Global soil respiration estimation based on ecological big data and machine learning model.

Soil respiration (Rs) represents the greatest carbon dioxide flux from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere. However, its environmental drivers are not fully understood, and there are still significant uncertainties in soil respiration model estimates. This study aimed to estimate the spatial distribution pattern and driving mechanism of global soil respiration by constructing a machine learning model method based on ecological big data. First, we constructed ecological big data containing five categories of 27-dimensional environmental factors. We then used four typical machine learning methods to develop the performance of machine learning models under four training strategies and explored the relationship between soil respiration and environmental factors. Finally, we used the RF machine learning algorithm to estimate the global Rs spatial distribution pattern in 2021, driven by multiple dimensions of environmental factors, and derived the annual soil respiration values. The results showed that RF performed better under the four training strategies, with a coefficient of determination R2 = 0.78216, root mean squared error (RMSE) = 285.8964 gCm-2y-1, and mean absolute error (MAE) = 180.4186 gCm-2y-1, which was more suitable for the estimation of large-scale soil respiration. In terms of the importance of environmental factors, unlike previous studies, we found that the influence of geographical location was greater than that of MAP. Another new finding was that enhanced vegetation index 2 (EVI2) had a higher contribution to soil respiration estimates than the enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and normalized vegetation index (NDVI). Our results confirm the potential of utilizing ecological big data for spatially large-scale Rs estimations. Ecological big data and machine learning algorithms can be considered to improve the spatial distribution patterns and driver analysis of Rs.

Exploration of the mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicine for anxiety and depression in patients with diarrheal irritable bowel syndrome based on network pharmacology and meta-analysis.

Background: The efficacy of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) in managing irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D) accompanied by anxiety and depression remains uncertain. Thus, a systematic review was carried out employing meta-analysis and network pharmacology to ascertain the efficacy and underlying mechanisms of CHM therapy. Methods: By conducting a systematic review, including literature search, screening, and data extraction, we identified 25 randomized controlled trials to assess CHM's effectiveness in treating irritable bowel syndrome alongside anxiety and depression. Network pharmacology was utilized to scrutinize the metabolite utility of CHM in addressing this condition. Potential primary mechanisms were synthesized using information sourced from the PubMed database. Results: Twenty-five studies, including 2055 patients, were analyzed, revealing significant treatment efficacy for IBS-D in the trial group compared to controls [OR = 4.01, 95% CI (2.99, 5.36), I2 = 0%] Additionally, treatment for depression [SMD = -1.08, 95% CI (-1.30, -0.86), p < 0.00001, I2 = 68%; SDS: SMD = -1.69, 95% CI (-2.48, -0.90), p < 0.0001, I2 = 96%] and anxiety [HAMA: SMD = -1.29, 95% CI (-1.68, -0.91), p < 0.00001, I2 = 89%; SAS: SMD = -1.75, 95% CI (-2.55, -0.95), p < 0.00001, I2 = 96%] significantly improved in the trial group. Furthermore, the trial group exhibited a significantly lower disease relapse rate [OR = 0.30, 95% CI (0.20, 0.44), p < 0.00001, I2 = 0%]. CHM treatment consistently improved IBS severity (IBS-SSS) and symptom scores. Network pharmacology analysis identified key chemical metabolites in traditional Chinese medicine formulations, including Beta-sitosterol, Stigmasterol, Quercetin, Naringenin, Luteolin, Kaempferol, Nobiletin, Wogonin, Formononetin, and Isorhamnetin. Utilizing the STRING database and Cytoscape v3.9.0 software, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network revealed the top eight key targets: IL-6, TNF, PPARG, PTGS2, ESR1, NOS3, MAPK8, and AKT1, implicated in anti-inflammatory responses, antioxidant stress modulation, and neurotransmitter homeostasis maintenance. Conclusion: Chinese Herbal Medicine (CHM) offers a promising and safe treatment approach for patients dealing with Diarrheal Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS-D) accompanied by anxiety and depression; thus, indicating its potential for practical implementation. The most active metabolites of CHM could simultaneously act on the pathological targets of IBS-D, anxiety, and depression.The diverse scope of CHM's therapeutic role includes various aspects and objectives, underscoring its potential for broad utilization.

