Maternal depression and child development at 3 years of age: a longitudinal study in a Brazilian child development promotion program.

BACKGROUND: We tested the hypothesis that children of non-depressed mothers perform better in a developmental test at 3 years than children of depressed mothers. METHOD: Longitudinal analysis from a trial to assess the impact of a child development promotion program in 30 Brazilian municipalities. Mothers and children were appraised at first-year post-partum, 1 and 3 years after enrollment. Child development was assessed through the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ3) and maternal depression through the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Crude and adjusted beta coefficients were obtained by linear regression before and after multiple imputation. RESULTS: In total, 2098 mother/child dyads were included and 8.2% of the mothers had persistent depressive symptoms. There was a decrease in ASQ3 as the number of follow-ups with EPDS ≥ 10 increased (p for trend <0.001). In adjusted analysis, the direction of the association persisted but lost statistical significance. After multiple imputation, children from mothers with EPDS ≥ 10 in three follow-ups presented a decrease of about 14 points in ASQ3 (adjusted beta coefficient = -13.79; -22.59 to -5.00) (p for trend = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Identification of women at increased risk of depression should be among the primary health care sector priorities in maternal and child health in Brazil. IMPACT: In our population study, almost one in every ten women presented persistent depression symptoms across the first 3 years postpartum. In adjusted analysis there was a detrimental impact of persistent maternal depression on child development at 3 years of age. The persistent exposure to maternal depression across early childhood negatively influences children's development. Considering its prevalence, identification of women at increased risk of depression should be among the primary health care sector priorities in maternal and child health in Brazil.

[Factors associated infant development in Brazilian children: baseline of the impact assessment of the Happy Child Program]. / Fatores associados ao desenvolvimento infantil em crianças brasileiras: linha de base da avaliação do impacto do Programa Criança Feliz.

The study aimed to assess socioeconomic, family, and individual factors associated with infant development (i.e., in the first year of life) among families with social vulnerability. This was a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a randomized trial. The study included 3,242 children < 12 months of age living in 30 municipalities from five regions of Brazil. The choice of states and municipalities was intentional, based on the implementation of the Brazilian Happy Child Program. The sample was selected among eligible children for the Brazilian Happy Child Program, and the objective was the promotion of infant development. The Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) was used to assess infant development. A three-level analytical model (state, municipality, and individuals), using the Wald test for heterogeneity and linear trend, estimated the mean ASQ-3 and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). The analyses were adjusted for potential confounders. Information was analyzed for 3,061 (94.4%) children with available data for ASQ-3. Infant development scores (total and in all the domains) were some 12% lower in preterm children and those with intrauterine growth restriction (small for gestational age). Lower scores were seen in children of mothers with low schooling, depressive symptoms, two or more children under seven years of age living in the household, and who did not report self-perceived support or help during the pregnancy. In conclusion, potentially modifiable characteristics (schooling, maternal depression, and prematurity/intrauterine growth restriction) showed greater impact on reducing the infant development score in all the target domains.

O objetivo deste artigo foi avaliar os fatores socioeconômicos, familiares e individuais associados ao desenvolvimento infantil no primeiro ano de vida, entre famílias em vulnerabilidade social. Trata-se de uma análise transversal, com dados da linha de base de um ensaio randomizado. O estudo incluiu 3.242 crianças < 12 meses de idade, residentes em 30 municípios de cinco regiões do Brasil. A escolha de estados e municípios foi intencional, tendo como base a implementação do Programa Criança Feliz. A amostra foi selecionada a partir de crianças elegíveis para o Programa Criança Feliz, cujo objetivo é promover a estimulação e o desenvolvimento infantil. O Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) foi utilizado para avaliação do desenvolvimento infantil. Um modelo de análise multinível em três níveis (estado, município e indivíduos), usando teste de Wald para heterogeneidade e tendência linear, estimou a média do ASQ-3 e intervalo de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Análises foram ajustadas para potenciais confundidores. Foram analisadas informações de 3.061 (94,4%) crianças com dados disponíveis para ASQ-3. Escores de desenvolvimento infantil (total e em todos os domínios) foram cerca de 12% menores em crianças nascidas pré-termo e com restrição do crescimento intrauterino (pequenas para idade gestacional). Observou-se menores escores em filhos de mães com baixa escolaridade, com sintomas de depressão, com duas ou mais crianças menores de sete anos residindo no domicílio e que não relataram autopercepção de apoio/ajuda durante a gestação. Conclui-se que características potencialmente modificáveis (escolaridade, depressão materna e prematuridade/restrição do crescimento intrauterino) apresentaram maior impacto na redução do escore de desenvolvimento em todos os domínios avaliados.

