Unidad de Cuidados Continuos y Paliativos del Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile / Continuous and Palliative Care Unit of Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile

Palliative care (PC) is recognized by the World Health Organization as a key component in the fight against chronic diseases and defined as “an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problem associated with life-threatening illness, through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable assessment and treatment of pain and other problems, physical, psychosocial and spiritual.” In Chile PC has intensely developed in the last two decades and consequently has become an urgent need to establish academic centers that provide knowledge and skills necessary to ensure the quality of provided care. The Continuous and Palliative Care Unit (CPCU) of the Clinical Hospital of the University of Chile was raised as a project of the Medical Management and under supervision of the Internal Medicine Department. In this article we summarize the overall background and current importance of CP, the vision and mission of the CPUC as well as its structure and goals for the first 12 month of operation...

Traqueostomía percutánea en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos / Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy in the Intensive Care Unit

El desarrollo de las diversas técnicas de traquesotomía percutánea ha facilitado la ejecución de este procedimiento en pacientes críticos sometidos a ventilación mecánica, y ha demostrado ser tanto o más seguro que la traqueostomía abierta en este grupo de enfermos. La traqueostomía percutánea ofrece beneficios adicionales, evitando la necesidad de movilizar a los pacientes a pabellón, acelerando su ejecución y mejorando la utilización de los recursos. En la actualidad la traqueostomía percutánea realizada en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos constituye el abordaje de elección para los pacientes críticos. La técnica de Ciaglia Blue Rhino es la modalidad de traqueostomía percutánea por dilatación más difundida a nivel mundial y la que presenta el mejor perfil de seguridad. La asistencia fibrobroncoscópica mejora la seguridad del procedimiento. Algunos pacientes seleccionados pueden beneficiarse de una evaluación previa con ecodoppler cervical. En la actualidad, la evidencia disponible sugiere fuertemente que la realización de una traqueostomía temprana puede reducir los días de ventilación mecánica y la estadía en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, sin embargo aún quedan dudas sobre su verdadero impacto en la incidencia de neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica y en la reducción de la mortalidad. En manos de un intensivista experimentado las contraindicaciones relativas clásicas no deberían ser un impedimento para la realización de una traqueostomía percutánea, ya que puede ser practicada con seguridad incluso en pacientes críticos de alto riesgo.

The development of various techniques of percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy has facilitated the implementation of this procedure in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy provides additional benefits by avoiding the need to mobilize patients to the operating room, speeding implementation and improving resource utilization. Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy has proven to be as safe as open surgical tracheostomy in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation; therefore it seems to be a more suitable approach for these patients. Ciaglia Blue Rhino technique is the most widespread method of percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy around de world and which has the best safety profile. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy assistance and preliminary cervical ultrasound examination in selected patients improve the safety of the procedure. Currently, the available evidence strongly suggests that performing an early tracheostomy may shorten the duration of mechanical ventilation and length of stay on the Intensive Care Unit. However, there are still doubts about its real impact on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia, and in reducing mortality. In hands of an experienced intensivist relative contraindications should not be an impediment to perform a percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy, since it can be performed safely even in high risk critically ill patients.

Traqueostomía percutánea con asistencia fibrobroncoscópica en pacientes críticos de alto riesgo: seguridad de las indicaciones extendidas / Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy with fiberoptic bronchoscopy assistance in high-risk critically ill patients

Introducción: La traqueostomía percutánea (TP) por dilatación es el método de elección en pacientes críticos que requieren la instalación de una traqueostomía. Sin embargo, una proporción importante de pacientes presentan habitualmente una o más contraindicaciones relativas para la realización de este procedimiento. Objetivo: Comparar la incidencia de complicaciones perioperatorias asociadas a la TP con la técnica de Ciaglia Blue Rhino y asistencia fibrobroncoscópica en pacientes críticos de alto riesgo versus pacientes críticos de bajo riesgo. Pacientes y Método: Se evaluaron en forma prospectiva 180 pacientes sometidos a una TP electiva debido a ventilación mecánica prolongada. Todas las TP fueron realizadas en la Unidad de Pacientes Críticos por un intensivista experimentado en el procedimiento y mediante un abordaje estandarizado. Se registraron variables demográficas, APACHE II, días de ventilación mecánica antes de la TP y la tasa de complicaciones perioperatorias. Resultados: La incidencia de complicaciones operatorias para los pacientes de alto y bajo riesgo fue 4,5 por ciento (3/67) y 5,2 por ciento (6/114), respectivamente (p = 0,81). No se registraron complicaciones operatorias graves, ni muertes asociadas al procedimiento. La incidencia de complicaciones postoperatorias fue 3 por ciento (2/67) para los pacientes de alto riesgo vs. 2,6 por ciento (3/114) para los pacientes de bajo riesgo (p =0,89). La incidencia global de complicaciones perioperatorias fue 7,5 por ciento (5/67) y 7,9 por ciento (9/114) para los pacientes de alto y bajo riesgo, respectivamente (p = 0,92).Conclusión: La TP por dilatación con la técnica de Ciaglia Blue Rhino modificada y asistencia fibrobroncoscópica es segura en pacientes críticos de alto riesgo, cuando es realizada por un intensivista experimentado mediante un abordaje estandarizado.