Pathological mechanisms and future therapeutic directions of thrombin in intracerebral hemorrhage: a systematic review.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), a common subtype of hemorrhagic stroke, often causes severe disability or death. ICH induces adverse events that might lead to secondary brain injury (SBI), and there is currently a lack of specific effective treatment strategies. To provide a new direction for SBI treatment post-ICH, the systematic review discussed how thrombin impacts secondary injury after ICH through several potentially deleterious or protective mechanisms. We included 39 studies and evaluated them using SYRCLE's ROB tool. Subsequently, we explored the potential molecular mechanisms of thrombin-mediated effects on SBI post-ICH in terms of inflammation, iron deposition, autophagy, and angiogenesis. Furthermore, we described the effects of thrombin in endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, microglia, and neurons, as well as the harmful and beneficial effects of high and low thrombin concentrations on ICH. Finally, we concluded the current research status of thrombin therapy for ICH, which will provide a basis for the future clinical application of thrombin in the treatment of ICH.

Serum N-glycomic profiling identifies candidate biomarker panels for assessing coronary artery stenosis severity.

Stenosis severity may escalate over the course of coronary artery disease (CAD), increasing the risk of death for the patient. Conventionally, the assessment of stenosis degree relies on invasive coronary angiography (ICA), an invasive examination unsuitable for patients in poor physical condition or those with contrast allergies and one that imposes a psychological burden on patients. Although abnormal serum N-glycan profiles have exhibited robust associations with various cardiovascular diseases, including CAD, their potential in diagnosing CAD stenosis remains to be determined. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of serum N-glycome from 132 patients who underwent ICA and 27 healthy controls using MALDI-TOF-mass spectrometry. The patients who underwent ICA examination were categorized into four groups based on stenosis severity: no/mild/moderate/severe stenosis. Twenty-seven N-glycans were directly quantified, and 47 derived glycan traits were obtained. Notably, among these 74 glycan features, 18 exhibited variations across the study groups. Using a combination of least absolute shrinkage and selection operator and logistic regression analyses, we developed five diagnostic models for recognizing stenosis degree. Our results suggested that alterations in serum N-glycosylation modifications might be valuable for identifying stenosis degree and monitoring disease progression in individuals with CAD. It is expected to offer a noninvasive alternative for those who could not undergo ICA because of various reasons. However, the diagnostic potential of serum N-glycan panels as biomarkers requires multicenter, large cohort validation in the future.

Three Polyoxometalate-Based Ag-Organic Compounds as Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Synthesis of Benzimidazoles.

Three new POM-based compounds, with formulae [Na0.63Ag3(Htba)2.37(tba)0.63(H2O)2(PMo12O40)]·4H2O (Ag3PMo), [Ag4(Htba)4(H2O)2(PMo12O40)](NO3)·H2O (Ag4PMo), and [Ag3(Htba)2(tba)(PW12O40)0.5](NO3)0.5·13H2O (Ag3PW), were prepared with a 3-(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)benzoic acid (Htba) ligand, Keggin-type anions ([PMo12O40]3-/[PW12O40]3-), and a silver ion (Ag+). The structural features of these compounds are particularly different from the multinuclear subunits, which are [Ag3(tba)3] clusters in Ag3PMo, [Ag4(tba)3] chains in Ag4PMo, and [Ag3(tba)3]2 clusters in Ag3PW, connected by multidonor atom tba ligands and Ag+ ions. Meanwhile, in these compounds, polyanions act as polydentate ligands to link adjacent Ag-tba metal-organic units and expand their spatial dimensions. These compounds, as heterogeneous catalysts, exhibit high stability and excellent catalytic activity to construct benzimidazoles. Ag3PMo could efficiently catalyze the condensation of benzene-1,2-diamines and benzaldehydes and produce benzimidazoles in good yields. In addition, Ag3PMo could be reused up to 7 times and was suitable for gram-scale reactions.

