Prediction of Long Non-Coding RNAs Based on Deep Learning.

With the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing technology, a large number of transcript sequences have been discovered, and how to identify long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) from transcripts is a challenging task. The identification and inclusion of lncRNAs not only can more clearly help us to understand life activities themselves, but can also help humans further explore and study the disease at the molecular level. At present, the detection of lncRNAs mainly includes two forms of calculation and experiment. Due to the limitations of bio sequencing technology and ineluctable errors in sequencing processes, the detection effect of these methods is  not very satisfactory. In this paper, we constructed a deep-learning model to effectively distinguish lncRNAs from mRNAs. We used k-mer embedding vectors obtained through training the GloVe algorithm as input features and set up the deep learning framework to include a bidirectional long short-term memory model (BLSTM) layer and a convolutional neural network (CNN) layer with three additional hidden layers. By testing our model, we have found that it obtained the best values of 97.9%, 96.4% and 99.0% in F1score, accuracy and auROC, respectively, which showed better classification performance than the traditional PLEK, CNCI and CPC methods for identifying lncRNAs. We hope that our model will provide effective help in distinguishing mature mRNAs from lncRNAs, and become a potential tool to help humans understand and detect the diseases associated with lncRNAs.

Usefulness of Positron Emission Tomography in Patients with Syphilis: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies.

BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of syphilis is difficult. Follow-up and therapy evaluation of syphilitic patients are poor. Little is known about positron emission tomography (PET) in syphilis. This review was to systematically review usefulness of PET for diagnosis, disease extent evaluation, follow-up, and treatment response assessment in patients with syphilis. METHODS: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, and three Chinese databases (SinoMed, Wanfang, and CNKI) for English and Chinese language articles from inception to September 2016. We also collected potentially relevant studies and reviews using a manual search. The search keywords included the combined text and MeSH terms "syphilis" and "positron emission tomography". We included studies that reporting syphilis with a PET scan before and/or after antibiotic treatment. The diagnosis of syphilis was based on serological criteria or dark field microscopy. Outcomes include pre- and post-treatment PET scan, pre- and post-treatment computed tomography, and pre- and post-treatment magnetic resonance imaging. We excluded the articles not published in English or Chinese or not involving humans. RESULTS: Of 258 identified articles, 34 observational studies were included. Thirty-three studies were single-patient case reports and one study was a small case series. All patients were adults. The mean age of patients was 48.3 ± 12.1 years. In primary syphilis, increased fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) accumulation could be seen at the site of inoculation or in the regional lymph nodes. In secondary syphilis with lung, bone, gastrointestinal involvement, or generalized lymphadenopathy, increased FDG uptake was the most commonly detected changes. In tertiary syphilis, increased glucose metabolic activity, hypometabolic lesions, or normal glucose uptake might be seen on PET. There were five types of PET scans in neurosyphilis. A repeated PET scan after treatment revealed apparent or complete resolution of the asymmetry of radiotracer uptake. CONCLUSION: PET is helpful in targeting diagnostic interventions, characterizing disease extent, assessing nodal involvement, and treatment efficacy for syphilis.

Restless Legs Syndrome in Adults in Peking Union Medical College Hospital.

