. This is the first of an annual series of International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations summary articles that will include the cardiopulmonary resuscitation science reviewed by the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation in the previous year. The review this year includes 5 basic life support and 1 pediatric Consensuses on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. Each of these includes a summary of the science and its quality based on Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation criteria and treatment recommendations. Insights into the deliberations of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation task force members are provided in Values and Preferences sections. Finally, the task force members have prioritized and listed the top 3 knowledge gaps for each population, intervention, comparator, and outcome question

Dental image replacement on cone beam computed tomography with three-dimensional optical scanning of a dental cast, occlusal bite, or bite tray impression.

The goal of the present study was to compare the accuracy of dental image replacement on a cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) image using digital image data from three-dimensional (3D) optical scanning of a dental cast, occlusal bite, and bite tray impression. A Bracket Typodont dental model was used. CBCT of the dental model was performed and the data were converted to stereolithography (STL) format. Three experimental materials, a dental cast, occlusal bite, and bite tray impression, were optically scanned in 3D. STL files converted from the CBCT of the Typodont model and the 3D optical-scanned STL files of the study materials were image-registered. The error range of each methodology was measured and compared with a 3D optical scan of the Typodont. For the three materials, the smallest error observed was 0.099±0.114mm (mean error±standard deviation) for registering the 3D optical scan image of the dental cast onto the CBCT dental image. Although producing a dental cast can be laborious, the study results indicate that it is the preferred method. In addition, an occlusal bite is recommended when bite impression materials are used.

Plasma Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) in Obese Malaysian Subjects

Introduction: There is a pressing need to better understand the complex biochemical pathways that lead to the pathogenesis of obesity. Increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant capacity have been identified to be associated with obesity. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels of Malaysian subjects and to evaluate its potential association with obesity and related anthropometric measurements. Methods: Plasma TAC of 362 multi-ethnic Malaysian subjects from the Kampar Health Clinic (138 males, 224 females; 124 ethnic Malays, 152 Chinese, 86 Indians; 192 non-obese, 170 obese) was measured using Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) 96-well plate assay. Results: Plasma TAC was significantly lower in obese subjects (M ± SE = 292 ± 10.4 mol/L) compared to non-obese subjects (397 ± 8.58 mol/L), whereas it was significantly higher in males and those in the 21-30 age group. Those with salty food preference and practising a strict vegetarian diet also had significantly higher plasma TAC. However, no association was found for other dietary habits (coffee intake) and lifestyle factors (physical activity, smoking). Plasma TAC was also significantly negatively correlated with diastolic blood pressure, waist and hip circumferences, weight, body mass index, total body fat, % subcutaneous fat, visceral fat level, resting metabolism and % skeletal muscle. Conclusion: Plasma TAC was found to be associated with obesity, strict vegetarian practice, salty food preference and all obesity anthropometric indicators, except systolic blood pressure and pulse rate. Obese people have decreased plasma TAC indicating a compromised systemic antioxidant defence and increased oxidative stress.

Therapeutic targeting of subdural medulloblastomas using human neural stem cells expressing carboxylesterase.

The prognosis of medulloblastoma has improved significantly because of advances in multi-modal treatments; however, metastasis remains one of the prognostic factors for a poor outcome and is usually associated with tumor recurrence. We evaluated the migratory potential and therapeutic efficacy of genetically engineered human neural stem cells (NSCs) that encode a prodrug enzyme in the subdural medulloblastoma model. We genetically modified HB1.F3 (F3) immortalized human NSCs to express rabbit carboxylesterase (rCE) enzyme, which efficiently converts the prodrug CPT-11 (Irinotecan) into an active anti-cancer agent (SN-38). To simulate clinical metastatic medulloblastomas, we implanted human medulloblastoma cells into the subdural spaces of nude mice. rCE expressing NSCs (F3.rCE) were labeled with fluorescence magnetic nanoparticle for in vivo imaging. The therapeutic potential of F3.rCE was confirmed using a mouse subdural medulloblastoma model. The majority of intravenously (i.v.) injected, F3.rCE cells migrated to the subdural medulloblastoma site and a small number of F3.rCE cells were found in the lungs, pancreas, kidney and liver. Animals that received F3.rCE cells in combination with prodrug CPT-11 survived significantly longer (median survival: 142 days) than control mice that received F3.rCE cells only (median survival: 80 days, P<0.001) or CPT-11 only (median survival: 118 days, P<0.001). In conclusion, i.v. injected F3.rCE NSCs were able to target subdural medulloblastomas and demonstrate therapeutic efficacy. Our study provides data that supports further investigation of stem-cell-based gene therapy against metastatic medulloblastomas.

