In vitro miltefosine and amphotericin B susceptibility of strains and clinical isolates of Leishmania species endemic in Brazil that cause tegumentary leishmaniasis.

Tegumentary leishmaniasis encompasses a spectrum of clinical manifestations caused by the parasitic protozoa of the genus Leishmania. In Brazil, there are at least seven Leishmania species that are endemic and responsible for this set of clinical manifestations of the disease. Current treatment is limited to a restricted number of drugs that in general have several drawbacks including parenteral use, toxicity, and severe side effects. Amphotericin B is considered a second-line drug for tegumentary leishmaniasis in Brazil, while miltefosine was recently approved for clinical use in the treatment of this disease. In this study, we investigated the in vitro susceptibility of Leishmania strains representative of the species endemic to Brazil, as well as a panel of thirteen clinical isolates of tegumentary leishmaniasis, to both amphotericin B and miltefosine. A moderate variation in the susceptibility to both drugs was found, where the EC50 values varied from 11.43 to 52.67 µM for miltefosine and from 12.89 to 62.36 nM for amphotericin B in promastigotes, while for the intracellular amastigotes, values ranged from 1.08 to 9.60 µM and from 1.69 to 22.71 nM for miltefosine and amphotericin B respectively. Furthermore, the clinical isolates and strains of the subgenus Viannia were evaluated for the presence of Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1), as this is an important factor associated with disease severity and treatment outcome. These findings provide a preclinical dataset of the activity of these drugs against the causative species of tegumentary leishmaniasis in Brazil.

Avaliação do desempenho de teste rápido e de dois imunoensaios automatizados para Sars-CoV-2 / Performance evaluation of a Sars-CoV-2 rapid test and two automated immunoassays

Introdução: Em função da urgência e demanda de uma resposta à pandemia do novo coronavírus (Covid-19), vários testes de detecção de anticorpos para a síndrome respiratória aguda grave do coronavírus 2 (Sars-CoV-2) têm sido desenvolvidos. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho do teste rápido utilizado em um inquérito epidemiológico para Sars-CoV-2 em comparação com outros ensaios sorológicos. Métodos: Foram avaliadas 86 amostras de soro em três ensaios sorológicos: um imunoensaio de fluxo lateral ­ Wondfo Sars-CoV-2 Antibody Test (TRW) ­ e dois imunoensaios de quimioluminescência: Elecsys anti-Sars-CoV-2 (ECLIA) e Sars-CoV-2 IgG (CMIA-IgG). Resultados: As sensibilidades diagnósticas estimadas dos testes sorológicos na avaliação dessas amostras foram: TRW 59% [95% intervalo de confiança (IC) 43,4%-72,9%], ECLIA 66,7% (51%-79,4%) e CMIA-IgG 61,5% (47,1%-73%). Enquanto isso, a especificidade diagnóstica estimada para TRW foi 78,7% (95% CI 65,1%-88%), ECLIA 72,3% (58,2%-83,1%) e CMIA-IgG 76,6% (74%-95,5%). Os valores de sensibilidade e especificidade foram inferiores aos afirmados pelos fabricantes. Embora 16,2% (14/86) dos resultados tenham sido discordantes entre os três ensaios serológicos para Sars-CoV-2, o grau de concordância pelo índice Kappa foi adequado: TRW/CMIA-IgG [0,757 (95% IC 0,615-0,899)], TRW/ECLIA [0,715 (0,565-0,864)] e ECLIA/CMIA-IgG [0,858 (0,748-0,968)]. Conclusão: O teste sorológico pode ser uma ferramenta diagnóstica útil, o que reforça sua avaliação criteriosa, bem como o momento correto de sua utilização. (AU)