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in adults in Peking Union Medical College Hospital and explore the sleep quality,fatigue degree,daytime sleepiness,disease severity,depression and anxiety of RLS patients.Methods Totally 4739 consecutive patients who visited the outpatient departments with any sleep complaint or leg discomforts were recruited in the study. Patients under 18 years were excluded. All participants answered RLS questionnaire. The subjects fulfilled all four criteria would be followed up and given advanced examinations to rule out secondary RLS and RLS mimics. Primary RLS patients were evaluated with International Restless Legs Scale (IRLS),Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI),Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS),Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS),and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale for depression and anxiety (HADD and HADA). Another two groups of age-and gender-matched healthy subjects and non-RLS insomnia patients were served as normal and non-RLS insomnia controls.Results There were 162 (3.42%,162/4739) subjects fulfilling all four criteria for RLS; 42 (0.89%,42/4739) subjects were diagnosed as primary RLS and 33 (0.70%,33/4739) as RLS mimics. In primary RLS patients,41(97.6%) were found to be with poor sleep,13 (31.0%) with anxiety,and 4(9.5%) with depression. The scores of PSQI(q=11.69,P=0.000),HADA(q=8.02,P=0.000),and HADD(q=6.60,P=0.000)in primary RLS patients were significantly higher than those in normal controls. The scores of FSS(q=3.74,P=0.001),ESS(q=2.97,P=0.012),and HADD(q=4.15,P=0.000) in primary RLS patients were significantly lower than those in non-RLS insomnia controls. The scores of HADA and HADD were significantly correlated with those of PSQI(r=0.340,P=0.028;r=0.383,P=0.012),FSS(r=0.445,P=0.003;r=0.511,P=0.001),and IRLS(r=0.477,P=0.001;r=0.578,P=0.000). Conclusions RLS should be considered in the patients with any sleep-related complaint or leg discomforts. Primary RLS patients suffer from bad sleep and are more susceptible to anxiety and depression. Secondary RLS and RLS mimics should be excluded before the diagnosis of primary RLS.

Sleep disorders in multiple sclerosis in China: clinical, polysomnography study, and review of the literature.

Sleep disorders are common in multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of this study was to assess the subjective and objective sleep disturbances in patients with MS and to investigate their relationships with fatigue and excessive daytime sleepiness. All participants completed standardized questionnaires and underwent nocturnal polysomnography. English literature regarding MS and sleep disorders was systematically reviewed through PubMed searches. Eleven patients with MS with fatigue, 10 patients with MS without fatigue, and 11 controls were included in the study. According to the Pittsburg sleep quality index, 61.9% of the patients with MS were poor sleepers and based on the Epworth sleepiness scale, 38.1% of the patients with MS met the criteria of excessive daytime sleepiness. Additionally, patients with MS had more disturbed sleep with higher total arousal index (P < 0.01) and periodic limb movement arousal index (P < 0.001) than controls. None of the patients or controls had an apnea/hypopnea index greater than five. One patient had restless legs syndrome and four had rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Our study shows that sleep disorders and excessive daytime sleepiness are frequent in MS.

Clinical significance of TLR3 and TLR4 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from children with Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression levels and clinical significance of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 and 4 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected from children with Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) nephritis. The randomized controlled trial was conducted between August 2011 and March 2013, and 105 children with a clinical diagnosis of HSP were enrolled in the study. According to the 24-h urinary protein measurements and the presence of renal damage, the 105 cases were divided into groups A, B and C as follows: Group A, children with HSP but without renal damage; group B, children with HSP nephritis but without proteinuria; group C, children with HSP nephritis and proteinuria. A total of 30 healthy children were enrolled in the normal control group (group N). The primary endpoints were the detection of TLR3 and 4 mRNA and protein expression levels in PBMCs by flow cytometry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The mRNA and protein expression levels of TLR4 in the PBMCs were significantly higher in groups A, B and C when compared with group N. In addition, the mRNA and protein expression levels of TLR4 in group C were much higher when compared with groups A and B. A positive correlation was identified between TLR4 protein expression and 24-h urinary protein levels in group C. The expression levels of TLR3 did not significantly differ among the groups. Protein and mRNA expression levels of TLR4 in PBMCs significantly increased and exhibited a positive correlation with urinary protein excretion. These results indicate that aberrant activation of TLR4 may be relevant to the development of HSP nephritis.