Background: Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT) is the method of choice in critically ill patients requiring the installation of a tracheostomy. However, a significant proportion of patients usually have one or more relative contraindications for this procedure. Objective: To compare the incidence of perioperative complication of PDT with the modified Ciaglia Blue Rhino technique and fiberoptic bronchoscopy assistance in high-risk critically ill patients versus low-risk critically ill patients. Patients and Methods: We prospectively evaluated 180 patients undergoing an elective PDT due to prolonged mechanical ventilation. All of the PDT were performed in the Critical Care Unit for an intensivist experienced in the procedure, using a standardized approach. We recorded demographic variables, APACHE II, days of mechanical ventilation before the PDT and the rate of perioperative complications. Results: The incidence of operative complications for patients high and low risk was 4.5 percent (3/67) and 5.2 percent (6/114), respectively (p =0.81). There were no serious operative complications or deaths associated with the procedure. The incidence of postoperative complications was 3 percent (2/67) for high risk patients vs 2.6 percent (3/114) for low risk patients (p=0.89). The overall incidence of perioperative complications was 7.5 percent (5/67) and 7.9 percent (9/114) for patients at high and low risk, respectively (p =0.92). Conclusions: PDT with the modified Ciaglia Blue Rhino technique and fiberoptic bronchoscopy assistance is safe in critically ill patients at high risk, when performed by an experienced intensivist using a standardized approach.

Traqueostomía en el paciente crítico / Tracheostomy in the critical patient

Tracheostomy has evolved from a complex surgical intervention traditionally performed in the operating room, to a bedside procedure that can be done in the Intensive Care Unit, through a percutaneous approach. Percutaneous tracheostomy has proven to be as safe as open surgical tracheostomy in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation; therefore it seems to be a more suitable approach for these patients because it avoids the need of mobilizing patients outside their units and is performed in less time. Ciaglia Blue Rhino technique is the most widespread method of percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy, and exhibits an adequate safety profile. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy assistance and preliminary cervical ultrasound examination in selected patients improve the safeness of the procedure. Currently, the available evidencestrongly suggests that achieving an early tracheostomy may shorten mechanical ventilation days and stay in the Intensive Care Unit, but a decline in ventilator-associated pneumonia incidence and overall mortality reduction remains to be proven. In hands of an experienced intensivist, relative contraindications should not be an impediment to perform a percutaneous tracheostomy, since it can be performed safely even in high risk critically ill patients. Recently completed studies and those close to be finished, will provide interesting data on this significant topic.

[Fiberoptic bronchoscopy assisted percutaneous tracheostomy: report of 100 patients]. / Traqueostomía percutánea con asistencia fibrobroncoscópica: Evaluación prospectiva de 100 casos consecutivos y revisión de la literatura.

BACKGROUND: Development of percutaneous techniques for tracheostomy have facilitated its implementation in the intensive care unit (ICU). AIM: To evaluate the safety of performing percutaneous tracheostomy (PT) using the Ciaglia Blue Rhino technique with fiberoptic bronchoscopy assistance in patients with prolonged mechanical ventilation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Prospective evaluation of 100 consecutive patients aged 62+/-16 years (38 women) subjected to percutaneous tracheostomy. All the procedures were performed in the ICU. Demographic variables, APACHE II, days of mechanical ventilation before PT, operative and post-operative complications were recorded. RESULTS: Mean APACHE II score was 20+/-3. Patients required on average 16+/-7 days of mechanical ventilation before PT. Eight patients (8%) had operative complications. One had an episode of transitory desaturation, one had a transitory hypotension related to sedation and six had mild bleeding not requiring transfusion. No patient required conversion to surgical tracheostomy. Four patients (4%) presented post-operative complications. Two had a mild and transitory bleeding of the ostomy and two had a displacement of the cannula. No other complications were observed. CONCLUSIONS: PT using the Ciaglia Blue Rhino technique with fiberoptic bronchoscopy assistance is a safe procedure that can be performed in the ICU by trained intensivists.