Association between medication literacy and blood pressure control among hypertensive patients.

AIM: This study aimed to explore the association between medication literacy and blood pressure control among hypertensive patients. BACKGROUND: Blood pressure control is a challenge for global health systems. Medication literacy is essential for medication self-management in hypertensive patients and a basis for managers to develop comprehensive intervention strategies for hypertension medication use. DESIGN: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted. METHODS: A total of 378 hypertensive patients was selected by convenience sampling from two tertiary hospitals and four community health service centres from December 2021 to January 2022 in Changsha, China. Associations between medication literacy and blood pressure control were identified with chi-square, independent samples t-tests and logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: The average medication literacy score of the hypertensive patients investigated was low. Over a third of patients had uncontrolled blood pressure. Logistic regression analysis showed that medication literacy was an influencing factor for blood pressure control rate in hypertensive patients. CONCLUSIONS: Medication literacy and blood pressure control among hypertensive patients was poor. Medication literacy was a facilitator of blood pressure control so improving medication literacy may be of value to improve blood pressure control in hypertensive patients.

Hemostasis after transradial coronary intervention by rotary compression device with sterile gauze is associated with more adverse events: a retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the relationship between using a rotary compression device (RCD) with or without sterile gauze and adverse events in transradial access (TRA) for coronary intervention. METHODS: In this study involving 933 patients at Yueyang Hospital, we recorded TRA-related adverse events, such as bleeding, forearm hematoma, swollen palms, radial artery occlusion (RAO) and others. Logistic regression was applied to assess the association. RESULTS: Of the 933 patients (66.7% males, average age 67.8 years), 511 used RCD with sterile gauze, whereas 422 used RCD without sterile gauze. The most common adverse events were radial artery hemorrhage (7.4%), hand swelling (4.8%) and RAO (4.6%). Logistic regression analysis revealed that the use of RCD with sterile gauze was associated with a higher prevalence of adverse events [odds ratio (OR), 1.74; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.22-2.49), even with the adjustment of potential confounders (OR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.19-2.45). Moreover, patients who used RCD with sterile gauze exhibited an increased risk of radial artery hemorrhage (OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.07-3.12), swelling of the hand (OR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.02-3.75) and RAO (OR, 3.17; 95% CI, 1.49-6.72). CONCLUSIONS: The use of RCD with sterile gauze in TRA is associated with a higher incidence of adverse events.

Plant immune inducer ZNC promotes rutin accumulation and enhances resistance to Botrytis cinerea in tomato.

Gray mold is a destructive disease caused by Botrytis cinerea, a pervasive plant pathogen, which poses a threat to both tomato growth and postharvest storage. The utilization of induced resistance presents a potential strategy for combating plant pathogenic attacks. ZNC (zhinengcong), an extract derived from the endophytic fungus Paecilomyces variotii, has been discovered to play a vital role in preventing diverse forms of bacterial infections. Nevertheless, the precise mechanism behind its ability to enhance tomato resistance to fungi remains unclear. In this study, we found that the exogenous spraying of ZNC could significantly improve the resistance of tomato plants to B. cinerea. The results of both the metabolomic analysis and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) demonstrated that tomato plants responded to ZNC treatment by accumulating high levels of rutin. Additional transcriptome analysis uncovered that rutin enhances tomato resistance possible by initiating the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MPKs) related genes expression during the initial phase of invasion by B. cinerea. In addition, we also found that rutin might activate plant immunity by eliciting ethylene (ET) and jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated pathways. Therefore, plant immune inducer ZNC and rutin has bright application prospects and high utilization value to control gray mold.

Research on motion recognition based on multi-dimensional sensing data and deep learning algorithms.