[Prevalence of REM sleep behavior disorder in patients with brainstem lesions].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the prevalence of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) and define the brainstem structures likely to be involved in its pathogenesis in patients with brainstem lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: Sixty-two patients with definite brainstems lesions on brain MRI were recruited from Neurology Department, Peking Union Medical College Hospital. And 66 gender-and-age-matched healthy subjects were included as controls. RBD screening questionnaire (RBDSQ) was provided. All patients fulfilling clinical criteria for RBD underwent a two-night polysomnography (PSG) with synchronized audio-visual recording and the evaluations of Zung self-rating depression scale (SDS) and Zung self-rating anxiety scale (SAS). RESULTS: The brainstem group had a mean age of 43±16 years (range, 18-65) while the controls a mean age of 41±13 years (range, 18-65). In brainstem group, SDS scores were 38±4 (range, 35-44); SAS scores 43.0±5.8 (range, 36-49). In controls, SDS scores were 64±6 (range, 59-68); SAS scores 69.5±2.1 (range, 68-71). Five patients in the brainstem group and two in the control group fulfilling the clinical criteria for RBD were confirmed after PSG. All five patients had focal lesion on pontine tegmentum. Treatment with clonazepam at bedtime completely resolved the RBD symptoms. CONCLUSION: RBD is common in patients with brainstem lesions. And its definite diagnosis is based upon clinical symptoms and PSG examination.

Mutations in PRRT2 result in paroxysmal dyskinesias with marked variability in clinical expression.

BACKGROUND: Paroxysmal dyskinesias (PDs), a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of episodic movement disorders, include kinesigenic PD (PKD), exercise-induced PD (PED) and non-kinesigenic PD (PNKD). These disorders are all transmitted as autosomal dominant traits with incomplete penetrance. Several PD-related genetic disorders, including PKD and familial infantile convulsions with paroxysmal choreoathetosis (ICCA), mapped to the same region on chromosome 16. Independent genetic studies have recently revealed that PKD can be caused by loss-of-function mutations in the proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 gene (PRRT2). We tested the hypothesis that other forms of PDs are also due to PRRT2 mutations. METHODS/RESULTS: The whole genomic region of PRRT2 was sequenced in six Han Chinese families and 15 sporadic cases of PD-related phenotypes. The previously reported mutation, c.649dupC (p.R217Pfs*7), was found in two families with PKD, one family with ICCA, one family with PNKD-like phenotype, and two sporadic cases with PED. In an additional ICCA family, a novel frameshift mutation, c.904dupG (p.D302Gfs*38), was identified. A missense mutation, c.913G→A (p.G305R), and a synonymous substitution, c.1011C→T (p.G337G), were also detected in two sporadic PKD cases. CONCLUSION: This study shows that PKD, ICCA and some other PD-related phenotypes are part of the same phenotypic spectrum, caused by mutations in PRRT2. This underscores the complexity of the phenotypic consequences of PRRT2 mutations.

Serum fatty acid profiles using GC-MS and multivariate statistical analysis: potential biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease.

Previous studies showed the relationship between fatty acids and the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, they did not address potential differences in free fatty acid (FFA) profiles that could be used to distinguish between AD patients and healthy controls. In the present study we used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technology coupled with multivariate statistical analysis to study profiles of FFA in AD. The results indicated 2 saturated fatty acids (C14:0 and C16:0; p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively), 3 unsaturated fatty acids (C18:1, C18:3, and C22:6; p < 0.05, p < 0.05, and p < 0.001, respectively), where mean levels in serum from AD patients were significantly lower than controls. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models with unit variance (UV) scaling and orthogonal signal correction (OSC) data preprocessing methods were employed to refine intergroup differences between FFA profiles. The results of the analysis have highlighted docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as the FFA with the greatest potential as a biomarker of AD, and this study has demonstrated that FFA biomarkers have considerable potential in diagnosing and monitoring AD.

[The influence of rotary manipulation on the internal pressure of cervical nucleus pulposus].

