Cardiometabolic diseases and associated risk factors in transitional rural communities in tropical coastal Ecuador.

BACKGROUND: There is a growing epidemic of chronic non-communicable diseases in low and middle-income countries, often attributed to urbanization, although there are limited data from marginalized rural populations. This study aimed to estimate prevalence of cardiometabolic diseases and associated risk factors in transitional rural communities. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of Montubio adults aged 18-94 years living in agricultural communities in a tropical coastal region of Ecuador. Data were collected by questionnaires and anthropometry, and fasting blood was analyzed for glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, insulin, and lipid profiles. Population-weighted prevalences of diabetes, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome were estimated. Associations between potential risk factors and outcomes were estimated using multilevel regression techniques adjusted for age and sex. RESULTS: Out of 1,010 adults recruited, 931 were included in the analysis. Weighted prevalences were estimated for diabetes (20.4%, 95% CI 18.3-22.5%), hypertension (35.6%, 95% CI 29.0-42.1%), and metabolic syndrome (54.2%. 95% CI 47.0-61.5%) with higher prevalence observed in women. Hypertension prevalence increased with age while diabetes and metabolic syndrome peaked in the 6th and 7th decades of life, declining thereafter. Adiposity indicators were associated with diabetes, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSION: We observed an unexpectedly high prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome in these marginalized agricultural communities. Transitional rural communities are increasingly vulnerable to the development of cardiometabolic risk factors and diseases. There is a need for targeted primary health strategies to reduce the burden of premature disability and death in these communities.

Cuatro especies nuevas del género Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae) en las provincias de Pichincha, Napo y Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Ecuador / Four new species of genus Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae) in the Pichincha, Napo, and Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas provinces, Ecuador

Se describen cuatro especies nuevas del género Drosophila. Drosophila valenteae sp. nov., recolectada en un remanente de bosque andino de la provincia de Pichincha, pertenece al grupo D. guarani. Drosophila cumanda sp. nov., recolectada en los andes orientales de la provincia de Napo, pertenece al grupo D. annulimana. Las especies D. cruzloma sp. nov., recolectada en el páramo de la provincia de Pichincha, y D. tinalandia sp. nov., recolectadas en los andes occidentales de la provincia de Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, aunque pertenecen al subgénero Drosophila, no fueron asignadas a ningún grupo de especies. Sin embargo D. tinalandia sp. nov. fue capturada en inflorescencias de especies del género Xanthosoma spp. (Araceae), por lo tanto podría estar relacionada a un grupo antofílico.

Four new species of the genus Drosophila are described. Drosophila valenteae sp. nov., collected in a remnant of Andean forest of the province of Pichincha, belongs to the group D. guarani. Drosophila cumanda sp. nov., collected in the eastern Andes of the province of Napo, belongs to the group D. annulimana. The species D. cruzloma sp. nov., collected in the paramo of the province of Pichincha, and D. tinalandia sp. nov., collected in the western Andes of the province of Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, although it belongs to the subgenus Drosophila, were not assigned to any group of species. However D. tinalandia sp. nov. was captured in inflorescences of species of the genus Xanthosoma spp. (Araceae), therefore it could be related to an anthophilic group.

Cuatro especies nuevas del género Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae) en las provincias de Pichincha, Napo y Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Ecuador

RESUMEN Se describen cuatro especies nuevas del género Drosophila. Drosophila valenteae sp. nov., recolectada en un remanente de bosque andino de la provincia de Pichincha, pertenece al grupo D. guarani. Drosophila cumanda sp. nov., recolectada en los andes orientales de la provincia de Napo, pertenece al grupo D. annulimana. Las especies D. cruzloma sp. nov., recolectada en el páramo de la provincia de Pichincha, y D. tinalandia sp. nov., recolectadas en los andes occidentales de la provincia de Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, aunque pertenecen al subgénero Drosophila, no fueron asignadas a ningún grupo de especies. Sin embargo D. tinalandia sp. nov. fue capturada en inflorescencias de especies del género Xanthosoma spp. (Araceae), por lo tanto podría estar relacionada a un grupo antofílico.

ABSTRACT Four new species of the genus Drosophila are described. Drosophila valenteae sp. nov., collected in a remnant of Andean forest of the province of Pichincha, belongs to the group D. guarani. Drosophila cumanda sp. nov., collected in the eastern Andes of the province of Napo, belongs to the group D. annulimana. The species D. cruzloma sp. nov., collected in the paramo of the province of Pichincha, and D. tinalandia sp. nov., collected in the western Andes of the province of Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, although it belongs to the subgenus Drosophila, were not assigned to any group of species. However D. tinalandia sp. nov. was captured in inflorescences of species of the genus Xanthosoma spp. (Araceae), therefore it could be related to an anthophilic group.

Cuatro especies nuevas del género Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae) en las provincias de Pichincha, Napo y Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Ecuador / Four new species of genus Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae) in the Pichincha, Napo, and Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas provinces, Ecuador

Se describen cuatro especies nuevas del género Drosophila. Drosophila valenteae sp. nov., recolectada en un remanente de bosque andino de la provincia de Pichincha, pertenece al grupo D. guarani. Drosophila cumanda sp. nov., recolectada en los andes orientales de la provincia de Napo, pertenece al grupo D. annulimana. Las especies D. cruzloma sp. nov., recolectada en el páramo de la provincia de Pichincha, y D. tinalandia sp. nov., recolectadas en los andes occidentales de la provincia de Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, aunque pertenecen al subgénero Drosophila, no fueron asignadas a ningún grupo de especies. Sin embargo D. tinalandia sp. nov. fue capturada en inflorescencias de especies del género Xanthosoma spp. (Araceae), por lo tanto podría estar relacionada a un grupo antofílico.(AU)

Four new species of the genus Drosophila are described. Drosophila valenteae sp. nov., collected in a remnant of Andean forest of the province of Pichincha, belongs to the group D. guarani. Drosophila cumanda sp. nov., collected in the eastern Andes of the province of Napo, belongs to the group D. annulimana. The species D. cruzloma sp. nov., collected in the paramo of the province of Pichincha, and D. tinalandia sp. nov., collected in the western Andes of the province of Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, although it belongs to the subgenus Drosophila, were not assigned to any group of species. However D. tinalandia sp. nov. was captured in inflorescences of species of the genus Xanthosoma spp. (Araceae), therefore it could be related to an anthophilic group.(AU)