Motion recognition provides movement information for people with physical dysfunction, the elderly and motion-sensing games production, and is important for accurate recognition of human motion. We employed three classical machine learning algorithms and three deep learning algorithm models for motion recognition, namely Random Forests (RF), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) and Decision Tree (DT) and Dynamic Neural Network (DNN), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). Compared with the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) worn on seven parts of body. Overall, the difference in performance among the three classical machine learning algorithms in this study was insignificant. The RF algorithm model performed best, having achieved a recognition rate of 96.67%, followed by the KNN algorithm model with an optimal recognition rate of 95.31% and the DT algorithm with an optimal recognition rate of 94.85%. The performance difference among deep learning algorithm models was significant. The DNN algorithm model performed best, having achieved a recognition rate of 97.71%. Our study validated the feasibility of using multidimensional data for motion recognition and demonstrated that the optimal wearing part for distinguishing daily activities based on multidimensional sensing data was the waist. In terms of algorithms, deep learning algorithms based on multi-dimensional sensors performed better, and tree-structured models still have better performance in traditional machine learning algorithms. The results indicated that IMU combined with deep learning algorithms can effectively recognize actions and provided a promising basis for a wider range of applications in the field of motion recognition.

Revisiting the role of the complement system in intracerebral hemorrhage and therapeutic prospects.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a stroke subtype characterized by non-traumatic rupture of blood vessels in the brain, resulting in blood pooling in the brain parenchyma. Despite its lower incidence than ischemic stroke, ICH remains a significant contributor to stroke-related mortality, and most survivors experience poor outcomes that significantly impact their quality of life. ICH has been accompanied by various complex pathological damage, including mechanical damage of brain tissue, hematoma mass effect, and then leads to inflammatory response, thrombin activation, erythrocyte lysis, excitatory amino acid toxicity, complement activation, and other pathological changes. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that activation of complement cascade occurs in the early stage of brain injury, and the excessive complement activation after ICH will affect the occurrence of secondary brain injury (SBI) through multiple complex pathological processes, aggravating brain edema, and pathological brain injury. Therefore, the review summarized the pathological mechanisms of brain injury after ICH, specifically the complement role in ICH, and its related pathological mechanisms, to comprehensively understand the specific mechanism of different complements at different stages after ICH. Furthermore, we systematically reviewed the current state of complement-targeted therapies for ICH, providing a reference and basis for future clinical transformation of complement-targeted therapy for ICH.

The Mediating Effect of Self-Efficacy on the Relationship Between Medication Literacy and Medication Adherence Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

Background: Patients with type 2 diabetes have poor medication adherence. Medication literacy is one of the influencing factors of medication adherence among patients with type 2 diabetes. However, the mechanism by which medication literacy affects medication adherence among patients with type 2 diabetes is unclear. The aim of this study was to verify the mediating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between medication literacy and medication adherence. Methods: A total of 402 patients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled in this study. The Chinese versions of the Medication Literacy Scale, the Self-Efficacy for Appropriate Medication Use Scale and the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8 were used in the survey. Pearson correlation analysis was used to find correlations among medication literacy, self-efficacy and medication adherence. The PROCESS macro (Version 4.1) with Model 4 for SPSS was used to verify the mediating role of self-efficacy. Results: Twenty-four percent of the participants had poor medication adherence. Self-efficacy and medication literacy (r=0.499, p < 0.01) and medication adherence (r=0.499, p < 0.01) were significantly and positively correlated. Self-efficacy partially mediated the relationship between medication knowledge and medication adherence among patients with type 2 diabetes, accounting for 36.7% of the total effect. Conclusion: Self-efficacy had a partial mediating effect on the relationship between medication literacy and medication adherence among patients with type 2 diabetes. Self-efficacy should be improved through effective measures to increase patients' confidence in adherence to antihyperglycemic drugs.

Development and psychometric assessment of self-reported patient medication safety scale (SR-PMSS).

