[Carbohydrate adaptive substance for prophylaxis of immune disorders and correction of dysbacterioses]. / Uglevodnyi adaptogen dlia profilaktiki immunnykh rasstroistv i korrektsii disbakteriozov.

Effects of a new preparation, adaptokhit, on the intestinal microbiocenosis and some parameters of immune resistance were studied in Macaque rhesus during 13-day hypokinesia. Experimental animals were given adaptokhit as an alimentary supplement preventing dysbiotic consequences of the microecologic unbalance due to motor restraint. Results of the investigation showed certain distinctions in the intestinal microflora in the experimental and control animals as early as on day three of the experiment. Intestinal microflora of the experimental primates who daily consumed adaptokhit at 50 mg/kg of the body remained stable throughout the period of observation. In contrast, in their controls lactoflora was found to decrease in parallel to the growth of opportunistically pathogenic endobacteria including representatives of Proteus and Clostridia sp., and development of dysbacteriosis of categories II and III. Besides, in the experimental animals adaptokhit prevented decline in the proliferative activity of lymphocytes further into adaptation. Also, at the final stage of observation following canceling the preparation there were signs of normalization of the allergologic status of primates in the experimental group. Therefore, adaptokhit can be used as an alimentary supplement to strengthen the colony resistance of animals in extreme conditions.

[Peculiarities of cosmonauts fauces flora]. / Osobennosti streptokokkovoi flory zava kosmonavtov.

In the course of the work done the specific and quantitative composition of the streptococcal autoflora of the fauces of the cosmonauts and the members of backup drew was investigated. In populations of isolated microorganisms the non-pathogenic streptococci have dominated among which S. salivarius prevailed. The same species has constantly been isolated in all the cosmonauts, pre- and postflight. Observation of the microflora state of the fauces at different stages of their professional activity made it possible to reveal the peculiarities of an individual dynamics in the number of nonpathogenic streptococci isolated from tampon depending on the participation of the test-subjects in the previous space missions. This is evidently a reflection of the effect of psychoemotional tension on the state of colonization resistance (CR) of the fauces mucosa and, as result of this, on its microflora. In turn, the occurrence of the individual species of conditionally-pathogenic streptococci after the mission points to a decrease in the CR under effect of unfavourable factors of space mission.

[Biological characteristics of strains of lactobacilli, promising for use as eubiotics]. / Biologicheskia kharakteristika shtammov laktobatsill, perspektivnykh v kachestve éubiotikov.

In the course of in vitro studies 3 Lactobacillus strains with pronounced antagonistic activity against some pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria (shigellae, enteropathogenic Escherichia, Proteus, staphylococci) were selected. In experiments on germ-free rats faint colonization by L. plantarum 37 was observed in the small intestine, as well as in the large intestine when low doses of these bacilli were introduced into the gastrointestinal tract of the animals. In vitro experiments demonstrated the decreased growth rate of this strain. The prophylactic administration of two eubiotic strains, L. plantarum 37 and L. fermentum 39, simultaneously with chloramphenicol to primates inhibited the growth of opportunistic bacteria, though L. fermentum 39 excessively suppressed the content of Escherichia coli in the enterobacterial population. The optimum biological effect was achieved with the therapeutic use of these three strains for the correction of dysbiotic disturbances caused by the administration of tetracycline in volunteers.

[New experimental models in microbial ecology]. / Novye éksperimental'nye modeli v mikroékologii.

Peculiar features of dysbiosis development in persons under extreme conditions were studied. It was shown that a number of extreme factors participated in formation of dysbiotic disorders in intestinal microflora. Of paramount importance was the neuro-emotional stress. Lability of bifido- and lactoflora was considered as the starting mechanism in dysbacteriosis under the extreme conditions. In the experimental models with rats SPF and Primates during flights of biosatellites of the Kosmos series the role of indigenous++ microflora in maintaining the microecological homeostasis, as well as the need for development of artificial and controlled intestinal microflora promising in prophylaxis of dysbacteriosis under extreme conditions was shown. The theoretical and experimentally grounded necessity of maintaining constant intestine microbiocenosis was confirmed by the practice of using the system of measures for recovery, stabilization and optimization of microflora in persons under extreme conditions.