Effect of Ru-Mn redox interactions on the hole carrier density in pulsed electron deposited La(1-x)Pb(x)Mn(0.8)Ru(0.2)O(3) (0.2≤x≤0.4) thin films.

Pulsed electron deposited thin films of Ru substituted La(1-x)Pb(x)Mn(0.8)Ru(0.2)O(3) (0.2≤x≤0.4) show an increase in the magneto-resistance ratio by ∼5-15% at the respective metal to insulator transition (T(MIT)) temperature when compared to the parent La(0.6)Pb(0.4)MnO(3) thin film. A systematic decrease in T(MIT) is observed from ∼310 to ∼260 K when the hole (Pb) concentration varies from 40 to 20% with constant 20% Ru substitution at the Mn site. The x-ray rocking curve and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images of the thin films suggest that Ru occupies the Mn site and shows epitaxial growth of the films on the LaAlO(3) (LAO) substrate. Transport and magneto-resistive properties show that Ru substitution maintains a considerable hole carrier density (due to Mn(4+):t(2g)(3)e(g)(0)/Ru(5+):t(2g)(3)e(g)(0)) even for La(0.8)Pb(0.2)Mn(0.8)Ru(0.2)O(3) (8282) composition, which influences the double exchange interactions.

The effects of beta2 adrenoceptor gene polymorphisms on pressor response during laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation.

We investigated whether human beta2 adrenoceptor (beta2AR) gene polymorphisms are associated with the pressor response to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. Ninety-two patients undergoing elective surgery under general anaesthesia were enrolled into this study. Arterial systolic pressure, heart rate and rate pressure product were measured before induction of anaesthesia and 1 min following laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. Genomic DNA was then used to identify the beta2AR-16 and beta2AR-27 genes using an allele-specific polymerase chain reaction method. Using multiple linear regression models, controlling for age, sex, weight, baseline blood pressure, heart rate and rate pressure product, we found that patients who possessed the glutamic acid homozygote of beta2AR-27 produced significantly greater changes in mean arterial pressure and rate pressure products than patients with the glutamine homozygote of beta2AR-27 (beta coefficient for mean blood pressure = 11.81, beta coefficient for pulse-pressure product = 8.76, both p-values = 0.023). These findings suggest that genetic variability in the human beta2AR gene polymorphisms may be associated with the pressor response to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation.

Identification and classification of S haplotypes in Raphanus sativus by PCR-RFLP of the S locus glycoprotein (SLG) gene and the S locus receptor kinase (SRK) gene.

Polymorphism of the S-locus glycoprotein (SLG) and S-locus receptor kinase (SRK) genes in Raphanus sativus was analyzed by PCR-RFLP using SLG- and SRK-specific primers. Twenty four inbred lines of R. sativus could be grouped into nine S haplotypes. DNA fragments of SLG alleles specifically amplified from five S haplotypes by PCR with Class-I SLG-specific primers showed different profiles upon polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis after digestion with restriction endonucleases. The five R. sativus SLG alleles were determined for their nucleotide sequences of DNA fragments. Comparison of the amino-acid sequences with a reported Brassica SLG (S(6)) showed 77-84% homology. Deduced amino-acid sequences showed 12-conserved cystein residues and three hypervariable regions which are characteristic of Brassicsa SLG. A DNA fragment was also amplified by PCR from two of each S haplotype with Class-II SLG-specific primers, and showed polymorphism when cleaved with restriction endonucleases. The nucleotide sequences of amplified DNA fragments of the Class-II SLG revealed about 60% similarity with those of the Class-I SLG. It is concluded that there exist both Class I and Class II S alleles in R. sativus, as in Brassica campestris and Brassica oleracea. PCR using SRK-specific primers amplified a DNA fragment of about 1.0 kb from seven of each S haplotype out of 24 tested. These DNA fragments showed high polymorphism in polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis after digestion with restriction endonucleases. Nucleotide sequences of the DNA fragments amplified from the seven S haplotypes showed that the fourth and the fifth exons of SRK are highly conserved, and that there is high variation in the fifth intron, the sixth intron and seventh exon of the SRK which may be responsible for the polymorphic band patterns in PCR-RFLP analysis. The PCR-RFLP method has proven useful for the identification of S alleles in inbred lines and for listing S haplotypes in R. sativus. Phylogenic analysis of the SLG and SRK sequences from Raphanus and Brassica revealed that the Raphanus SLGs and SRKs did not form an independent cluster, but were dispersed in the tree, clustering together with Brassica SLGs and SRKs. Furthermore, SLGs and SRKs from Raphanus were both grouped into Class-I or Class-II S haplotypes. Therefore, these results suggest that the diversification of the SLG and SRK alleles occurred prior to the differentiation of the two genera Brassica and Raphanus.