Objectives: Patient medication safety can affect their clinical outcomes and plays an important role in patient safety management. However, few tools have been developed to assess patient medication safety. This study aimed to develop and validate the self-reported patient medication safety scale (SR-PMSS). Methods: We developed SR-PMSS guided by the Donabedian Structure-Process-Outcome framework and used psychometric methods to test its validity and reliability. Results: A total of 501 patients with an average age of 56.81 ± 14.47 were enrolled in this study. The SR-PMSS consisted of 21 items and 5 factors. The content validity was good with item-level content validity index (CVI) > 0.78, average scale-level CVI (S-CVI) > 0.9, and universal agreement S-CVI > 0.8. Exploratory factor analysis extracted a five-factor solution with eigenvalues > 0.1, explaining 67.766% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis showed good model fit, acceptable convergent validity, and discriminant validity. The Cronbach's α coefficient for SR-PMSS was 0.929, the split-half reliability coefficient was 0.855, and the test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.978. Conclusions: The SR-PMSS was a valid and reliable instrument with good reliability and validity to evaluate the level of patient medication safety. The target users of the SR-PMSS are all people who are taking or have used prescription medications. The SR-PMSS can be used by healthcare providers in clinical practice and research to identify patients at risk for medication use and intervene with them to reduce adverse medication events and provide support for patient safety management. Plain Language Summary: SR-PMSS - a self-reported tool to assess patient medication safetyMedication therapy was the most common and frequent treatment method to prevent and cure diseases. Medication safety issues may occur in the process of medication use. Patient medication safety can affect their clinical outcomes and plays an important role in patient safety management. However, there are few tools to assess patient medication safety currently, and most of them focused on medication safety related to hospitals or healthcare workers. We developed the self-reported patient medication safety scale (SR-PMSS) guided by the Donabedian Structure-Process-Outcome framework. Then, we conducted a two-round expert consultation, clarity verification, and item simplification to determine the final version of the scale. The SR-PMSS consisted of 21 items and 5 factors and it had good validity and reliability. The target users of the SR-PMSS are all people who are taking or have used prescription medications. Healthcare providers can use the SR-PMSS in clinical practice and research to identify patients at risk for medication use and intervene with them to reduce adverse medication events and provide support for patient safety management.

SlMYB1 regulates the accumulation of lycopene, fruit shape, and resistance to Botrytis cinerea in tomato.

Fruit lycopene, shape, and resistance are essential traits in vegetables whose final product is fruit, and they are also closely related to and strictly regulated by multiple transcription factors. Lycopene, which cannot be synthesized by the human body and can only be ingested from the outside, was important in maintaining human health. During fruit ripening and post-harvest, tomato plants face a variety of biotic or abiotic stresses, which might inflict great damage to fruit quality due to its flat shape and pointed tip during storage and transportation. Therefore, there is an urgent need for key molecular switches to simultaneously improve fruit lycopene and resistance to biotic stress during ripening. Here, we identified the MYB transcription factor SlMYB1 in tomato plants which could bind to the promoters of lycopene synthesis-related genes, SlLCY1, SlPSY2, and the pathogen-related gene SlPR5 directly, to regulate the fruit lycopene and resistance to Botrytis cinerea in tomato. In addition to regulating lycopene synthesis, SlMYB1 also regulates the content of soluble sugar, soluble protein and flavonoid in tomato. What's more, SlMYB1 could regulate the tomato fruit shape, making it smoother or flatter to prevent skin damage caused by vibration on fruits. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) further showed that SlMYB1 fruit-specific expression lines had multiple differentially expressed genes compared with those from wild-type plants, suggesting that SlMYB1 might have multiple roles in fruit nutritional quality control and resistance to stresses, which is a rare occurrence in previous studies. In summary, our results revealed that SlMYB1 was an essential multi-functional transcription factor that could regulate the lycopene and resistance to Botrytis cinerea, and change the shape of fruit in tomato plants.