El objetivo fue evaluar los factores socioeconómicos, familiares e individuales, asociados al desarrollo infantil en el primer año de vida, entre familias con vulnerabilidad social. Se trata de un análisis transversal, con datos de la base de referencia de un ensayo aleatorio. El estudio incluyó a 3.242 niños < 12 meses de edad, residentes en 30 municipios de cinco regiones de Brasil. La elección de estados y municipios fue intencional, considerando como base la implementación del Programa Niño Feliz. La muestra se seleccionó a partir de niños elegibles para el Programa Niño Feliz, cuyo objetivo es promover la estimulación y el desarrollo infantil. Se utilizó el Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) para la evaluación del desarrollo infantil. Un modelo de análisis multinivel en tres niveles (estado, municipio e individuos), usando el test de Wald para la heterogeneidad y tendencia lineal, estimó la media del ASQ-3 y el intervalo de 95% de confianza (IC95%). Los análisis se ajustaron para potenciales factores de confusión. Se analizó información de 3.061 (94,4%) niños con datos disponibles para ASQ-3. Las puntuaciones de desarrollo infantil (total y en todos los dominios) fueron cerca de un 12% menores en niños nacidos pretérmino y con restricción del crecimiento intrauterino (pequeños para la edad gestacional). Se observaron menores puntuaciones en hijos de madres con baja escolaridad, con síntomas de depresión, con dos o más niños menores de siete años residiendo en el domicilio y que no informaron autopercepción de apoyo/ayuda durante la gestación. Se concluye que las características potencialmente modificables (escolaridad, depresión materna y prematuridad/restricción del crecimiento intrauterino) presentaron un mayor impacto en la reducción de la puntuación de desarrollo en todos los dominios evaluados.

Fatores associados ao desenvolvimento infantil em crianças brasileiras: linha de base da avaliação do impacto do Programa Criança Feliz / Factors associated infant development in Brazilian children: baseline of the impact assessment of the Happy Child Program / Factores asociados al desarrollo infantil en niños brasileños: base de referencia para la evaluación del impacto del Programa Niño Feliz

Resumo: O objetivo deste artigo foi avaliar os fatores socioeconômicos, familiares e individuais associados ao desenvolvimento infantil no primeiro ano de vida, entre famílias em vulnerabilidade social. Trata-se de uma análise transversal, com dados da linha de base de um ensaio randomizado. O estudo incluiu 3.242 crianças < 12 meses de idade, residentes em 30 municípios de cinco regiões do Brasil. A escolha de estados e municípios foi intencional, tendo como base a implementação do Programa Criança Feliz. A amostra foi selecionada a partir de crianças elegíveis para o Programa Criança Feliz, cujo objetivo é promover a estimulação e o desenvolvimento infantil. O Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) foi utilizado para avaliação do desenvolvimento infantil. Um modelo de análise multinível em três níveis (estado, município e indivíduos), usando teste de Wald para heterogeneidade e tendência linear, estimou a média do ASQ-3 e intervalo de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Análises foram ajustadas para potenciais confundidores. Foram analisadas informações de 3.061 (94,4%) crianças com dados disponíveis para ASQ-3. Escores de desenvolvimento infantil (total e em todos os domínios) foram cerca de 12% menores em crianças nascidas pré-termo e com restrição do crescimento intrauterino (pequenas para idade gestacional). Observou-se menores escores em filhos de mães com baixa escolaridade, com sintomas de depressão, com duas ou mais crianças menores de sete anos residindo no domicílio e que não relataram autopercepção de apoio/ajuda durante a gestação. Conclui-se que características potencialmente modificáveis (escolaridade, depressão materna e prematuridade/restrição do crescimento intrauterino) apresentaram maior impacto na redução do escore de desenvolvimento em todos os domínios avaliados.

Abstract: The study aimed to assess socioeconomic, family, and individual factors associated with infant development (i.e., in the first year of life) among families with social vulnerability. This was a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a randomized trial. The study included 3,242 children < 12 months of age living in 30 municipalities from five regions of Brazil. The choice of states and municipalities was intentional, based on the implementation of the Brazilian Happy Child Program. The sample was selected among eligible children for the Brazilian Happy Child Program, and the objective was the promotion of infant development. The Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) was used to assess infant development. A three-level analytical model (state, municipality, and individuals), using the Wald test for heterogeneity and linear trend, estimated the mean ASQ-3 and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). The analyses were adjusted for potential confounders. Information was analyzed for 3,061 (94.4%) children with available data for ASQ-3. Infant development scores (total and in all the domains) were some 12% lower in preterm children and those with intrauterine growth restriction (small for gestational age). Lower scores were seen in children of mothers with low schooling, depressive symptoms, two or more children under seven years of age living in the household, and who did not report self-perceived support or help during the pregnancy. In conclusion, potentially modifiable characteristics (schooling, maternal depression, and prematurity/intrauterine growth restriction) showed greater impact on reducing the infant development score in all the target domains.

Resumen: El objetivo fue evaluar los factores socioeconómicos, familiares e individuales, asociados al desarrollo infantil en el primer año de vida, entre familias con vulnerabilidad social. Se trata de un análisis transversal, con datos de la base de referencia de un ensayo aleatorio. El estudio incluyó a 3.242 niños < 12 meses de edad, residentes en 30 municipios de cinco regiones de Brasil. La elección de estados y municipios fue intencional, considerando como base la implementación del Programa Niño Feliz. La muestra se seleccionó a partir de niños elegibles para el Programa Niño Feliz, cuyo objetivo es promover la estimulación y el desarrollo infantil. Se utilizó el Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) para la evaluación del desarrollo infantil. Un modelo de análisis multinivel en tres niveles (estado, municipio e individuos), usando el test de Wald para la heterogeneidad y tendencia lineal, estimó la media del ASQ-3 y el intervalo de 95% de confianza (IC95%). Los análisis se ajustaron para potenciales factores de confusión. Se analizó información de 3.061 (94,4%) niños con datos disponibles para ASQ-3. Las puntuaciones de desarrollo infantil (total y en todos los dominios) fueron cerca de un 12% menores en niños nacidos pretérmino y con restricción del crecimiento intrauterino (pequeños para la edad gestacional). Se observaron menores puntuaciones en hijos de madres con baja escolaridad, con síntomas de depresión, con dos o más niños menores de siete años residiendo en el domicilio y que no informaron autopercepción de apoyo/ayuda durante la gestación. Se concluye que las características potencialmente modificables (escolaridad, depresión materna y prematuridad/restricción del crecimiento intrauterino) presentaron un mayor impacto en la reducción de la puntuación de desarrollo en todos los dominios evaluados.