Introduction: Due to urgency and demand of a response to the Covid-19 pandemic, numerous Sars-CoV-2 immunoassays have been rapidly developed. Objective: This study aimed at assessing the performance of rapid Sars-CoV-2 antibody test in comparison to high-throughput serological assays. Methods: A total of 86 serum samples were evaluated in the three assays: a lateral flow immunoassay ­ Wondfo Sars-CoV-2 Antibody Test (WRT) ­ and two chemiluminescence immunoassays: Elecsys Anti-Sars-CoV-2 (ECLIA), and Sars-CoV-2 IgG (CMIA-IgG). Results: The estimated diagnostic sensitivities of serological tests in the evaluation of serum samples from the epidemiological survey were: WRT 59.0% [95% confidence interval (CI) 43.4%-72.9%], ECLIA 66.7% (51%-79.4%), and CMIA-IgG 61.5% (47.1%-73%). Meanwhile, the estimated diagnostic specificity was for WRT 78.7% (95% CI 65.1%-88%), ECLIA 72.3% (58.2%-83.1%), and CMIA-IgG 76.6% (74%-95.5%). The sensitivity and specificity values were lower than manufacturers' claimed. Although 16.2% (14/86) of serological results were discordant among the three Sars-CoV-2 serological assays, the degree of agreement by the kappa index was adequate: WRT/CMIA-IgG [0.757 (95% CI 0.615-0.899)], WRT/ECLIA [0.715 (0.565-0.864)], and ECLIA/CMIA-IgG [0.858 (0.748-0.968)]. Conclusion: The serological testing may be a useful diagnostic tool, which reinforces its careful evaluation, and, as well as the correct time to use it. (AU)

Susceptibility to paromomycin in clinical isolates and reference strains of Leishmania species responsible for tegumentary leishmaniasis in Brazil.

Treatment of tegumentary leishmaniasis in Brazil is limited to pentavalent antimonial, amphotericin B and pentamidine. These drugs, administered parenterally, cause several side effects and have a varied clinical response, depending on the species of Leishmania. Urgent expansion of the therapeutic arsenal against the disease is therefore necessary. Paromomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that has already been approved for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in Southeast Asia. Here, we provide an in vitro evaluation of the activity of paromomycin in fifteen clinical isolates from patients with tegumentary leishmaniasis at a reference center for the treatment of the disease. Furthermore, the in vitro susceptibility to this drug in reference strains of Leishmania species that are endemic in Brazil has also been evaluated. Among the clinical isolates, nine were typed as Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, five as L. (Leishmania) amazonensis and one as L. (V.) guyanensis. Although never exposed to paromomycin, we found variable susceptibility among these isolates and reference strains in promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes, with the drug being more active in the amastigote form of the parasite. This study provides a preclinical dataset that is useful for the evaluation of paromomycin in the treatment of tegumentary leishmaniasis caused by species that are endemic in Brazil.

Performance evaluation of a Sars-CoV-2 rapid test and two automated immunoassays / Avaliação do desempenho de teste rápido e de dois imunoensaios automatizados para Sars-CoV-2

ABSTRACT Introduction: Due to urgency and demand of a response to the Covid-19 pandemic, numerous Sars-CoV-2 immunoassays have been rapidly developed. Objective: This study aimed at assessing the performance of rapid Sars-CoV-2 antibody test in comparison to high-throughput serological assays. Methods: A total of 86 serum samples were evaluated in the three assays: a lateral flow immunoassay - Wondfo Sars-CoV-2 Antibody Test (WRT) - and two chemiluminescence immunoassays: Elecsys Anti-Sars-CoV-2 (ECLIA), and Sars-CoV-2 IgG (CMIA-IgG). Results: The estimated diagnostic sensitivities of serological tests in the evaluation of serum samples from the epidemiological survey were: WRT 59% [95% confidence interval (CI) 43.4%-72.9%], ECLIA 66.7% (51%-79.4%), and CMIA-IgG 61.5% (47.1%-73%). Meanwhile, the estimated diagnostic specificity was for WRT 78.7% (95% CI 65.1%-88%), ECLIA 72.3% (58.2%-83.1%), and CMIA-IgG 76.6% (74%-95.5%). The sensitivity and specificity values were lower than manufacturers' claimed. Although 16.2% (14/86) of serological results were discordant among the three Sars-CoV-2 serological assays, the degree of agreement by the kappa index was adequate: WRT/CMIA-IgG [0.757 (95% CI 0.615-0.899)], WRT/ECLIA [0.715 (0.565-0.864)], and ECLIA/CMIA-IgG [0.858 (0.748-0.968)]. Conclusion: The serological testing may be a useful diagnostic tool, which reinforces its careful evaluation, and, as well as the correct time to use it.