Protective effect of Xingnaojing injection on ferroptosis after cerebral ischemia injury in MCAO rats and SH-SY5Y cells.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Xingnaojing（XNJ）injection is a traditional Chinese medicine injection with neuroprotective effect, which has been widely used in the treatment of stroke for many years. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to explore the potential mechanism of XNJ in cerebral ischemia mediated by ferroptosis using proteomics and in vivo and in vitro experiments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After the rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was successfully established, they were randomly divided into model, XNJ, and deferoxamine (DFO) group. Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), and Nissl staining were used to observe the infarct area, pathological changes and the degree of neuronal apoptosis of rat brain. Proteins extracted from rat brain tissues were analyzed by quantitative proteomics using tandem mass tags (TMT). Western blotting and immunohistochemical assessment were used to measure the expression of ferroptosis-related proteins. In vitro, the SH-SY5Y cells were subjected to hypoxia (37°C/5% CO2/1% O2) for 24 h to observe the survival rate, and detect the reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and ferroptosis-related proteins. RESULTS: In TTC and H&E experiments, we found that XNJ drug treatment reduced the infarct volume and brain tissue damage in MCAO rats. Nissl staining also showed that compared with MCAO group rats, the Nissl bodies of brain tissue after XNJ drug intervention were clear with a 3.54-fold increased times, suggesting that XNJ improved cerebral infraction, and neurological deficits in MCAO rats. Proteomics identified 101 intersected differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). According to the bioinformatics analysis, these DEPs were closely related to ferroptosis. Further research indicated that MCAO-induced cerebral ischemia was alleviated by upregulating recombinant glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), ferroportin (FPN) expression, Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, and downregulating cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), transferring receptor (TFR) and divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT1) expression after XNJ treatment. In addition, in vitro experiment indicated that XNJ improved the survival rate of hypoxia-damaged SH-SY5Y cells. XNJ increased the level of GPX4 and inhibited the protein expression of COX-2 and TFR after cell hypoxia. Moreover, different concentrations of XNJ (0.25%, 0.5%, 1%) reduced the ROS content of hypoxic cells, suggesting that XNJ could inhibit hypoxia-induced cell damage by regulating the expression of ferroptosis-related proteins and decreasing the production of ROS. CONCLUSIONS: XNJ could promote the recovery of neurological function in MCAO rats and hypoxia SH-SY5Y cells by regulating ferroptosis.

Exploring the pharmacological mechanism of Naoxueshu oral liquid in the treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage through weighted gene co-expression network analysis, network pharmacological and experimental validation.

BACKGROUND: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a life-threatening stroke subtype with high rates of disability and mortality. Naoxueshu oral liquid is a proprietary Chinese medicine that absorbs hematoma and exhibits neuroprotective effects in patients with ICH. However, the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. PURPOSE: Exploring and elucidating the pharmacological mechanism of Naoxueshu oral liquid in the treatment of ICH. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was used to download the gene expression data on ICH. ICH-related hub modules were obtained by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of differentially co-expressed genes (DEGs). The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were conducted using the obtained key modules to identify the ICH-related signaling pathways. Network pharmacology technology was applied to forecast the targets of Naoxueshu oral liquid and to establish a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of overlapping targets between Naoxueshu oral liquid and ICH. Functional annotation and enrichment pathway analyses of the intersectional targets were performed using the omicsbean database. Finally, we verified the therapeutic role and mechanism of Naoxueshu oral liquid in ICH through molecular docking and experiments. RESULTS: Through the WGCNA analysis, combined with network pharmacology, it was found that immune inflammation was closely related to the early pathological mechanism of ICH. Naoxueshu oral liquid suppressed the inflammatory response; hence, it could be a potential drug for ICH treatment. Molecular docking further confirmed that the effective components of Naoxueshu oral liquid docked well with CD163. Finally, the experimental results showed that Naoxueshu oral liquid treatment in the ICH rat model attenuated neurological deficits and neuronal injury, decreased hematoma volume, and promoted hematoma absorption. In addition, Naoxueshu oral liquid treatment also significantly increased the levels of Arg-1, CD163, Nrf2, and HO-1 around hematoma after ICH. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that Naoxueshu oral liquid attenuated neurological deficits and accelerated hematoma absorption, possibly by suppressing inflammatory responses, which might be related to the regulation of Nrf2/CD163/HO-1 that interfered with the activation of M2 microglia, thus accelerating the clearance and decomposition of hemoglobin in the hematoma.