[Diagnosis and treatment of gastric campylobacteriosis in patients with peptic ulcer and chronic gastritis]. / Diagnostika i lechenie zheludochnogo kampilobakterioza u bol'nykh iazvennoi bolezn'iu i khronicheskim gastritom.

The endoscopic picture of peptic ulcer was studied in 104 patients; the gastric mucosa of 30 per cent of the patients was infected with Campylobacter pyloridis (CP) and had acute erosions in the pyloroduodenal zone. Erosions in uninfected patients were found in 3 per cent of the cases. The predominant lymphoid infiltration of the mucous coat of the stomach was revealed in 60 ulcer patients irrespective of the CP infection. Mucous infiltration with polymorphonuclear leukocytes was found in 13 chronic gastritis patients (in 6 of them gastritis was combined with CP infection). The urease test was positive during the first hour in 82 per cent of the cases in the presence of a large number of CP in histological specimens. Treatment of 31 patients with gastric campylobacteriosis using various antibacterial agents or their combination revealed that continuous 2 months bismuth subnitrate medication was more effective for gastric mucosa disinfection. In addition, favourable results were often obtained when a combination of two antimicrobial agents was used.

[The dysbacteriosis of extreme states]. / Disbakteriozy ékstremal'nykh sostoianii.

The study was aimed at investigation of the characteristic features of intestinal dysbacteriosis in man under extreme conditions and development of methods for correcting intestinal microflora for prevention of dysbacteriosis under such conditions. Microbiocenosis of the intestine was investigated in 99 practically healthy persons under model earth conditions and in 34 cosmonauts after space flights of various duration. The following factors influencing intestinal microflora in man under extreme conditions were studied: neuroemotional tension, hypokinesia, increased physical loads, isolation under conditions of altered gaseous environment and microclimate. The study revealed that the above factors participated in development of dysbacteriosis. It was shown that the neuroemotional stress played the main role in development of dysbacteriosis in man under extreme conditions: intestinal microflora responded under extreme conditions by decreased counts of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli participating in maintenance of the intact ecological barrier and colonization resistance. For preventing dysbacteriotic reactions of intestinal microflora it was recommended to use bifidobacterin tablets. Bifidobacterin correction was shown to be efficient in prevention of dysbacteriosis in persons under extreme conditions.

[The quantitative composition of the intestinal lactoflora before and after space flights of different lengths]. / Die quantitative Zusammensetzung der Lactoflora des Verdauungstrakts vor und nach kosmischen Flügen unterschiedlicher Dauer.

Due to the emotional stress before the take off the lactoflora of 24 cosmonouts shows distinct changes regarding the spectrum of different species of Lactobacilli. Compared to long-time flights after short-time flights even stronger alterations are observed. The reason is that the disturbances which take place before the take-off as to the short space of time cannot be balanced by the macroorganism. Additionally, after a certain adaptive period the factors of the space travel begin to act. There are characteristic individual particularities regarding the number of Lactobacilli in the saliva and the feces of the cosmonouts.

[Lactobacillus flora of the digestive tract of the crews of Soiuz-13 and Saliut-4]. / Issledovanie laktoflory pishchevaritel'nogo trakta ékipazhei "Soiuz-13" i "Saliut-4".

The species composition and biology of lactoflora of the saliva and feces of crewmembers from 8-, 30- and 63-day flights was investigated. Altogether 593 strains of lactobacilli were examined. The space flights did not cause significant changes in physiology, biochemistry, antagonistic properties or lysozyme activity of lactobacilli. They did not change drastically or unify the species composition of the digestive lactoflora. However, transfer of lactobacilli from one crewmember to another cannot be excluded, its probability increasing with flight time.