OBJECTIVE: To measure the pressure changes inside the cervical nucleus pulposus in fresh human cervical specimen by imitating different rotary manipulations. METHODS: The load of 100 N was applied for 5 second on the six fresh male cervical samples by using material test system, which imitated the human head weigh and the strength of cervical extensor muscle. After that, traction, rotation and pulling on the samples were performed in different sequence under the force of 150, 200, 300 N respectively. Three states were included in adding the load state A: samples were loaded with traction and then rotation to the biggest angle, pulling backward for 15 degrees; state B: samples were loaded with rotary stress to the biggest angle and then loaded with traction, pulling backward for 15 degrees; state C: samples were loaded simultaneously with traction and rotary stress to the biggest angle, pulling backward for 15 degrees. The internal pressure of cervical nucleus pulposus at segment of C(3,4), C(4,5), C(5,6), and C7 was measurred by micro-pressure sensors for state A, B, C and for the imitation of head weight and the strength of cervical extensor muscle. RESULTS: The pressure inside the cervical nucleus pulposus at segments C(5,6), C(6,7) was higher than that at segments C(3,4) and C(4,5) (P < 0.05) by loading stress with 100 N for 5 seconds. The internal pressure of the nucleus pulposus decreased with the increase of traction (P < 0.05), and increased when traction and rotary force were loaded. State A, the value of increased pressure within the nucleus pulposus became smaller and smaller while increasing of the traction force loaded (P < 0.05). State B, the increase of internal pressure in nucleus pulposus became obvious as loading pressure increased (P < 0.05). State C, the internal pressure in nucleus pulposus was not increased obviously (P > 0.05). There was a transitional pressure raise inside all cervical nucleus pulposus when pulling added after different sepuence traction and rotary strength was applied, however, the internal pressure of state A was significantly higher than that of state B or C (P < 0.05). There was also a transitional pressure raise inside all cervical nucleus pulposus when pulling added in different strength (P < 0.05),the internal pressure by pulling with 150 N was obviously higher than that with 200 N and 300 N (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The order of rotation first and traction second should be avoided when practice of rotary manupuplation in case protrusion of the nucleus pulposus. Meanwhile, proper traction should be applied along with rotary manipulation in order to increase its safety.

[Etiological, clinical and imaging characters of reversible posterior encephalopathy syndrome].

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the clinical and imaging characters of reversible posterior encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) and to discuss the etiological factors and the probable pathogenesis. METHOD: Retrospective analysis of basal diseases, clinical manifestations and imaging characters of 13 PRES patients was conducted with follow-ups. RESULTS: The common associated diseases are various kinds of kidney disease and renal inadequacy, eclampsia of gravidity and postpartum, connective tissue disease and immunosuppressives, et al. The main clinical manifestations are headache, convulsion, poor vision, changes of psychology or consciousness. The radiological findings are multifocal, symmetrical and posteriorly distributed in the cerebral hemispheres involving bilateral grey and white matter abnormalities in occipital, parietal and frontal regions. The majority of patients with PRES have an excellent prognosis. CONCLUSION: The etiological factors and pathogenesis of PRES are different and not all of them are reversible. Thus it is decisive to take specific and appropriate measures.

[Inhibition effect of rhEPO on rhIL6-induced hepcidin mRNA expression in HepG2 cell lines and human primary hepatocytes].

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of rhIL-6 and rhEPO on hepcidin mRNA expression in HepG2 cells and human primary hepatocytes, and mechanism of rhEPO in treatment of anemia of chronic disease (ACD). The HepG2 cells and human primary hepatocytes were cultured with medium containing different concentrations of rhIL-6 and rhEPO for a certain time, then mRNA was isolated and its RT-PCR was performed, the bands were photographed and analyzed by UVI band, the hepcidin and G3PDH mRNA ratio were semi-quantitatively analyzed. The expression levels of hepcidin in GepG2 cells and human primary hepatocytes at different conditions were compared. The results showed that the hepcidin mRNA expression in HepG2 cells and human primary hepatocytes could be enhanced by rhIL-6, the rhEPO could inhibit rhIL6-induced hepcidin mRAN expression. The rhEPO alone basically did not influence hepcidin mRNA expression in HepG2 cells. It is concluded that Hepcidin mRNA expression in HepG2 cells and human primary hepatocytes can be elevated by rhIL-6 with concentration- and time-dependent manner in certain range. rhEPO can inhibit this effect of rhIL-6.