Psychometric properties and validation of the revised Chinese Medication Literacy Scale for Hypertensive Patients (C-MLSHP-R).

Background: Medication literacy is one of the key indicators that can affect the self-management of medications and medication safety. This study aimed to revise the Chinese Medication Literacy Scale for hypertensive patients (C-MLSHP) and test the reliability and validity of the revised scale. Methods: We revised the C-MLSHP by several methods, i.e., focus group discussion, expert consultation, patient interview, and pilot study, based on the established evaluation index system of medication literacy for hypertensive patients. Then, a formal survey using the revised Chinese Medication Literacy Scale for hypertensive patients (C-MLSHP-R) was carried out on hypertensive patients from hospitals and community healthcare centers in Changsha city of China to test its reliability and validity. The reliability was evaluated with Cronbach's α coefficient, split-half reliability, and test-retest reliability. The validity was evaluated with content validity, construct validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and criterion-related validity. Results: The C-MLSHP-R contained 18 items within four domains, i.e., the knowledge domain included four items, the attitude domain had three items, the skill domain involved seven items, and the practice domain included four items. A total of 339 hypertensive patients participated in the formal survey. The results showed that the Cronbach's α coefficient of C-MLSHP-R was 0.802, and for each domain ranged from 0.639 to 0.815. The split-half reliability coefficient of C-MLSHP-R was 0.709, and for each domain ranged from 0.648 to 0.792. The test-retest reliability coefficient of C-MLSHP-R was 0.851, and for each domain ranged from 0.655 to 0.857. The I-CVI of each item ranged from 0.833 to 1.000, the S-CVI/Ave of C-MLSHP-R was 0.981, the S-CVI/UA was 0.889, and for each domain ranged from 0.958 to 1.000. Confirmatory factor analysis results showed that the model fitted well. The convergent validity of C-MLSHP-R was acceptable, and the discriminant validity was good. The criterion coefficient between C-MLSHP-R and C-MLSHP was 0.797, and for each domain ranged from 0.609 to 0.755. Conclusion: Compared with C-MLSHP, the C-MLSHP-R with 18 items was much shorter for measuring, and had decreased reliability within the acceptable range and better validity, which was more appropriate and time-saving to assess the medication literacy level for hypertensive patients scientifically and conveniently.

Network Pharmacology and Bioinformatics Methods Reveal the Mechanism of Berberine in the Treatment of Ischaemic Stroke.

Aim: To elucidate the mechanism of action of berberine on ischaemic stroke based on network pharmacology, bioinformatics, and experimental verification. Methods: Berberine-related long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) were screened from public databases. Differentially expressed lncRNAs in ischaemic stroke were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. GSE102541 was comprehensively analysed using GEO2R. The correlation between lncRNAs and ischaemic stroke was evaluated by the mammalian noncoding RNA-disease repository (MNDR) database. The component-target-disease network and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of berberine in the treatment of ischaemic stroke were constructed by using network pharmacology. We then performed gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. Finally, according to the molecular docking analysis and the binding probability between the lncRNA and key proteins, the effectiveness of the results was further verified by in vitro experiments. Results: After matching stroke-related lncRNAs with berberine-related lncRNAs, four genes were selected as potential targets of berberine in the treatment of ischaemic stroke. Subsequently, lncRNA H19 was identified as the potential crucial regulatory lncRNA of berberine. Here, 52 target proteins of berberine in the treatment of ischaemic stroke were identified through database mining. Through topological analysis, 20 key targets were identified which were enriched in inflammation, apoptosis, and immunity. Molecular docking results showed that MAPK8, JUN, and EGFR were central genes. Finally, in vitro experiments demonstrated that lncRNA H19, p-JNK1/JNK1, p-c-Jun/c-Jun, and EGFR expressions were significantly increased in hypoxia-treated SH-SY5Y cells and were restored by berberine treatment. Conclusion: The potential targets and biological effects of berberine in the treatment of ischaemic stroke were predicted in this study. The lncRNA H19/EGFR/JNK1/c-Jun signalling pathway may be a key mechanism of berberine-induced neuroprotection in ischaemic stroke.