[Bifidobacterium flora status of cosmonauts before and after completing space flights]. / Sostoianie bifidoflory u kosmonavtov do i posle osushchestvlenie kosmicheskikh poletov.

The state of bifidoflora was examined in eight cosmonauts before and after space flights of varying duration. Prelaunch quantity of bifidobacteria decreased drastically. In space flights of 30 days and longer the level of acid formation by bifidobacteria was reduced. The species composition of bifidoflora remained stable. The most typical intestinal species of bifidobacteria were B. Longum and B. adolescentis.

[Intestinal microflora makeup of astronauts before and after space flights]. / O sostave kishechnoi mikroflory u kosmonavtov do i posle kosmicheskikh poletov.

The composition of the intestinal microflora of 12 cosmonauts was studied before and after space missions of varying duration. Changes in the intestinal microbial coenosis were found prelaunch. The pattern of changes did not vary with an increase in space flight duration. The use of special prophylactic measures exerted a positive effect on intestinal microecology. Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli showed the greatest changes inflight. Therefore, it seems important to arrange preflight sanation of the intestinal microflora as a prophylactic method.

[Modern concept of the makeup of intestinal microflora in healthy adults]. / Sovremennye predstavleniia o sostave kishechnoi mikroflory u zdorovykh vzroslykh liudei.

Analysis of the literature data on the significance of normal intestinal microbial population in the vital activity of the organism, and also on the sequelae of unfavourable shifts in the intestinal microecology is presented. The results of personal studies on the composition of normal microbial population in healthy adults are discussed; criteria for the assessment of normal intestinal biocenosis are given. The importance of bifidum flora is emphasized, and the necessity of its correction in various pathological conditions is underlined.

[Microfloral makeup of the feces of infants on various types of feeding]. / Sostav mikroflory fekalii u detei, hakhodiashchikhsia na razlichnykh vidakh vskarmlivaniia.

Dissimilarity in the fecal microflora of infants fed with breast milk and the ones receiving in the neonatal period the mixture "Malyutka" and experimental samples of the dry acidopilic mixture "Malyutka" because of their mothers' state of hypolactation. Features specific for intestinal biocenosis in the breast-nursed infants is the prevalence of bifidobacteria, low abundance of microorganisms accomplishing proteolysis and also a high percentage of colicinogenic cultures of colibacillus. In further preparations of adapted milk mixtures it appears expedient to go on with investigations oriented toward incorporation in their composition of factors contributing to bringing the intestinal microflora composition closer to that in natural feeding.

[Dynamics of the establishment of intestinal microflora in healthy full-term newborns]. / Dinamika stanovleniia mikroflory kishechnika zdorovykh donoshennykh novorozhdennykh detei

A study was made of the dynamics of establishment of the intestinal microflora in 79 healthy mature neonates born of healthy mothers. A total of 223 bacteriological examinations were conducted. A stable prevalence of bifidobacteria over the aerobic portion of the intestinal biocenosis occurred in all the children from the 8th day after birth. Along with this the following bacteria were continuously present in the intestine: lactic bacilli and streptococci E. coli, enterococci and staphylococci; however, their portion in the biocenosis was not great. Bacteroids, microbes of the Proteus genus, and yeast-like fungi were found in the cultures only before the establishment of a high bifidobacteria level. Conditionally pathogenic microorganisms and their associations were continuously revealed in 19.8% of healthy mature neonates. Apparently the qualitative prevalence of bifidobacteria prevented the clinical expression of dysbacteriosis in these children.

[Electrophoretic characteristics of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes of lactobacilli and determination of their activity]. / Elektroforeticheskaia kharakteristika izofermentov laktatdegidrogenazy u laktobatsilli opredelenie ikh aktivnosti

Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes of 10 museum strains of lactobacilli were examined electrophoretically in polyacrylamide gel. With respect to the relative electrophoretic motility and enzymic activity certain differences in the isoenzyme spectra of lactate dehydrogenase can give additional evidence for the identification of lactobacillar species.