[Clinical characteristics of relapsing virus encephalitis and mechanisms of relapse].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical characteristics of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) and to discuss the mechanism of its relapse. METHOD: The clinical data of 6 patients with relapsing encephalitis, 4 male and 1 female, aged 14 - 49, out of 150 encephalitis cases were analyzed: 5 of them were suspected as with HSE clinically, and HSE was confirmed by pathology via biopsy in 2 of the 6 patients. The 5 patients were followed up for 2 - 6 years. RESULT: The duration between the onset and relapse was 1 - 26 months. Brain MRI or CT showed new lesions in the temporal lobe in 5 patients. Necropsy revealed intracellular inclusions, positive in HSV-1 antigen, in the neurons and glial cells of temporal lobe in one case. Second course of acyclovir therapy was effective in 5 of these 6 patients. One patient died 10 months later. CONCLUSION: Direct invasion of activated virus into the central nervous system and insufficiency of acyclovir treatment are the causes of relapse of HSE. Acyclovir treatment should be early, with sufficient amount, and individualized.

[Study on the correlation between hypertension and the indexes of vascular endothelial function among people living in the community].

OBJECTIVE: To study the features of hypertension and vessel endothelium functional parameter in people living at the community level as well as the risk factors of hypertension. Differences of angiotensin II (Ang II ), prostacyclin (PGI2) and nitric oxide (NO) among normal group and three hypertension groups were also studied. METHODS: By cluster sampling, 1134 adult Han people were selected from the residential communities. Medical history was documented and measurements of body height, body weight, waist circumference, hip circumference and blood pressure were performed. Serum NO levels were determined by cadmium reduction method while plasma Ang II and PGI2 concentration were determined by radioimmunoassay. SPSS 13.0 was used for data analysis. RESULTS: The total ratio of hypertension from people living at the community was 44.5%, with the standardized prevalence of hypertension as 15.3%. With the increase of age, the prevalence of hypertension also increased. Overweight and obesity seemed to be independent risk factors for hypertension. History of smoking and drinking and gender did not enter the logistic equation for hypertension. The amount of plasma Ang II concentration of the three hypertension groups was significantly lower than that in the normal group while the lowest group appeared to from the one that hypertension was under control. The NO and PGI2 levels of the two groups whose hypertension had been known were significantly higher than in the normal group while the difference between the group whose hypertension had not been measured and the normal group was not found. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of hypertension had been increasing. Control of body weight seemed to be a useful way for prevention of hypertension. We assumed that the negative feedback regulation of renin-angiotonin-aldosterone system in hypertension patient still existed which called for the research on the mechanism of hypertension.

[Effects of lead exposure to rat placenta and pups during different gestation periods].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of lead exposure to rat placenta and pups during different gestation periods. METHODS: All 108 Wistar rats (72 females, 36 males) were randomly divided into four groups. All rats were orally fed with 0.025% lead acetate during different gestation periods. Blood was obtained from the abdominal vena cava and the lead level in maternal blood was measured by means of atomic absorption spectrometry at the end of the pregnancy. The number of pups, their body weight, body length and tail length were measured. The effects of lead to rat placenta were observed by level of microscopy, optical microscopy and electronic microscopy. RESULTS: Experimental groups the blood lead level at the end of gestation were above 0.483 micromol/L. There were significant differences among, of pups, during different groups (P < 0.01). Among them the drinking lead group of whole distant was the lowest in placenta weight [(0.31 +/- 0.13) g] body weight of pups [(2.08 +/- 0.88) g] length and tail length of pups [(2.37 +/- 0.32) cm, (0.98 +/- 0.09) cm]. There were significantly differences between the experimental groups and controls. Maternal blood lead level was negatively related to placenta weight (r = 0.652, P < 0.01), and had no relation with the body weight of pups (r = -0.107, P = 0.46). In the experimental groups of lead poisoned rats, the placenta showed focus necrosis in the deciduas, and increased the trophoblastic giant cells and light staining cells in the trophospongium. Trophoblast in the labyrinth and trophospongium showed degeneration; fibrin deposition around the villi was increased. Microvilli around the trophoblast were shorter and less, mitochondrion was swollen and decreased in number, rough endoplasmic reticulum was distended and ribosomal number on membrane decreased. CONCLUSION: Lead exposure during different gestation periods should have a traumatic effect on the trophoblast, leading to interference of nutrition and oxygen exchange. Furthermore, the blood supply to the placenta and nutrition and oxygen exchange between mother and pups were also interfered, leading to reduction of placenta weight and retardation of development of pups.