Post-partum depression: a cross-sectional study of women enrolled in a conditional cash transfer program in 30 Brazilian cities.

OBJECTIVE: Investigate factors associated with symptoms of postpartum depression in mothers from families in social vulnerability. METHODS: Information was used from the baseline of a randomized trial to assess a child development program that enrolled 3,242 children < 12 months of age from beneficiary families of the Bolsa Família Program residing in 30 municipalities (counties) in six states of Brazil. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was applied to the mothers, and depression was defined as score ≥10. Information on the mother (schooling, age, parity, marital status, skin color, smoking, number of prenatal appointments, and planning of the pregnancy), family (paternal schooling, household crowding, support from the child's father and the family during the pregnancy, and number of children under 7 years living in the household), and infant (sex, gestational age, birthweight, Apgar score, and child's age at the time of the interview) was collected. Prevalence rates for depressive symptoms were calculated with crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI), using hierarchical logistic regression, in a multilevel model. RESULTS: The analysis included 3,174 mothers with information on EPDS. The interviews were conducted on average 7.9 months (standard deviation= 2.9) after childbirth. Overall prevalence of depressive symptoms was 26.5% (25.0-28.1%). In the adjusted analysis, higher parity was associated with higher odds of postpartum depression (p <0.001). Women with ≥3 previous deliveries showed an odds 84% higher of presenting depressive symptoms (OR= 1.84; 1.43-2.35) than primiparae. Higher maternal and paternal schooling, presence of husband or partner, and having received support from the child's father and the family during the pregnancy were protective factors against postpartum depression. CONCLUSION: The study showed high prevalence of postpartum depressive symptoms. Promotion of parental education, alongside with the promotion of support to the woman during pregnancy by the child's father and by the family, as well as family planning leading to birth spacing are measures that may help to prevent postpartum depressive symptoms.

Factors associated with pain in the pelvic girdle in pregnant adolescents: A case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Due to biological immaturity and unfavorable psychosocial conditions, it is conjectured that teenage pregnancy may be associated with disorders such as pelvic girdle pain. The evidence for risk factors for pelvic girdle pain in pregnant adolescents remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the factors associated with pelvic girdle pain related to pregnancy in adolescents. DESIGN: Case-control study. METHOD: Seventy three pregnant women with presence of pelvic girdle pain (case group) and 331 pregnant women without pelvic girdle pain (control group) aged between 10 and 19 years, with gestational age between 28 and 40 weeks were included. RESULTS/FINDINGS: A logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with the occurrence of pelvic girdle pain. The following aspects were considered for the model: sociodemographic, anthropometric, gynecological and obstetrical, related to lifestyle, musculoskeletal and psychosocial factors. The results showed that suspected common mental disorder (OR: 2.27; 95% CI: 1.23 to 4.18), low back pain during menstruation (OR: 2.10; 95% CI: 1.16 to 3.80) and strenuous work (OR: 1.95; 95% CI: 1.13 to 3.35) were associated with pelvic girdle pain among pregnant adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Attention must be given to pregnant adolescents with suspected common mental disorder, low back pain during menstruation and strenuous work in order to ensure referral to the appropriate healthcare professional for early prevention of pelvic girdle pain.

Association between postpartum depression and the practice of exclusive breastfeeding in the first three months of life / Associação entre a depressão pós-parto e a prática do aleitamento materno exclusivo nos três primeiros meses de vida

Abstract Objective: To investigate the association between postpartum depression and the occurrence of exclusive breastfeeding. Method: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in the states of the Northeast region, during the vaccination campaign in 2010. The sample consisted of 2583 mother-child pairs, with children aged from 15 days to 3 months. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used to screen for postpartum depression. The outcome was lack of exclusive breastfeeding, defined as the occurrence of this practice in the 24 h preceding the interview. Postpartum depression was the explanatory variable of interest and the covariates were: socioeconomic and demographic conditions; maternal health care; prenatal, delivery, and postnatal care; and the child's biological factors. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to control for possible confounding factors. Results: Exclusive breastfeeding was observed in 50.8% of the infants and 11.8% of women had symptoms of postpartum depression. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, a higher chance of exclusive breastfeeding absence was found among mothers with symptoms of postpartum depression (OR = 1.67; p < 0.001), among younger subjects (OR = 1.89; p < 0.001), those who reported receiving benefits from the Bolsa Família Program (OR = 1.25; p = 0.016), and those started antenatal care later during pregnancy (OR = 2.14; p = 0.032). Conclusions: Postpartum depression contributed to reducing the practice of exclusive breastfeeding. Therefore, this disorder should be included in the prenatal and early postpartum support guidelines for breastfeeding, especially in low socioeconomic status women.

