Rapid alkalinization factor: function, regulation, and potential applications in agriculture.

Rapid alkalinization factor (RALF) is widespread throughout the plant kingdom and controls many aspects of plant life. Current studies on the regulatory mechanism underlying RALF function mainly focus on Arabidopsis, but little is known about the role of RALF in crop plants. Here, we systematically and comprehensively analyzed the relation between RALF family genes from five important crops and those in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Simultaneously, we summarized the functions of RALFs in controlling growth and developmental behavior using conservative motifs as cues and predicted the regulatory role of RALFs in cereal crops. In conclusion, RALF has considerable application potential in improving crop yields and increasing economic benefits. Using gene editing technology or taking advantage of RALF as a hormone additive are effective way to amplify the role of RALF in crop plants.

Comparison of bone marrow tissue- and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of sepsis in a murine model of lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been reported to regulate the systemic inflammatory response and sepsis-induced immunologic injury pre-clinically. However, whether MSCs from different sources elicit identical effects remains to be elucidated. The present study compared the effect of bone marrow­derived MSCs (BMSCs) and adipose tissue-derived MSCs (ADMSCs) in a murine model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)­induced sepsis. SPF BALB/c mice were induced with an injection of LPS (10 mg/kg; 1 mg/ml) via the tail vein. To compare the effect of MSCs on the septic mice, either saline, BMSCs or ADMSCs were injected via the tail vein 5 min following the administration of LPS. The survival rates and body temperatures of the mice were observed regularly up to 48 h. The serum levels of pro­inflammatory cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor­α, interleukin (IL)­6 and IL­8, anti­inflammatory cytokines, including IL­2, IL­4 and IL­10, and biochemical markers, including lactate, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase and aspertate aminotransferase, were analyzed at 6 h. The BMSCs and ADMSCs significantly reduced mortality rates, body­temperature fluctuations, serum levels of biochemical markers and the majority of cytokines. However, the levels of IL­8 in the BMSC and ADMSC groups were increased and decreased, respectively. These findings suggested that BMSCs and ADMSCs ameliorated sepsis-associated organ injury and mortality, and had a similar regulatory effect on pro­ and anti­inflammatory cytokines despite the different MSC sources. Therefore, BMSCs and ADMSCs may serve as novel treatment modalities for sepsis.