[The correlation between the electroencephalogram findings and clinical manifestations of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between the EEG findings and the clinical signs of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). METHODS: Serial standard recording during different stage of disease was conducted among 13 patients with CJD, 10 males and 3 females, with the year of onset of 58.2 (49 approximately 65). The EEG findings were analyzed in combination of the clinical symptoms and signs. RESULTS: 12 of the 13 patients showed typical periodic sharp wave complexes (PSWCs), occurring after the onset of myoclonus and akinetic mutism in 8 patients, both after myoconus and before akinetic mutism in 2 cases, and just at the onset of akinetic mutism before or after the onset of myoclonus respectively in 2 cases. Different EEG features were observed in different stages of disease. Frontal intermittent rhythmic delta activity (FIRDA) and frontal intermittent rhythmic triphasic slow wave, which was replaced by PSWC later, were seen in 4 cases. CONCLUSION: PSWC has a close association with myoclonus and akinetic mutism. The best time of EEG recording is when myoclonus and/or akinetic mutism happen. FIRDA and frontal intermittent rhythmic triphasic slow wave may be hint of the onset of PSWC.

[Blood motilin concentration and enteral nutrition in premature infants].

OBJECTIVE: To study changes of plasma motilin concentration and it's effect on enteral nutrition in premature infants. METHODS: The plasma motilin concentration of 72 premature infants was measured within 12 hours after birth before enteral feeding and on day 3 and 7 of life by using radioimmunoassay. Sixteen full-term neonates were enrolled as controls. RESULTS: (1) The plasma concentrations of motilin in premature infants before enteral feeding after birth and on day 3 and 7 were 198.65 +/- 58.42 ng/L, 248.83 +/- 56.00 ng/L, and 376.77 +/- 139.46 ng/L, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the control group (300.33 +/- 67.15 ng/L, 334.26 +/- 83.81 ng/L, 510.64 +/- 179.85 ng/L) (P < 0.001 or < 0.01). There was positive correlation between the concentration and gestational age, age in day and the volume of milk. On day 7 the level of motilin was higher than the pre-enteral feeding level of the full term control group. (2) The plasma motilin concentration in feeding un-tolerated premature infants group was lower than that in the normal group, especially on day 3 of life (P < 0.05). (3) Early enteral feeding could improve the plasma motilin levels, gastrointestinal motility and nutrition tolerance in premature infants. CONCLUSIONS: The gastrointestinal functions of premature infants are adaptable to enteral nutrition. Early enteral feeding (including minimal enteral nutrition and non-nutritive sucking) can promote adaptive rapid growth and development of intestine.

[Diagnosis and misdiagnosis of adrenoleukodystrophy: a causal analysis].

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the diagnosis of adrenoleukodystrophy(ALD) and analyse the causes of its misdiagnosis. METHODS: The clinical and laboratory data of six cases with ALD were analyzed. RESULTS: Among the six cases of ALD, 4 cases were of childhood cerebral ALD, 1 case of Addison only, and 1 case of adolescent cerebral ALD. Pigmentation of skin was the first symptom in 3 cases. The delay from the diagnosis of Addison's disease to that of ALD ranged from 1 to 6 years. Another 2 cases was misdiagnosed as multiple sclerosis in early stage. CONCLUSION: The most important reason of delay is that the physician is unfamiliar with the ALD clinical features. Assay of very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) is useful for the early diagnosis of ALD.

[Cloning, expression and purification of neural specific HuD cDNA].

OBJECTIVE: To prokaryoticly express and purify HuD protein and its RNA recognition motifs. METHODS: HuD protein was prokaryoticly expressed and purified by molecular cloning technology. Its biologic activity was testified by Western Blot. RESULTS: Purified HuD protein and its RNA recognized motifs were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The result might aid for basic research and clinical application.