Resumo Objetivo: Verificar a associação entre a depressão pós-parto e a ocorrência do aleitamento materno exclusivo. Método: Estudo de corte transversal feito nos estados da Região Nordeste, durante a campanha de vacinação de 2010. A amostra consistiu de 2.583 binômios mães-crianças entre 15 dias e três meses. Usou-se a Escala de Depressão Pós-Parto de Edimburgo para rastrear a depressão pós-parto. O desfecho consistiu da ausência de aleitamento materno exclusivo nas 24 horas que antecederam a entrevista. A depressão pós-parto foi variável explanatória de interesse e as covariáveis foram: condições socioeconômicas e demográficas, assistência pré-natal, ao parto e pós-natal e fatores da criança. Fez-se análise de regressão logística multivariada com o objetivo de controlar possíveis fatores de confusão. Resultados: A amamentação exclusiva foi observada em 50,8% das crianças e 11,8% das mulheres apresentaram sintomatologia indicativa de depressão pós-parto. Na análise de regressão logística multivariada foi verificada uma maior chance de ausência do aleitamento materno exclusivo entre as mães com sintomas de depressão pós-parto (OR = 1,67; p < 0,001). Conclusões: A depressão pós-parto contribuiu para redução da prática do aleitamento materno exclusivo. Assim, esse transtorno deveria ser incluído nas orientações de apoio desde o pré-natal e nos primeiros meses pós-parto, especialmente em mulheres de baixo nível socioeconômico.

Association between postpartum depression and the practice of exclusive breastfeeding in the first three months of life.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between postpartum depression and the occurrence of exclusive breastfeeding. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in the states of the Northeast region, during the vaccination campaign in 2010. The sample consisted of 2583 mother-child pairs, with children aged from 15 days to 3 months. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used to screen for postpartum depression. The outcome was lack of exclusive breastfeeding, defined as the occurrence of this practice in the 24h preceding the interview. Postpartum depression was the explanatory variable of interest and the covariates were: socioeconomic and demographic conditions; maternal health care; prenatal, delivery, and postnatal care; and the child's biological factors. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to control for possible confounding factors. RESULTS: Exclusive breastfeeding was observed in 50.8% of the infants and 11.8% of women had symptoms of postpartum depression. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, a higher chance of exclusive breastfeeding absence was found among mothers with symptoms of postpartum depression (OR=1.67; p<0.001), among younger subjects (OR=1.89; p<0.001), those who reported receiving benefits from the Bolsa Família Program (OR=1.25; p=0.016), and those started antenatal care later during pregnancy (OR=2.14; p=0.032). CONCLUSIONS: Postpartum depression contributed to reducing the practice of exclusive breastfeeding. Therefore, this disorder should be included in the prenatal and early postpartum support guidelines for breastfeeding, especially in low socioeconomic status women.

Correction: Effect of Providing Multiple Micronutrients in Powder through Primary Healthcare on Anemia in Young Brazilian Children: A Multicentre Pragmatic Controlled Trial.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151097.].

Effect of Providing Multiple Micronutrients in Powder through Primary Healthcare on Anemia in Young Brazilian Children: A Multicentre Pragmatic Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Multiple micronutrients in powder (MNP) are recommended by WHO to prevent anemia in young children. However, evidences for its effectiveness in different populations and improvements in other outcomes (e.g. linear growth and vitamin A deficiency) are scarce. METHODS: A multicentre pragmatic controlled trial was carried out in primary health centres. At study baseline, a control group (CG) of children aged 10- to 14 months (n = 521) was recruited in the routine healthcare for assessing anemia, anthropometric and micronutrient status. At the same time, an intervention group (IG) of infants aged 6- to 8 months (n = 462) was recruited to receive MNP daily in complementary feeding over a period of 60 days. Both study groups were compared when the IG infants reached the age of the CG children at enrolment. RESULTS: In CG, the prevalence of anemia [hemoglobin (Hb) < 110 g/L], iron deficiency (ID, plasma ferritin < 12 µg/L or TfR > 8.3 mg/L), and vitamin A deficiency (VAD, serum retinol < 0.70µmol/L) were 23.1%, 37.4%, and 17.4%, respectively. Four to six months after enrolment, when the IG participants had the same age of the controls at the time of testing, the prevalence of anemia, ID and VAD in IG were 14.3%, 30.1% and 7.9%, respectively. Adjusting for city, health centre, maternal education, and age, IG children had a lower likelihood of anemia and VAD [Prevalence Ratio (95% CI) = 0.63 (0.45, 0.88) and 0.45 (0.29, 0.69), respectively] when compared with CG children. The adjusted mean distributions of Hb and length-for-age Z-scores improved by 2 SE in the IG compared to CG children. CONCLUSIONS: MNP effectively reduced anemia and improved growth and micronutrient status among young Brazilian children. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clinicos RBR-5ktv6b.

