[Plasticity of nervous and immune systems in different species: the role of proteasomes].

Nervous and immune systems have many general features in their organization and functioning in various animal species from insects to mammals. These systems are capable to regulate effectively each other by exchange of information through rather small molecules like oligopeptides, cytokines, and neuropeptides. For many such molecules, that function as transmitters or signaling peptides, their origin and receptors are common within nervous and immune systems. Development of nervous and immune systems during ontogenesis and their functions in various species are controlled by the ubiquitous HYPERLINK "http://slovari.yandex.ru/proteolytic/en-ru/Medical/" \1 "longvo/" proteolytic ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). UPS regulates key biochemical processes in both systems by providing formation of synaptic connections and synaptic plasticity, and governs immune responses. In the review, the molecular mechanisms of functioning and interaction between nervous and immune systems are considered in different species of invertebrats and vertebrats. The role of UPS in these processes in the main subject of this review.

[Features of immune proteasome expression in the development of rat central nervous system].

Formation of the central nervous system in ontogeny and function in adult mammals are controlled by universal ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic system. The aim of this work was to study the dynamics of expression of immune proteasomes in comparison with the dynamics of ChLA and CLA proteasome and expression of the transcription factor Zif268 in the structures of the brain (cortex, hippocampus, and brainstem) in embryonic (E19, E21 days of embryonic development) and early postnatal (P1, P3, P4, P5, P7, P15 days of post-natal development) development in rats. ChLA and CLA in clarified homogenates of rat brain structures were determined by hydrolysis of fluorogenic commercial oligopeptides Suc-LLVY-AMC and Z-LLG-AMC, respectively. In the cortex and hippocampus of the brain was observed upregulation of immune subunits LMP7 during the active formation of biochemical mediatory structure and efferent neuronal projections at the period P7-P15. In the cerebral cortex during this period ChLA and CLA also are increased. In all structures of the brain the LMP2 immune subunits content was significantly increased at the period P7-P15. Contents of proteolytic constitutive subunit ß1 in all structures decreased by P4 compare to P1 levels and was increased on P15 relative to the P1 levels. However, the level of expression of proteolytic constitutive subunit ß5 increased in cortex, hippocampus and brainstem from E21 and reached maximum values on P3, P5 and P1, respectively with a sharp decrease to P7 in all studied structures. In all structures expression of LM P2 immune subunits and ß1 constitutive subunits increased simultaneously with LMP7 immune subunits and sharply on P15. Also shown a positive correlation of increased expression regulator PA28 and constitutive ß5 subunits in the hippocampus during the period P3-P5 and in the brainstem at the period P1-P5. The peculiarity of the studied brain regions during P7-P15 of rat early development is a correlation of expression of immune subunits LMP2 and LMP7 proteasome and ChLA with the expression of the transcription factor Zif268. Probably immune proteasome plays an important role in the regulation of key biochemical processes in the early ontogenesis of the central nervous system and are necessary for the emergence and realization of synaptic plasticity in the brain structures studied in rats.

[Diagnostics of thyroid cancer: limitations of the existing methods and perspectives for future developments].

A novel approach to the development of a precise method of intraoperative diagnostics of thyroid cancer has been proposed on the basis of fundamental study of proteasomes in malignant tumors of mammals and human. The method is based on estimation of proteasome activity in small fragments of the tumor and adjacent tissues.

[Changes in the proteasome function after induction of donor-specific tolerance in rats with ovarian allograft].

Induction of donor-specific tolerance in a recipient is one of the methods for enhancing acceptance of the grafts of endocrine glands in the absence of immunodepressants, which interfere with hormone production. This paper describes changes in the proteasome pool in the rat liver, spleen, and graft during the development of donor-specific tolerance after intraportally infusing the recipient with donor splenocytes with subsequent allografting of ovarian tissue into the renal capsule. It has been demonstrated that the shift in the balance in the liver and graft proteasome pools towards the variants with the LMP2 subunit determines the development of immunological tolerance and graft retention. On the contrary, an increase in the forms with the LMP7 subunit induces the immune response and graft rejection.

[Differences in the anxiety level of 2 rat strains can be determined by the density of benzodiazepine receptors in the brain]. / Razlichiia v urovne trevozhnosti u dvukh linii krys mogut opredeliat'sia plotnost'iu benzodiazepinovykh retseptorov v mozge.

The object of the present work was detection of the genetic differences in the anxiety level evaluated in a number of behavioral tests and according to the characteristics of benzodiazepine receptors binding in the brain of rats of two inbred strains, WAG/G and Fischer-344. In all experimental situations ("conflict open field test", "mink chamber", "light-dark chamber", "Vogel's test", "elevated plus maze") Fischer-344 rats demonstrated a higher anxiety level than that of WAG/G rats. The concentration of benzodiazepine receptors in the brain was much higher in WAG/G than in Fischer-344 rats. Benzodiazepine receptor affinity had no strain differences. The results of our experiments show the important role of the primary genetic characteristics of the animals in the formation of their response to stress. Apparently, rats with an initially more active endogenic benzodiazepine system of the brain respond less emotionally to stress stimuli and demonstrate a lower anxiety level receptors.

[The effect of bradykinin, vasopressin and ACTH (4-10) on the morphine withdrawal syndrome in morphine-dependent rats of 2 inbred strains]. / Vliianie bradikinina, vazopressina i AKTG(4--10) na sindrom otmeny morfina u morfin-zavisimykh krys dvukh inbrednykh linii.

The effect of intranasal administration of bradykinin, ACTH(4-10) fragment, and vasopressin on the withdrawal syndrome was studied in morphine-dependent rats of two inbred strains, WAG/G and Fischer-344. Morphine dependence was stronger and the withdrawal syndrome had a more severe course in WAG/G rats. Intranasal administration of bradykinin and the ACTH(4-10) fragment in the dose used had no effect on the expression of the withdrawal syndrome in rats of both strains. Intranasal administration of vasopressin intensified the withdrawal syndrome in Fischer-344 rats but not in WAG-G rats. It may thus be supposed that the genetic differences in the level of endogenous vasopressin or the sensitivity of its receptors are related to the resistance to morphine dependence formation. These data, however, are of a preliminary character and study of their mechanisms will be the purpose of further research.

[The genetic characteristics of the analgesic action of substance P, bradykinin and thyroliberin in the rats of 2 inbred strains]. / Geneticheskie osobennosti anal'geticheskogo deistviia substantsii P, bradikinina i tiroliberina u krys dvukh inbrednykh linii.

A participation of nonopiate peptide brain systems in the mechanism of individual pain sensation was studied. The experiments were carried out on rats of two inbred strains, Fischer-344 and WAG/G, which exhibit different threshold of thermal pain sensation. The action of nonopiate oligopeptides (substance P, bradykinin, and thiroliberin) on the latent period of tail immersion from hot water was studied. It was found that significant analgesic action of substance P, bradykinin, and thiroliberin is more pronounced in rats more sensitive to thermal stimuli (WAG/G). The rats with reduced thermal sensitivity (Fischer-344) are shown to be insensitive to analgesic action of substance P, bradykinin, and thiroliberin.