Understanding systemic racism: Anti-Blackness, white supremacy, racial capitalism, and the re/creation of white space and time.

In this article, the authors explain systemic racism through a racial-spatial framework wherein anti-Blackness, white supremacy, and racial capitalism interlock to create and recreate white space and time. Through the creation of private property, institutional inequities become embedded and structured for the benefit of white people. The framework provides a way to conceptualize how our geographies are racialized and how time is often used against Black and non-Black people of Color. In contrast to white experiences of feeling "in-place" almost everywhere, Black and non-Black people of Color continually experience displacement and dispossession of both their place and their time. This racial-spatial onto-epistemology is derived from the knowledge and experiences of Black, Indigenous, Latinx, Asian, and other non-Black people of Color, and how they have learned through acculturation, racial trauma, and micro-aggressions to thrive in white spaces and contend with racism such as time-theft. The authors posit that through reclaiming space and time, Black and non-Black people of Color can imagine and practice possibilities that center their lived experiences and knowledge as well as elevate their communities. Recognizing the importance of reclaiming space and time, the authors encourage counseling psychology researchers, educators, and practitioners to consider their positionalities with respect to systemic racism and the advantages it confers to white people. Through the process of creating counterspaces and using counterstorytelling, practitioners may help clients develop healing and nurturing ecologies that challenge the perniciousness of systemic racism. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Racial trauma, microaggressions, and becoming racially innocuous: The role of acculturation and White supremacist ideology.

Acculturation theories often describe how individuals in the United States adopt and incorporate dominant cultural values, beliefs, and behaviors such as individualism and self-reliance. Theorists tend to perceive dominant cultural values as "accessible to everyone," even though some dominant cultural values, such as preserving White racial status, are reserved for White people. In this article, the authors posit that White supremacist ideology is suffused within dominant cultural values, connecting the array of cultural values into a coherent whole and bearing with it an explicit status for White people and people of color. Consequently, the authors frame acculturation as a continuing process wherein some people of color learn explicitly via racism, microaggressions, and racial trauma about their racial positionality; White racial space; and how they are supposed to accommodate White people's needs, status, and emotions. The authors suggest that acculturation may mean that the person of color learns to avoid racial discourse to minimize eliciting White fragility and distress. Moreover, acculturation allows the person of color to live in proximity to White people because the person of color has become unthreatening and racially innocuous. The authors provide recommendations for research and clinical practice focused on understanding the connections between ideology, racism, microaggressions and ways to create psychological healing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).