Fatores de risco para mortalidade neonatal, com especial atenção aos fatores assistenciais relacionados com os cuidados durante o período pré-natal, parto e história reprodutiva materna / Determinants of neonatal death with emphasis on health care during pregnancy, childbirth and reproductive history

OBJETIVO: Identificar fatores de risco para mortalidade neonatal, com especial atenção aos fatores assistenciais relacionados com os cuidados durante o período pré-natal, parto e história reprodutiva materna. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo caso-controle realizado em Maceió, Nordeste do Brasil. A amostra consistiu de 136 casos e 272 controles selecionados em bancos de dados oficiais brasileiros. Os casos foram todos os recém-nascidos que morreram antes de completar 28 dias de vida, selecionados no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade, e os controles foram os sobreviventes neste período, selecionados no Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos, por sorteio aleatório entre as crianças nascidas na mesma data do caso. Entrevistas domiciliares foram realizadas com as mães. RESULTADOS: A análise de regressão logística identificou como fatores determinantes para a morte no período neonatal mães com história de filhos anteriores que morreram no primeiro ano de vida (OR = 3,08), o internamento durante a gestação (OR = 2,48), o pré-natal inadequado (OR = 2,49), a não realização de ecografia durante o pré-natal (OR = 3,89), a transferência de recém-nascidos para outra unidade após o nascimento (OR = 5,06), os recém-nascidos internados em UTI (OR = 5,00) e o baixo peso ao nascer (OR = 2,57). Entre as condições socioeconômicas, observou-se uma maior chance para mortalidade neonatal em residências com menor número de moradores (OR = 1,73) e com ausência de filhos menores de cinco anos (OR = 10,10). CONCLUSÕES: Vários fatores que se mostraram associados à mortalidade neonatal neste estudo podem ser decorrentes de assistência inadequada ao pré-natal, ao parto e ao recém-nascido, sendo, portanto, passíveis de serem modificados.

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for neonatal mortality, focusing on factors related to assistance care during the prenatal period, childbirth, and maternal reproductive history. METHODS: This was a case-control study conducted in Maceió, Northeastern Brazil. The sample consisted of 136 cases and 272 controls selected from official Brazilian databases. The cases consisted of all infants who died before 28 days of life, selected from the Mortality Information System, and the controls were survivors during this period, selected from the Information System on Live Births, by random drawing among children born on the same date of the case. Household interviews were conducted with mothers. RESULTS: The logistic regression analysis identified the following as determining factors for death in the neonatal period: mothers with a history of previous children who died in the first year of life (OR = 3.08), hospitalization during pregnancy (OR = 2.48), inadequate prenatal care (OR = 2.49), lack of ultrasound examination during prenatal care (OR = 3.89), transfer of the newborn to another unit after birth (OR = 5.06), admittance of the newborn at the ICU (OR = 5.00), and low birth weight (OR = 2.57). Among the socioeconomic conditions, there was a greater chance for neonatal mortality in homes with fewer residents (OR = 1.73) and with no children younger than five years (OR = 10.10). CONCLUSION: Several factors that were associated with neonatal mortality in this study may be due to inadequate care during the prenatal period and childbirth, and inadequate newborn care, all of which can be modified.

Determinants of neonatal death with emphasis on health care during pregnancy, childbirth and reproductive history.

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for neonatal mortality, focusing on factors related to assistance care during the prenatal period, childbirth, and maternal reproductive history. METHODS: This was a case-control study conducted in Maceió, Northeastern Brazil. The sample consisted of 136 cases and 272 controls selected from official Brazilian databases. The cases consisted of all infants who died before 28 days of life, selected from the Mortality Information System, and the controls were survivors during this period, selected from the Information System on Live Births, by random drawing among children born on the same date of the case. Household interviews were conducted with mothers. RESULTS: The logistic regression analysis identified the following as determining factors for death in the neonatal period: mothers with a history of previous children who died in the first year of life (OR=3.08), hospitalization during pregnancy (OR=2.48), inadequate prenatal care (OR=2.49), lack of ultrasound examination during prenatal care (OR=3.89), transfer of the newborn to another unit after birth (OR=5.06), admittance of the newborn at the ICU (OR=5.00), and low birth weight (OR=2.57). Among the socioeconomic conditions, there was a greater chance for neonatal mortality in homes with fewer residents (OR=1.73) and with no children younger than five years (OR=10.10). CONCLUSION: Several factors that were associated with neonatal mortality in this study may be due to inadequate care during the prenatal period and childbirth, and inadequate newborn care, all of which can be modified.

Characteristics and factors associated with health care in children younger than 1 year with very low birth weight.

OBJECTIVES: To identify the characteristics of health care in infants with very low birth weight during the first year of life and the factors associated with this care. METHODS: This was a descriptive study with an analytical component conducted in the city of Maceió, Northeastern Brazil, with a sample of 53 children with a median age of five months at the time of the interview, and their mothers. The mothers were interviewed at home regarding socioeconomic and demographic data and health care provided for the child. Health care was assessed through an index using 16 variables related to the recommended actions for this type of care. RESULTS: Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that maternal education and family income were the variables that best explained the health care index variation (18.9%), followed by parity (6.6%), and breastfeeding at the time of the interview (6.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Considering that families with lower socioeconomic status, women with a higher number of children, and women who did not breastfeed were factors associated with poor health care of children born with very low birth weight, these variables should be included in measures of public health planning.

