Leaf anatomy of seven endemic species of Glicophyllum (Malpighiaceae) in Brazil.

Glicophyllum is well supported, presenting four homoplasies, easily differentiated from the other genera of the clade due to characteristics related to the reproductive organs, which can make the identification of their species difficult when they are not in the reproductive phase. Therefore, there are provided the leaf anatomical and morphological description of the leaf glands of seven species of Glicophyllum to assist in the identification of their species. The samples for the study were obtained from several national and international herbaria, sectioned freehand, stained with basic fuchsin - astra blue and compared through a binary matrix using the Sorensen's coefficient in the MVSP software. Among the leaf anatomical characters found, the following stand out: presence/absence of trichomes; petiole contour; contour of the main vein; organization of the mesophyll, presence/absence of bundle sheath extension and the surface of the glands. In this study, an identification key with leaf anatomical data is presented for the first time, demonstrating the applicability of leaf anatomy for the taxonomy of Glicophyllum. In the multivariate analysis, it is observed that the characteristics of leaf venation and topology of the glands are more representative to differentiate the taxa. Therefore, the data obtained can support future taxonomic and phylogenetic studies of the genus.

Influence of posture on the ventilatory pattern and the thoraco-abdominal kinematics of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the influence of posture on ventilatory pattern, compartmental distribution of volume of chest wall and thoraco-abdominal kinematics of patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: Twelve, male patients with severe COPD (Forced Expiratory Volume in the first second (FEV1) = 24.35 ± 4.52%, Forced Vital Capacity% (FVC%) = 60 ± 13.39% and relationship FEV1/FVC = 53.42 ± 14.47). The distribution of the volume of the ribcage [pulmonary rib cage (Rcp), abdominal ribcage (Rca) and abdomen (Ab)] during quiet breathing in a sitting position without back support (SWB), sitting with backrest (SB) and supine position (SUP) was determined using an opto-electronic plethysmograph. RESULTS: The following differences were observed: a greater tidal volume in the SWB position when compared to the SB position (p = 0.01); greater expiratory time in the SUP position in relation to the SWB (p = 0.03) and SB (p = 0.01); and increased abdominal contribution to the tidal volume in the SUP position in relation to the SWB (p < 0.01) and SB (p < 0.001). No difference was found in the thoraco-abdominal synchrony among the positions. CONCLUSION: Sitting position without back support enhances the activation of respiratory muscles by increasing the tidal volume and supine position seems to favor lung deflation by increasing the expiratory time. It seems appropriate to adopt these positions to optimize the ventilation/perfusion relationship and physiotherapeutic intervention in different clinical conditions.