RESUMEN Introducción: Debido a la urgencia y la demanda de una respuesta a la pandemia de Covid-19, se han desarrollado rápidamente numerosos inmunoensayos del Sars-CoV-2. Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el rendimiento de la prueba rápida de anticuerpos contra el Sars-CoV-2 en comparación con los ensayos serológicos de alto rendimiento. Métodos: Se evaluaron un total de 86 muestras de suero en los tres ensayos: un inmunoensayo de flujo lateral - Wondfo Sars-CoV-2 Antibody Test (TRW) - y dos inmunoensayos de quimioluminiscencia: Elecsys Anti-Sars-CoV-2 (ECLIA) y Sars-CoV-2 IgG (CMIA-IgG). Resultados: Las sensibilidades diagnósticas estimadas de las pruebas serológicas en la evaluación de muestras de suero de la encuesta epidemiológica fueron: WRT 59% [intervalo de confianza (IC) del 95%: 43,4%-72,9%], ECLIA 66,7% (51%-79,4%) y CMIA-IgG 61,5% (47,1%-73%). Mientras tanto, la especificidad diagnóstica estimada fue para WRT 78,7% (95% CI 65,1%-88%), ECLIA 72,3% (58,2%-83,1%) y CMIA-IgG 76,6% (74%-95,5%). Los valores de sensibilidad y especificidad fueron más bajos que los declarados por los fabricantes. Aunque el 16,2% (14/86) de los resultados fueron discordantes entre los tres ensayos serológicos del Sars-CoV-2, el grado de concordancia del índice kappa fue adecuado: WRT/CMIA-IgG [0,757 (IC del 95%: 0,615-0,899)], WRT/ECLIA [0,715 (0,565-0,864)] y ECLIA/CMIA-IgG [0,858 (0,748-0,968)]. Conclusión: La prueba serológica puede ser una herramienta diagnóstica útil, lo que refuerza su evaluación cuidadosa, así como el momento adecuado para usarla.

RESUMO Introdução: Em função da urgência e demanda de uma resposta à pandemia do novo coronavírus (Covid-19), vários testes de detecção de anticorpos para a síndrome respiratória aguda grave do coronavírus 2 (Sars-CoV-2) têm sido desenvolvidos. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho do teste rápido utilizado em um inquérito epidemiológico para Sars-CoV-2 em comparação com outros ensaios sorológicos. Métodos: Foram avaliadas 86 amostras de soro em três ensaios sorológicos: um imunoensaio de fluxo lateral - Wondfo Sars-CoV-2 Antibody Test (TRW) - e dois imunoensaios de quimioluminescência: Elecsys anti-Sars-CoV-2 (ECLIA) e Sars-CoV-2 IgG (CMIA-IgG). Resultados: As sensibilidades diagnósticas estimadas dos testes sorológicos na avaliação dessas amostras foram: TRW 59% [95% intervalo de confiança (IC) 43,4%-72,9%], ECLIA 66,7% (51%-79,4%) e CMIA-IgG 61,5% (47,1%-73%). Enquanto isso, a especificidade diagnóstica estimada para TRW foi 78,7% (95% CI 65,1%-88%), ECLIA 72,3% (58,2%-83,1%) e CMIA-IgG 76,6% (74%-95,5%). Os valores de sensibilidade e especificidade foram inferiores aos afirmados pelos fabricantes. Embora 16,2% (14/86) dos resultados tenham sido discordantes entre os três ensaios serológicos para Sars-CoV-2, o grau de concordância pelo índice Kappa foi adequado: TRW/CMIA-IgG [0,757 (95% IC 0,615-0,899)], TRW/ECLIA [0,715 (0,565-0,864)] e ECLIA/CMIA-IgG [0,858 (0,748-0,968)]. Conclusão: O teste sorológico pode ser uma ferramenta diagnóstica útil, o que reforça sua avaliação criteriosa, bem como o momento correto de sua utilização.

Activity of paromomycin against Leishmania amazonensis: Direct correlation between susceptibility in vitro and the treatment outcome in vivo.

Paromomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic approved in 2006 for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani in Southeast Asia. Although this drug is not approved for the treatment of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil, it is urgent and necessary to evaluate the potential of this drug as alternative for the treatment against species responsible for these clinical forms of the disease. In Brazil, Leishmania amazonensis is responsible for cutaneous and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. The diffuse cutaneous form of the disease is difficult to treat and frequent relapses are reported, mainly when the treatment is interrupted. Here, we evaluated paromomycin susceptibility in vitro of a L. amazonensis clinical isolate from a patient with cutaneous leishmaniasis and the reference strain L. amazonensis M2269, as well as its in vivo efficacy in a murine experimental model. Although never exposed to paromomycin, a significant differential susceptibility between these two lines was found. Paromomycin was highly active in vitro against the clinical isolate in both forms of the parasite, while its activity against the reference strain was less active. In vivo studies in mice infected with each one of these lines demonstrated that paromomycin reduces lesion size and parasite burden and a direct correlation between the susceptibility in vitro and the effectiveness of this drug in vivo was found. Our findings indicate that paromomycin efficacy in vivo is dependent on intrinsic susceptibility of the parasite. Beyond that, this study contributes for the evaluation of the potential use of paromomycin in chemotherapy of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil caused by L. amazonensis.

Leptomonas seymouri and Crithidia fasciculata exoantigens can discriminate human cases of visceral leishmaniasis from American tegumentary leishmaniasis ones.

Exoantigens (exo) from Leptomonas seymouri and Crithidia fasciculata were used in an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), showing 100% reactivity with sera from visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases, and no reactivity with American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) ones. Our results have indicated that these exoantigens can be applied in the discrimination of VL and ATL cases.

Leptomonas seymouri and Crithidia fasciculata exoantigens can discriminate human cases of visceral leishmaniasis from American tegumentary leishmaniasis ones

Exoantigens (exo) from Leptomonas seymouri and Crithidia fasciculata were used in an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), showing 100% reactivity with sera from visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases, and no reactivity with American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) ones. Our results have indicated that these exoantigens can be applied in the discrimination of VL and ATL cases

Efficacy and safety of liposomal amphotericin B for the treatment of mucosal leishmaniasis from the new world: A retrospective study

The standard treatment of mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) is pentavalent antimonials, agents with serious adverse effects. Alternative agents include amphotericin B deoxycholate and liposomal amphotericin B. We performed a retrospective study including 29 patients treated with liposomal amphotericin B, most of whom had comorbidities, history of previous treatment of ML, and contraindications to the use of antimonial pentavalent or amphotericin B deoxycholate. We observed a cure rate of 93.1%. Kidney failure was the most important side effect, reported in five patients (17.2%). This study showed a good efficacy and safety profile of liposomal amphotericin B in patients with ML and contraindications to the use of other agents

Efficacy and Safety of Liposomal Amphotericin B for the Treatment of Mucosal Leishmaniasis from the New World: A Retrospective Study.

The standard treatment of mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) is pentavalent antimonials, agents with serious adverse effects. Alternative agents include amphotericin B deoxycholate and liposomal amphotericin B. We performed a retrospective study including 29 patients treated with liposomal amphotericin B, most of whom had comorbidities, history of previous treatment of ML, and contraindications to the use of antimonial pentavalent or amphotericin B deoxycholate. We observed a cure rate of 93.1%. Kidney failure was the most important side effect, reported in five patients (17.2%). This study showed a good efficacy and safety profile of liposomal amphotericin B in patients with ML and contraindications to the use of other agents.

APPLICABILITY OF kDNA-PCR FOR ROUTINE DIAGNOSIS OF AMERICAN TEGUMENTARY LEISHMANIASIS IN A TERTIARY REFERENCE HOSPITAL / Aplicacao do kDNA-PCR para diagnostico de rotina de leishmaniose tegumentar americana em um hospital de referencia

SUMMARY This study evaluated the applicability of kDNA-PCR as a prospective routine diagnosis method for American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) in patients from the Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas (IIER), a reference center for infectious diseases in São Paulo - SP, Brazil. The kDNA-PCR method detected Leishmania DNA in 87.5% (112/128) of the clinically suspected ATL patients, while the traditional methods demonstrated the following percentages of positivity: 62.8% (49/78) for the Montenegro skin test, 61.8% (47/76) for direct investigation, and 19.3% (22/114) for in vitro culture. The molecular method was able to confirm the disease in samples considered negative or inconclusive by traditional laboratory methods, contributing to the final clinical diagnosis and therapy of ATL in this hospital. Thus, we strongly recommend the inclusion of kDNA-PCR amplification as an alternative diagnostic method for ATL, suggesting a new algorithm routine to be followed to help the diagnosis and treatment of ATL in IIER. .