Características e fatores associados à assistência à saúde de crianças menores de um ano com muito baixo peso ao nascer / Characteristics and factors associated with health care in children younger than 1 year with very low birth weight

OBJETIVOS: Identificar as características da assistência à saúde de lactentes com muito baixo peso ao nascer no primeiro ano de vida e os fatores associados a esta atenção. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo com componente analítico foi realizado na cidade de Maceió, Nordeste do Brasil, com uma amostra de 53 crianças com idade mediana de cinco meses na época da entrevista, e suas respectivas mães. As mães foram entrevistadas no domicílio,quanto às condições socioeconômicas, demográficas e de assistência à saúde da criança. A atenção à saúde foi avaliada com a elaboração de um índice utilizando 16 variáveis relacionadas às ações preconizadas para esta assistência. RESULTADOS: A análise de regressão linear multivariada mostrou que a escolaridade materna e a renda familiar foram as variáveis que, juntas, melhor explicaram a variação do Índice de Atenção à Saúde (18,9%), seguidas da paridade (6,6%) e da prática do aleitamento materno na época da entrevista (6,9%). CONCLUSÕES: Considerando que as famílias com piores condições socioeconômicas e as mulheres com maior número de filhos e que não amamentaram foram os fatores associados a uma assistência inadequada à saúde de crianças nascidas com muito baixo peso, os mesmos deveriam ser contemplados nas ações de planejamento da saúde pública.

OBJECTIVES: To identify the characteristics of health care in infants with very low birth weight during the first year of life and the factors associated with this care. METHODS: This was a descriptive study with an analytical component conducted in the city of Maceió, Northeastern Brazil, with a sample of 53 children with a median age of five months at the time of the interview, and their mothers. The mothers were interviewed at home regarding socioeconomic and demographic data and health care provided for the child. Health care was assessed through an index using 16 variables related to the recommended actions for this type of care. RESULTS: Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that maternal education and family income were the variables that best explained the health care index variation (18.9%), followed by parity (6.6%), and breastfeeding at the time of the interview (6.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Considering that families with lower socioeconomic status, women with a higher number of children, and women who did not breastfeed were factors associated with poor health care of children born with very low birth weight, these variables should be included in measures of public health planning.

Overweight and associated factors in children from northeastern Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of overweight and its association with socioeconomic, biological, and maternal factors in children under 5 years of age in the semiarid region of the state of Alagoas. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study with a representative sample. We evaluated child variables (excess weight, sex, birth weight, prematurity, duration of breastfeeding, and origin) and mother variables (excess weight, central obesity, income, education, and smoking during pregnancy). Excess weight in children was defined based on the weight-for-height ≥ 1 z score; in mothers, overweight and central obesity were identified by mass body index ≥ 30 kg/m2 and waist circumference ≥ 80 cm, respectively. We conducted logistic regression, adopting overweight as an outcome, considering as significant p < 0.05. RESULTS: The sample comprised 963 children, with a mean age of 27.7 months (SD ±17.3). The prevalence of overweight children was 28.5%, directly associated with central obesity in the mother (odds ratio = 1.46; 95%CI 1.07-1.98) and duration of non-exclusive breastfeeding for a period of less than 6 months (odds ratio = 1.82, 95%CI 1.31-2.51). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed a high prevalence of overweight children under 5 years of age associated with central obesity in the mother and non-exclusive breastfeeding for a period less than 6 months. These findings suggest that breastfeeding may protect children against overweight and point to the need for primary and secondary prevention of maternal central obesity.

Excesso de peso e fatores associados em crianças da região nordeste do Brasil / Overweight and associated factors in children from northeasten Brazil

OBJETIVO: Investigar a prevalência do excesso de peso e sua associação com fatores socioeconômicos, biológicos e maternos em menores de 5 anos da região semiárida do estado de Alagoas. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, com amostra representativa. Foram avaliadas variáveis da criança (excesso de peso, sexo, peso ao nascer, prematuridade, duração do aleitamento materno e procedência) e da mãe (excesso de peso, obesidade central, renda, escolaridade e fumo durante a gestação). O excesso de peso nas crianças foi definido com base no índice peso/estatura > 1 escore z, e nas mães, o excesso de peso e a obesidade central foram identificados pelo índice de massa corporal > 30 kg/m² e circunferência da cintura > 80 cm, respectivamente. Realizou-se regressão logística, adotando-se o excesso de peso como desfecho, considerando-se significante p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: A amostra foi composta por 963 crianças, com média de idade de 27,7 meses (desvio padrão ±17,3). A prevalência de excesso de peso em crianças foi de 28,5% e diretamente associada à obesidade central na mãe (odds ratio = 1,46; IC95% 1,07-1,98) e duração do aleitamento materno não exclusivo por um período inferior a 6 meses (odds ratio = 1,82; IC95% 1,31-2,51). CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo mostrou uma elevada prevalência de excesso de peso em menores de 5 anos associada à obesidade central na mãe e ao aleitamento materno não exclusivo por um período inferior a 6 meses. Esses achados sugerem que o aleitamento materno pode proteger a criança contra o excesso de peso e apontam para a necessidade de prevenção primária e secundária da obesidade central materna.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of overweight and its association with socioeconomic, biological, and maternal factors in children under 5 years of age in the semiarid region of the state of Alagoas. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study with a representative sample. We evaluated child variables (excess weight, sex, birth weight, prematurity, duration of breastfeeding, and origin) and mother variables (excess weight, central obesity, income, education, and smoking during pregnancy). Excess weight in children was defined based on the weight-for-height > 1 z score; in mothers, overweight and central obesity were identified by mass body index > 30 kg/m² and waist circumference > 80 cm, respectively. We conducted logistic regression, adopting overweight as an outcome, considering as significant p < 0.05. RESULTS: The sample comprised 963 children, with a mean age of 27.7 months (SD ±17.3). The prevalence of overweight children was 28.5%, directly associated with central obesity in the mother (odds ratio = 1.46; 95%CI 1.07-1.98) and duration of non-exclusive breastfeeding for a period of less than 6 months (odds ratio = 1.82, 95%CI 1.31-2.51). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed a high prevalence of overweight children under 5 years of age associated with central obesity in the mother and non-exclusive breastfeeding for a period less than 6 months. These findings suggest that breastfeeding may protect children against overweight and point to the need for primary and secondary prevention of maternal central obesity.