Traqueostomía percutánea con asistencia fibrobroncoscópica: evaluación prospectiva de 100 casos consecutivos y revisión de la literatura / Fiberoptic bronchoscopy assisted percutaneous tracheostomy: report of 100 patients

Background: Development of percutaneous techniques for tracheostomy have facilitated its implementation in the intensive care unit (ICU). Aim: To evaluate the safety of performing percutaneous tracheostomy (PT) using the Ciaglia Blue Rhino thechnique with fiberoptic bronchoscopy assistance in patients with prolonged mechanical ventilation. Patients and methods: Prospective evaluation of 100 consecutive patients aged 62±16 years (38 women) subjected to percutaneous tracheostomy. AU the procedures were performed in the ICU. Demographic variables, APACHE II, days of mechanical ventilation before PT, operative and post operative complications were recorded. Results: Mean APACHE II score was 20±3. Patients required on average 16±7 days of mechanical ventilation before PT. Eight patients (8 percent) had operative complications. One had an episode of transitory desaturation, one had a transitory hypotension related to sedation and six had mild bleeding not requiríng transfusión. No patient required conversión to surgical tracheostomy. Four patients (4 percent) presentedpost operative complications. Two had a mild and transitory bleeding ofthe ostomy and two had a displacement ofthe cannula. No other complications were observed. Conclusions: PT using the Ciaglia Blue Rhino technique with fiberoptic bronchoscopy assistance is a safe procedure that can be performed in the ICU by trained intensivists.

[Severe lactic acidosis caused by propofol infusion: report of one case]. / Acidosis láctica severa asociada a infusión de propofol: Caso clínico.

Propofol infusion syndrome (PRIS) is a rare but potentially lethal complications. This disorder is triggered under unknown circumstances by a propofol infusion of more than 5 mg/kg/h for more than 48 h. PRIS is characterized by a multiorgan failure and rhabdomyolysis and is induced by a disturbance in mitochondrial long chain fatty acid oxidation. We report a 43 year-old woman who underwent brain surgery due to a vascular malformation. In the immediate postoperative period, she had an unexplained and severe lactic acidosis. During anaesthesia, she received a propofol infusion of 7 mg/kg/h that continued in the UCI at a rate of 3.5 mg/kg/h, for 8 hours more. The suspicion of PRIS motivated immediate discontinuation of propofol with rapid correction of lactic acidosis and full recovery of the patient.

Acidosis láctica severa asociada a infusión de propofol: Caso clínico / Severe lactic acidosis caused by propofol infusion: Report of one case

Propofol infusion syndrome (PRIS) is a rare but potentially lethal complications. This disorder is triggered under unknown circumstances by a propofol infusion of more than 5 mg/kg/h for more than 48 h. PRIS is characterized by a multiorgan failure and rhabdomyolysis and is induced by a disturbance in mitochondrial long chain fatty acid oxidation. We report a 43 year-old woman who underwent brain surgery due to a vascular malformation. In the immediate postoperative period, she had an unexplained and severe lactic acidosis. During anaesthesia, she received a propofol infusion of 7 mg/kg/h that continued in the UCI at a rate of 3.5 mg/kg/h, for 8 hours more. The suspicion of PRIS motivated immediate discontinuation of propofol with rapid correction of lactic acidosis and full recovery of the patient.

Reanimación protocolizada del shcok séptico / Protocolized reanimation of septic shock

Severe sepsis and septic shock are pathologies with an increasing incidence in the world. Annually, in the USA 200.000 people die because of severe sepsis, the same number that die because of a myocardial infarction, being this last disease much more common. In Chile, a multicentric study found a 40 percent of prevalence of severe sepsis in critically ill patients, with amortality of 27 percent. In this scenario, it becomes of great importance the appropriate and integral management of this condition, by means of an early diagnosis and the implementation of anaggressive protocolized resuscitation, guided by clear goals. During the first stage of the resuscitation cristalloids and/ or colloids can be used, in order to expand the intravascular space, searching for CVP around 8 to 12 mmHg. In case of hypotension refractory to the administration of fluids, it is recommended to start with increasing doses of norepinephrin untila MAP of 65 - 75 mmHg is achieved. The intensity of the septic shock can be stratified according to the requirements of norepinephrine. It is of great importance to obtain blood cultures of the patients and to start with empiric antibiotic therapy as soon as possible. The initial metabolic goal must be the normalization of the central venous oxygen saturation. The implementation of the resuscitation bundle during the first six hours, since the diagnose of severe sepsis is done, increases the chances of surviving. Protocols of sedation and analgesia, and the use of protective mechanical ventilation is highly recommended. The use of hydrocortisone and human recombinant protein C in selected patients, may have a beneficial result in the outcome.Vasopressin, terlipressin and high-volume hemofiltration can be used as rescue measures for the most severe patients.

Cáncer de esófago / Esophageal cancer

Se presenta una serie de 60 pacientes con cáncer de esófago (35 hombres y 25 mujeres), con una edad promedio de 64 años. El tumor se ubicó preferentemente en el tercio distal del esófago (60 por ciento). El tipo histológico más frecuente fue el espinocelular, en 60 por ciento de los casos. Treinta y siete pacientes fueron operados y 35 de ellos resecados. De éstos, a 17 se les agregó radioterapia coadyuvante. Dieciseis pacientes recibieron sólo radioterapia y 9 no recibieron tratamiento específico. La mortalidad operatoria fue de 2,8 por ciento. La sobrevida actuarial a 5 años fue de 43 por ciento en el grupo que recibió sólo cirugía. Los pacientes que no recibieron tratamiento, tuvieron una sobrevida promedio de tres meses