RESUMO Este estudo avaliou a aplicabilidade do kDNA-PCR como método de rotina para diagnóstico de leishmaniose tegumentar americana (ATL) no Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas (IIER), São Paulo, SP, Brasil. O método kDNA-PCR detectou DNA de Leishmania em 87,5% (112/128) dos pacientes com suspeita de ter leishmaniose e, os métodos tradicionais apresentaram as seguintes porcentagens de positividade: 62,8% (49/78) para o teste de Montenegro, 61,8% (47/76) para a pesquisa direta e 19,3% (22/114) para cultura in vitro. O método molecular confirmou a doença em amostras negativas ou inconclusivas pelos métodos laboratoriais tradicionais e, mostrou-se capaz de auxiliar na identificação de infecções causadas pela espécie Leishmania (V.) braziliensis. Além disso, a revisão dos prontuários médicos confirmou a importância do método PCR-RFLP no diagnóstico final de ATL, prognóstico e escolha do tratamento. Assim, recomendamos a inclusão do PCR como método diagnóstico de ATL na rotina hospitalar, e sugerimos um fluxograma para solicitação de exames laboratoriais. .

Applicability of kDNA-PCR for routine diagnosis of American tegumentary leishmaniasis in a tertiary reference hospital.

This study evaluated the applicability of kDNA-PCR as a prospective routine diagnosis method for American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) in patients from the Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas (IIER), a reference center for infectious diseases in São Paulo - SP, Brazil. The kDNA-PCR method detected Leishmania DNA in 87.5% (112/128) of the clinically suspected ATL patients, while the traditional methods demonstrated the following percentages of positivity: 62.8% (49/78) for the Montenegro skin test, 61.8% (47/76) for direct investigation, and 19.3% (22/114) for in vitro culture. The molecular method was able to confirm the disease in samples considered negative or inconclusive by traditional laboratory methods, contributing to the final clinical diagnosis and therapy of ATL in this hospital. Thus, we strongly recommend the inclusion of kDNA-PCR amplification as an alternative diagnostic method for ATL, suggesting a new algorithm routine to be followed to help the diagnosis and treatment of ATL in IIER.

Microbial translocation induces an intense proinflammatory response in patients with visceral leishmaniasis and HIV type 1 coinfection.

BACKGROUND: Leishmania infection is a cofactor in the heightened cellular activation observed in patients with American visceral leishmaniasis and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) infection, with or without progression to AIDS (AVL/HIV). Thus, the persistence of a high parasite load despite antileishmanial therapy could be responsible for the continued immune stimulation. METHODS: CD8(+) T cells expressing CD38, parasite load, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), soluble CD14, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (IFABP), and proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1ß, interleukin 6, interleukin 8, interleukin 17, interferon γ, and tumor necrosis factor) were measured in 17 patients with AVL/HIV, 16 with HIV, and 14 healthy subjects (HS). RESULTS: Lower Leishmania parasitemia was observed after antileishmanial and antiretroviral therapies. However, higher levels of CD38(+) on CD8(+) T cells were observed in both clinical phases of leishmaniasis, compared with HIV cases. AVL/HIV and HIV patients showed higher levels of LPS and IFABP than HS. Proinflammatory cytokine levels were significantly augmented in patients with active coinfection, as well as those with remission of Leishmania infection. LPS levels and Leishmania infection were positively correlated with CD38 expression on CD8(+) T cells and with IL-6 and IL-8 levels. CONCLUSIONS: LPS levels along with the immune consequences of Leishmania infection were associated with elevated cellular activation in coinfected patients. As a consequence, secondary chemoprophylaxis for leishmaniasis or even the use of antiinflammatory drugs or antibiotics may be considered for improving the prognosis of AVL/HIV.

High levels of T lymphocyte activation in Leishmania-HIV-1 co-infected individuals despite low HIV viral load.

