[Radiotherapy of malignant tumors in children]. / Luchevoe lechenie zlokachestvennykh opukholei u detei.

Radiation treatment is widely used in pediatric cancer patients. Much attention should be paid to preserve the function and structure of normal organs and tissues adjacent to tumor. To achieve this goal, optimal treatment modality should be chosen and closely followed. Certain peculiarities of irradiation of children, particularly, infants should be considered. These include the use of medication sleep. Drug combinations to be used to prepare patients for radiotherapy are discussed.

[Results of neuroleukemia prevention in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia]. / Rezul'taty profilaktiki neiroleikoza u detei s ostrym limfoblastnym leikozom.

The follow-up of 318 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia given program therapy that included different treatments including chemo- and radioprevention of neuroleukemia demonstrated the high efficacy of the measures carried out, which reduced the incidence of neuroleukemia to 5.6%. No gross changes on the part of the neuropsychic status were revealed in the course of the follow-up of children who received the combined prophylaxis of neuroleukemia. The derangement of the CNS was recorded in 17 patients and ran its course in the form of leukemic meningitis and meningoencephalitis.

[Lymphosarcoma of the oropharynx and nasopharynx in children]. / Limfosarkoma roto- i nosoglotki u detei.

From 1983 to 1989, 22 patients aged 3 to 15 years with oro- and rhinopharyngeal lymphosarcomas were under observation. This number accounted for 10% of the total children's population with the same disease, with the observation period being the same. As a result of the examination, stage II was diagnosed in 13, stage III in 5, and stage IV in 4 patients. All the patients received chemo- and radiotherapy for 6-18 months. The relapse-free survival amounted to 50 months on the average, the total one to 52 months. It is stressed that early diagnosis and adequate therapy allow the cure of the majority of children with oro- and rhinopharyngeal lymphosarcomas.

[The absorbed dosage and its fractionation in the radiation treatment of tumors in children]. / Pogloshchennaia doza i ee fraktsionirovanie pri luchevom lechenii opukholei u detei.

Radiation therapy is widely used in pediatric oncology. Its use emphasizes the problems of the protection of growing tissues and organs. The paper is concerned with the problem of effective distribution of an ionizing radiation dose delivered to a locally advanced tumor in children. Analysis of the literature and authors' data show that the growing organs of a child are 2-2.5-fold more sensitive than the same organs of an adult. Besides some organs and tissues at various ages of a child possess a various degree of maturity. Therefore it is proposed that small single doses (0.6-1 Gy) that can be delivered 2-3 times a day, should be used in pediatric oncology. A scheme of dynamic irradiation of radiosensitive and resistant tumors of children was prepared and tested under clinical conditions.

[Rhabdomyosarcoma in children]. / Rabdomiosarkomy u detei.

Issues in diagnosis and complex treatment of pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma were studied in 198 patients with morphologically verified disease. Tumors most often developed in the genitourinary organs (36.6%), head and neck (37%) and--less frequently--on the trunk and extremities (26.4%). The diagnostic workup included instrumental methods, ultrasonography and computed tomography. All modern modalities of cancer treatment, viz. surgery, drug and radiotherapy were used in those patients. As a rule, treatment was either combined or complex. Two-year-survival rate ranged from 83% for rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit to 50% for those of the trunk and extremities and 47% for head and neck neoplasms. Two-year survival for patients with rhabdomyosarcoma of non-genitourinary sites was 54%.

[Radiotherapy in the multimodality treatment of retinoblastomas in children]. / Luchevaia terapiia v kompleksnom lechenii retinoblastom u detei.

The results of multimodality therapy of 50 children with uni- or bilateral retinoblastoma were assessed. Gamma-beam therapy with the application of a special protective collimator and polychemotherapy were used as modalities supplementing eye extirpation. Some patients were irradiated prior to operation, the others following it. Despite a slight decrease in a tumor radiation dose in the first group, 2-year survival rates in both groups were the same. Of 32 patients 30 (94%) in both groups have been alive for 2 yrs. without signs of disease after multimodality therapy. Patients with Stage I retinoblastoma were subjected to chemo- and radiotherapy; 16 out of 18 patients have been alive for 2 yrs. It has been stressed that radiation therapy is an important component in multimodality therapy. It can be used as a modality of the combined method of tumor surgical removal or as a method of radical therapy in early forms of the disease.