A restrição do crescimento fetal influencia a composição corporal na idade escolar? / Does fetal growth restriction influence body composition at school age?

OBJETIVO: Verificar a influência do baixo peso de crianças nascidas a termo sobre a composição corporal na idade escolar. MÉTODO: Este estudo consistiu de um corte transversal aninhado em uma coorte de 375 crianças recrutadas ao nascimento em 1993-1994 no estado de Pernambuco. Aos 8 anos de idade, 213 crianças tiveram a composição corporal avaliada através da mensuração da espessura das pregas cutâneas tricipital e subescapular e da circunferência do braço. A regressão linear multivariada foi utilizada para identificar a influência do baixo peso ao nascer, das condições socioeconômicas, do estado nutricional materno e morbidade da criança na prega cutânea tricipital. RESULTADOS: As médias das pregas cutâneas tricipital e subescapular, da circunferência do braço e das áreas muscular e de gordura do braço foram menores nas crianças nascidas com baixo peso em relação às nascidas com peso adequado; no entanto, essas diferenças não foram estatisticamente significantes. Na análise de regressão linear multivariada, as variáveis socioeconômicas explicaram o maior percentual da variação da prega cutânea tricipital (12,3 por cento), especialmente a renda familiar per capita (9,1 por cento), seguida da ocorrência de anemia e da hospitalização anterior, que juntas explicaram 5,6 por cento, e do índice de massa corporal materna, que contribuiu com 2,4 por cento dessa variação. O baixo peso ao nascer não influenciou no depósito de gordura subcutânea tricipital nessa faixa etária. CONCLUSÃO: Os fatores socioeconômicos e a morbidade anterior da criança apresentaram uma maior influência na composição corporal de escolares nascidos a termo em detrimento do baixo peso ao nascer.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of low birth weight in full-term infants on body composition at school age. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional study nested in a cohort of 375 infants recruited at birth between 1993 and 1994 in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. At 8 years of age, the body composition of 213 children from this cohort was assessed by measurement of triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness and mid upper arm circumference. Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to identify the influence of low birth weight, socioeconomic condition, maternal nutritional status, and child morbidity on triceps skinfold thickness. RESULTS: Mean triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness, mid upper arm circumference, and upper arm muscle and fat areas were lower in children born at term with low weight than in those with appropriate birth weight. However, these differences were not statistically significant. Multivariable linear regression analysis showed that the relative majority of variance in triceps skinfold thickness (12.3 percent) was explained by socioeconomic variables, particularly per capita family income (9.1 percent), followed by anemia and past hospitalization (which, together, explained 5.6 percent of variance) and maternal body mass index, which contributed toward 2.4 percent of this variance. Low birth weight had no influence on triceps subcutaneous fat deposition in this age group. CONCLUSION: Socioeconomic factors and a history of morbidity had a greater influence on body composition than low birth weight in schoolchildren born at term.

Does fetal growth restriction influence body composition at school age?

OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of low birth weight in full-term infants on body composition at school age. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional study nested in a cohort of 375 infants recruited at birth between 1993 and 1994 in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. At 8 years of age, the body composition of 213 children from this cohort was assessed by measurement of triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness and mid upper arm circumference. Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to identify the influence of low birth weight, socioeconomic condition, maternal nutritional status, and child morbidity on triceps skinfold thickness. RESULTS: Mean triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness, mid upper arm circumference, and upper arm muscle and fat areas were lower in children born at term with low weight than in those with appropriate birth weight. However, these differences were not statistically significant. Multivariable linear regression analysis showed that the relative majority of variance in triceps skinfold thickness (12.3%) was explained by socioeconomic variables, particularly per capita family income (9.1%), followed by anemia and past hospitalization (which, together, explained 5.6% of variance) and maternal body mass index, which contributed toward 2.4% of this variance. Low birth weight had no influence on triceps subcutaneous fat deposition in this age group. CONCLUSION: Socioeconomic factors and a history of morbidity had a greater influence on body composition than low birth weight in schoolchildren born at term.