BACKGROUND: Concomitant infections may influence HIV progression by causing chronic activation leading to decline in T-cell function. In the Americas, visceral (AVL) and tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) have emerged as important opportunistic infections in HIV-AIDS patients and both of those diseases have been implicated as potentially important co-factors in disease progression. We investigated whether leishmaniasis increases lymphocyte activation in HIV-1 co-infected patients. This might contribute to impaired cellular immune function. METHODS: To address this issue we analyzed CD4+ T absolute counts and the proportion of CD8+ T cells expressing CD38 in Leishmania/HIV co-infected patients that recovered after anti-leishmanial therapy. RESULTS: We found that, despite clinical remission of leishmaniasis, AVL co-infected patients presented a more severe immunossupression as suggested by CD4+ T cell counts under 200 cells/mm3, differing from ATL/HIV-AIDS cases that tends to show higher lymphocytes levels (over 350 cells/mm3). Furthermore, five out of nine, AVL/HIV-AIDS presented low CD4+ T cell counts in spite of low or undetectable viral load. Expression of CD38 on CD8+ T lymphocytes was significantly higher in AVL or ATL/HIV-AIDS cases compared to HIV/AIDS patients without leishmaniasis or healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Leishmania infection can increase the degree of immune system activation in individuals concomitantly infected with HIV. In addition, AVL/HIV-AIDS patients can present low CD4+ T cell counts and higher proportion of activated T lymphocytes even when HIV viral load is suppressed under HAART. This fact can cause a misinterpretation of these laboratorial markers in co-infected patients.

Neglected tropical diseases in Brazil.

Poverty is intrinsically related to the incidence of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). The main countries that have the lowest human development indices (HDI) and the highest burdens of NTDs are located in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Among these countries is Brazil, which is ranked 70th in HDI. Nine out of the ten NTDs established by the World Health Organization (WHO) are present in Brazil. Leishmaniasis, tuberculosis, dengue fever and leprosy are present over almost the entire Brazilian territory. More than 90% of malaria cases occur in the Northern region of the country, and lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis occur in outbreaks in a particular region. The North and Northeast regions of Brazil have the lowest HDIs and the highest rates of NTDs. These diseases are considered neglected because there is not important investment in projects for the development of new drugs and vaccines and existing programs to control these diseases are not sufficient. Another problem related to NTDs is co-infection with HIV, which favors the occurrence of severe clinical manifestations and therapeutic failure. In this article, we describe the status of the main NTDs currently occurring in Brazil and relate them to the HDI and poverty.

Neglected tropical diseases in Brazil / Doenças tropicais negligenciadas no Brasil

Poverty is intrinsically related to the incidence of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). The main countries that have the lowest human development indices (HDI) and the highest burdens of NTDs are located in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Among these countries is Brazil, which is ranked 70th in HDI. Nine out of the ten NTDs established by the World Health Organization (WHO) are present in Brazil. Leishmaniasis, tuberculosis, dengue fever and leprosy are present over almost the entire Brazilian territory. More than 90 percent of malaria cases occur in the Northern region of the country, and lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis occur in outbreaks in a particular region. The North and Northeast regions of Brazil have the lowest HDIs and the highest rates of NTDs. These diseases are considered neglected because there is not important investment in projects for the development of new drugs and vaccines and existing programs to control these diseases are not sufficient. Another problem related to NTDs is co-infection with HIV, which favors the occurrence of severe clinical manifestations and therapeutic failure. In this article, we describe the status of the main NTDs currently occurring in Brazil and relate them to the HDI and poverty.

A pobreza está intrinsicamente relacionada com a ocorrência de doenças tropicais negligenciadas (DTNs). Os principais países com os menores índices de desenvolvimento humano (IDH) e a maior carga de DTNs estão nas regiões tropicais e subtropicais do globo terrestre. O Brasil é o 70º país no ranking do IDH e concentra nove das 10 principais doenças tropicais consideradas negligenciadas pela OMS. Leishmanioses, tuberculose, dengue e hanseníase ocorrem em quase todo o território do Brasil. Mais de 90 por cento dos casos de malária ocorrem na região norte e há surtos de filariose linfática e oncocercose. As regiões norte e nordeste apresentam o menor IDH e concentram o maior número das DTNs. Essas doenças são consideradas negligenciadas devido à falta de investimento no desenvolvimento de novas drogas e vacinas e também pela pouca eficácia dos programas de controle. Um problema preocupante em relação às DTNs é a co-infecção com HIV, que favorece manifestações clínicas graves e falência terapêutica. Neste artigo, a situação das principais DTNs no Brasil é descrita e correlacionada com o IDH e a pobreza.