Asymmetrically Doping a Platinum Atom into a Au38 Nanocluster for Changing the Electron Configuration and Reactivity in Electrocatalysis.

It is an obstacle to precisely manipulate a doped heteroatom into a desired position in a metal nanocluster. Herein, we overcome this difficulty to obtain Pt1 Au37 (SCH2 Pht Bu)24 and Pt2 Au36 (SCH2 Pht Bu)24 nanoclusters via controllably doping Pt atoms into the kernels of Au38 (SCH2 Pht Bu)24 . We reveal that asymmetrical doping of one Pt atom into either of the cores of Au38 (SCH2 Pht Bu)24 elevates the relative energy of the HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) accompanied by one valence electron loss of Pt1 Au37 (SCH2 Pht Bu)24 , compared to Au38 (SCH2 Pht Bu)24 with 14 electrons, while symmetrical doping of two Pt atoms into the cores of Au38 (SCH2 Pht Bu)24 narrows the HOMO-LUMO gap (LUMO: lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) of Pt2 Au36 (SCH2 Pht Bu)24 with two valence electrons less. Consequently, Pt1 Au37 (SCH2 Pht Bu)24 shows an electron-spin-induced high activity for CO2 electroreduction, whereas Pt2 Au36 (SCH2 Pht Bu)24 is least efficient and Au38 (SCH2 Pht Bu)24 has a decent performance.

A Compressed Sensing Measurement Matrix Construction Method Based on TDMA for Wireless Sensor Networks.

Compressed sensing theory has been widely used for data aggregation in WSNs due to its capability of containing much information but with light load of transmission. However, there still exist some issues yet to be solved. For instance, the measurement matrix is complex to construct, and it is difficult to implement in hardware and not suitable for WSNs with limited node energy. To solve this problem, a random measurement matrix construction method based on Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) is proposed based on the sparse random measurement matrix combined with the data transmission method of the TDMA of nodes in the cluster. The reconstruction performance of the number of non-zero elements per column in this matrix construction method for different signals was compared and analyzed through extensive experiments. It is demonstrated that the proposed matrix can not only accurately reconstruct the original signal, but also reduce the construction complexity from O(MN) to O(d2N) (d≪M), on the premise of achieving the same reconstruction effect as that of the sparse random measurement matrix. Moreover, the matrix construction method is further optimized by utilizing the correlation theory of nested matrices. A TDMA-based semi-random and semi-deterministic measurement matrix construction method is also proposed, which significantly reduces the construction complexity of the measurement matrix from O(d2N) to O(dN), and improves the construction efficiency of the measurement matrix. The findings in this work allow more flexible and efficient compressed sensing for data aggregation in WSNs.

A Novel Guanine Elicitor Stimulates Immunity in Arabidopsis and Rice by Ethylene and Jasmonic Acid Signaling Pathways.

Rice sheath blight (ShB) caused by Rhizoctonia solani is one of the most destructive diseases in rice. Fungicides are widely used to control ShB in agriculture. However, decades of excessive traditional fungicide use have led to environmental pollution and increased pathogen resistance. Generally, plant elicitors are regarded as environmentally friendly biological pesticides that enhance plant disease resistance by triggering plant immunity. Previously, we identified that the plant immune inducer ZhiNengCong (ZNC), a crude extract of the endophyte, has high activity and a strong ability to protect plants against pathogens. Here, we further found that guanine, which had a significant effect on inducing plant resistance to pathogens, might be an active component of ZNC. In our study, guanine activated bursts of reactive oxygen species, callose deposition and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation. Moreover, guanine-induced plant resistance to pathogens depends on ethylene and jasmonic acid but is independent of the salicylic acid signaling pathway. Most importantly, guanine functions as a new plant elicitor with broad-spectrum resistance to activate plant immunity, providing an efficient and environmentally friendly biological elicitor for bacterial and fungal disease biocontrol.