Influence of breastfeeding type and maternal anemia on hemoglobin concentration in 6-month-old infants.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the influence of breastfeeding type and of maternal anemia on hemoglobin concentration in 6-month-old infants. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study nested in a community-based, randomized and controlled intervention study that aimed to prolong the duration of exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months of life. This study was conducted in four towns in the Brazilian state of Pernambuco and newborn infants were recruited from March to August of 2001. The hemoglobin concentrations of 330 mothers and infants were assayed and type of breastfeeding was assessed 6 months after delivery. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to identify factors that independently contributed to the infants' hemoglobin concentration. RESULTS: The type of feeding had no influence on the hemoglobin concentration in the sample as a whole, however, there was a significant difference when the "exclusive + predominant breastfeeding" subset of infants was analyzed, with the children of anemic mothers exhibiting a reduction of 0.7g/dL in median hemoglobin. Mothers' hemoglobin level, type of flooring at home, type of delivery, and birthweight all significantly contributed to the variation in the infants' hemoglobin concentration. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast with type of breastfeeding, maternal anemia did have an influence on the hemoglobin levels of 6-month-old infants, even when only children on "exclusive + predominant breastfeeding" were analyzed. These findings highlight the need to prevent maternal anemia before conception, during pregnancy and throughout lactation.

Influência do tipo de aleitamento materno e da presença de anemia na mãe na concentração de hemoglobina aos 6 meses de idade / Influence of breastfeeding type and maternal anemia on hemoglobin concentration in 6-month-old infants

Objetivo: Verificar a influência do tipo de aleitamento materno e da presença de anemia na mãe no nível de hemoglobina de lactentes aos 6 meses de idade. Métodos: Estudo transversal, aninhado em estudo de intervenção de base comunitária, randomizado, controlado, que objetivou aumentar a duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo nos primeiros 6 meses de vida. O estudo foi realizado em quatro cidades do estado de Pernambuco, sendo os recém-nascidos recrutados no período de março a agosto de 2001. Seis meses após o parto, avaliou-se a concentração da hemoglobina de 330 mães/lactentes e o tipo de aleitamento. A identificação dos fatores que, de modo independente, contribuíram na concentração de hemoglobina das crianças foi realizada utilizando análise de regressão linear multivariada. Resultados: O tipo de aleitamento não influenciou a concentração de hemoglobina na amostra como um todo. No entanto, ao se analisar o grupo de crianças em aleitamento exclusivo/predominante, verificou-se uma diferença significante na mediana da hemoglobina de 0,7 g/dL em detrimento das filhas de mães anêmicas. A hemoglobina materna, o tipo de piso da residência, o tipo de parto e o peso ao nascer contribuíram significantemente na variação da concentração de hemoglobina das crianças. Conclusões: Ao contrário do observado em relação ao tipo de aleitamento materno, a anemia materna exerceu influência sobre os valores de hemoglobina de lactentes aos 6 meses, mesmo quando consideradas apenas as crianças em aleitamento exclusivo/predominante, apontando para a necessidade de prevenção da anemia materna antes da concepção, durante a gravidez e na lactação.

Objective: To verify the influence of breastfeeding type and of maternal anemia on hemoglobin concentration in 6-month-old infants. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study nested in a community-based, randomized and controlled intervention study that aimed to prolong the duration of exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months of life. This study was conducted in four towns in the Brazilian state of Pernambuco and newborn infants were recruited from March to August of 2001. The hemoglobin concentrations of 330 mothers and infants were assayed and type of breastfeeding was assessed 6 months after delivery. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to identify factors that independently contributed to the infants hemoglobin concentration. Results: The type of feeding had no influence on the hemoglobin concentration in the sample as a whole, however, there was a significant difference when the exclusive + predominant breastfeeding” subset of infants was analyzed, with the children of anemic mothers exhibiting a reduction of 0.7g/dL in median hemoglobin. Mothers hemoglobin level, type of flooring at home, type of delivery, and birthweight all significantly contributed to the variation in the infants hemoglobin concentration. Conclusions: In contrast with type of breastfeeding, maternal anemia did have an influence on the hemoglobin levels of 6-month-old infants, even when only children on exclusive + predominant breastfeeding” were analyzed. These findings highlight the need to prevent maternal anemia before conception, during pregnancy and throughout lactation.

Early head growth: relation with IQ at 8 years and determinants in term infants of low and appropriate birthweight.

AIM: To investigate the relation between head growth at different periods and IQ at 8 years, and to identify factors associated with more rapid head growth. METHOD: Two parallel cohorts of term low birthweight (LBW) and appropriate birthweight (ABW) infants were enrolled at birth in northeast Brazil. Anthropometric measurements were made at birth, 2 months, 6 months, 12 months, 24 months, and 8 years. Cognition was assessed at 8 years (n=164) with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. Multivariable analysis with a two-stage residual model was used to relate head growth between successive time points with IQ. RESULTS: Mean birthweight was 2.35kg (SD 0.15) in the LBW group (33 males, 50 females), and 3.21kg (SD 0.15) in the ABW group (28 males, 53 females). Mean gestational age was 38.8 weeks (SD 1.4) and 40.0 weeks (SD 1.3) respectively. In the LBW group, head growth from birth to 2 months and from 2 to 6 months, conditional on previous size, were significant independent predictors of IQ at 8 years. Conditional head growth from 6 months to 8 years and head size at birth were unrelated to IQ. In the ABW group there was no significant relation between conditional head growth and IQ for any period. Determinants of more rapid head growth from birth to 6 months in LBW infants were maternal height and rate of infant weight gain. INTERPRETATION: Head growth from birth to 6 months in term LBW infants is more important than prenatal or later postnatal head growth in predicting IQ at 8 years.