Two Transcutaneous Stimulation Techniques in Shoulder Pain: Transcutaneous Pulsed Radiofrequency (TPRF) versus Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS): A Comparative Pilot Study.

Objective: To compare the safety and efficacy of 2 transcutaneous stimulation techniques, transcutaneous pulsed radiofrequency (TPRF) versus transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), in chronic shoulder tendonitis. Design: A prospective, randomized, and double-blind clinical trial. Setting: Academic pain service of a city hospital. Subjects: Fifty patients with sonography-confirmed shoulder tendonitis. Methods: Fifty patients were randomly allocated into two groups for electrical stimulation treatment with 3-month follow-ups: Group 1 (n=25), TENS and Group 2 (n=25), TPRF. Both groups underwent either treatment for 15 minutes every other day, three times total. Our primary goals were to find any treatment comfort level, adverse event, and changes in Constant-Murley shoulder (CMS) scores. The secondary goals were finding the changes in pain, enjoyment of life, and general activity (PEG) scores. Results: For primary goals, no adverse events were noted throughout this study. No differences were found between groups for treatment tolerability (3.20 + 0.87 vs. 2.16 + 0.75). Statistically significant lower PEG scores were noticeable with the TPRF group after the course (12.73 + 5.79 vs. 24.53 + 10.21, p=0.013). Their statistical significance lasted for 3 months although the difference gap diminished after 1 month. CMS scores were significantly higher in the TPRF group (70.84 + 6.74 vs. 59.56 + 9.49, p=0.007) right after treatment course but the significance did not last. Conclusions: In treating chronic shoulder tendinitis using two transcutaneous stimulation techniques, both TPRF and TENS are safe and effective. TPRF is superior to TENS.

Weak hydrogen bonding and fluorous interactions in the chloride and bromide salts of 4-[(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropoxy)methyl]pyridinium.

Neutralization of 4-[(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropoxy)methyl]pyridine with hydrohalo acids HX (X = Cl and Br) yielded the pyridinium salts 4-[(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropoxy)methyl]pyridinium chloride, C9H10F4NO+·Cl-, (1), and 4-[(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropoxy)methyl]pyridinium bromide, C9H10F4NO+·Br-, (2), both carrying a fluorous side chain at the para position of the pyridinium ring. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques revealed that (1) and (2) are isomorphous. The halide anions accept four hydrogen bonds from N-H, ortho-C-H and CF2-H groups. Two cations and two anions form a centrosymmetric dimeric building block, utilizing complimentary N-H...X...H-Csp3 connections. These dimers are further crosslinked, utilizing another complimentary Csp2-H...X...H-Csp2 connection. The pyridinium rings are π-stacked, forming columns running parallel to the a axis that make angles of ca 44-45° with the normal to the pyridinium plane. There are also supramolecular C-H...F-C interactions, namely bifurcated C-H...F and bifurcated C-F...H interactions; additionally, one type II C-F...F-C halogen bond has been observed.

Molecularly Tuning the Radicaloid N-H···O═C Hydrogen Bond.

Substituent effects on the open shell N-H···O═C hydrogen-bond has never been reported. This study examines how 12 functional groups composed of electron donating groups (EDG), halogen atoms and electron withdrawing groups (EWG) affect the N-H···O═C hydrogen-bond properties in a six-membered cyclic model system of O═C(Y)-CH═C(X)N-H. It is found that group effects on this open shell H-bonding system are significant and have predictive trends when X = H and Y is varied. When Y is an EDG, the N-H···O═C hydrogen-bond is strengthened; and when Y is an EWG, the bond is weakened; whereas the variation in electronic properties of X group do not exhibit a significant impact upon the hydrogen bond strength. The structural impact of the stronger N-H···O═C hydrogen-bond are (1) shorter H and O distance, r(H···O) and (2) a longer N-H bond length, r(NH). The stronger N-H···O═C hydrogen-bond also acts to pull the H and O in toward one another which has an effect on the bond angles. Our findings show that there is a linear relationship between hydrogen-bond angle and N-H···O═C hydrogen-bond energy in this unusual H-bonding system. In addition, there is a linear correlation of the r(H···O) and the hydrogen bond energy. A short r(H···O) distance corresponds to a large hydrogen bond energy when Y is varied. The observed trends and findings have been validated using three different methods (UB3LYP, M06-2X, and UMP2) with two different basis sets.

Structure and emission studies of dimorphic crystals of [PtBr2(5,5'-bis(CF3CH2OCH2)-2,2'-bpy)] (1).

The yellow (1y) and orange (1o) crystalline polymorphs of [PtBr2(5,5'-bis(CF3CH2OCH2)-2,2'-bipyridine)] exhibit surprisingly short nearest neighbour Pt···Pt separations of 3.526 Å and 3.590 Å, respectively, at 295 K. Both distances are much shorter than those found in structures of the unsubstituted [PtBr2(2,2'-bipyridine)] analogue. Consistent with a linear chain structure in 1o and dimer formation in 1y, both solids exhibit emission spectra shifted to much longer wavelengths than that exhibited by the monomer in a low-temperature glass. Furthermore, the emission spectra of 1o and 1y shift to even longer wavelengths as the temperature decreases and the Pt···Pt separations contract. Till now delocalized emission of this type has been considered to be restricted to [PtCl2(diimine)] systems and implausible in PtBr2-containing analogues for steric reasons. Ironically, in the system at hand the bulky 5,5'-substituents apparently promote delocalization of the emission by forming a network of hydrogen-bonding-like C-H···F-C interactions that help shape the packing.