In ovo application of a live infectious bursal disease vaccine to commercial broilers confers proper immunity.

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an economically important disease of young chickens caused by the Avibirnavirus infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Besides biosecurity, vaccination is the most important measure for IBDV control. Sufficient levels of maternally derived antibodies (MDA) protect against early challenge and also interfere with the take of live conventional vaccines. Recently, the field surveys conducted in four countries, published by Ashash, U., Noach, C., Perelman, B., Costello, C., Sansalone, P., Brazil, T. & Raviv, Z. [(2019). In ovo and day of hatch application of a live infectious bursal disease virus vaccine to commercial broilers. Avian Diseases, 63, 713-720] using the MB-1 vaccine strain by in ovo application or sub-cutaneous route at the day of hatch seem to conflict with the rule that very early application of a conventional live vaccine in birds with significant levels of MDA has very little chance of a successful immune response. An in ovo vaccination-challenge controlled experiment with MB-1 vaccine was performed using commercial broilers with high levels of MDA against IBDV and a vvIBDV challenge at 22 or 36 days of age. Clinical signs, bursa-bodyweight ratios, histology, serology, RT-PCR, Sanger- and deep sequencing were used to study the efficacy and safety of the in ovo-applied MB1 vaccine in comparison to an established immuno-complex vaccine. The study findings confirmed that the in ovo application of the live MB-1 vaccine in commercial broilers was successful and induced full protection against a vvIBDV challenge at 22 and 36 days of age, demonstrated by the bursa lesion score and qPCR and IBDV genotyping. Comparable to the field studies, a delayed viral replication of 2-3 weeks, following the in ovo administration of the MB1 vaccine, was observed.

Acute and chronic leukemias in adults.

The progression in understanding the biology of leukemia represents a remarkable bridging of clinical and laboratory science, which has provided much critical knowledge necessary for the design of curative protocols. Drs. Rachel Borson and Virgil Loeb, Jr., of the Division of Hematology/Oncology in the Department of Medicine at the Washington School of Medicine in St. Louis note advances that have led to increased survival in the present and research that holds even greater promise for the future.

Survival in Hodgkin's disease by stage and age.

Patterns of care for Hodgkin's disease in the United States were surveyed through voluntary audits of hospitals with cancer programs nonapproved and approved by the Cancer Commission of the American College of Surgeons. Four hundred and seventy-three hospitals reported 6,345 patients diagnosed immediately preceding December 31, 1975. The survival rates varied with age, being better at younger ages and worse in the elderly. By pathologic stage, the younger patients faired better than the elderly in each stage grouping. Histologic type was not a factor in this poor prognosis. Hodgkin's disease in elderly patients has a different biologic behavior than in younger patients.

The 1986 Samuel C. Harvey lecture: partners in cancer education.

I have attempted to highlight the important contributions of a voluntary health organization committed solely to cancer research, education, and patient service. The involvement of many thousands of volunteers has allowed the American Cancer Society to provide the country with a private sector alternative to government programs. Progress in cancer control through changes in lifestyle will not occur simply through the intervention of federal regulations. It will happen through private initiatives in neighborhoods across the country. It is in these communities that volunteers become the spark for the mission of cancer control. The financial contributions of millions of Americans along with their neighbors' enthusiasm and labors enable the American Cancer Society to provide all of us with vital ways to help ourselves, to train health professional leaders, and to unlock the mysteries of cancer through research. The American Cancer Society and the American Association for Cancer Education are truly partners in cancer education.

National survey of patterns of care for Hodgkin's disease.

Patterns of care for Hodgkin's disease were surveyed through voluntary audits of hospitals with cancer programs approved by the Cancer Commission of the American College of Surgeons. Four hundred seventy-three hospitals reported 6314 patients in the long-term survey (patients diagnosed immediately preceding December 31, 1975), and 611 hospitals identified 3168 new patients in the short-term study (patients diagnosed immediately following January 1, 1981). The latter represent 45% of the estimated annual incidence in the United States. Comparison of the two studies showed changes in the procedures employed in staging, including an increased use of lung and abdominal computed tomography and bilateral bone marrow biopsies. Use of upper mantle plus periaortic node radiotherapy increased, whereas the inverted-Y field decreased. The use of single-agent chemotherapy decreased, and MOPP (nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone) chemotherapy increased. The survival rates varied with age, being better at younger ages and worse in the elderly.

Chemotherapy of advanced breast cancer. A general survey.

Most patients with locally advanced primary breast cancer and almost all patients with disseminated malignancy will ultimately die of their disease. Nevertheless, because breast cancer is one of the most responsive of the solid tumors to cytotoxic drugs, appropriately chosen chemotherapy can relieve symptoms and prolong survival. Adriamycin (doxorubicin) is the most effective among many useful single agents. Combination chemotherapy can augment responses with acceptable toxicity and, along with hormonal manipulation in selected situations, constitutes the standard of care for metastatic disease in 1983. In the interpretation of the clinical oncology literature, meticulous attention to prognostic factors and details of study design is necessary in order to assess the superiority of any particular regimen. Controlled clinical trials of various drug combinations and schedules are especially valuable. The use of an integrated clinical approach involving rational surgical, radiologic, and medical strategies in the management of locally advanced as well as metastatic breast cancer can provide not only meaningful palliation but prolonged disease-free survival for many patients with this common neoplasm.

Resistance to therapy of acute leukemia developing in the course of polycythemia vera.

Thirteen patients in whom acute leukemia developed in the course of polycythemia vera were initially treated with vincristine and prednisone in an attempt at remission induction. None responded, and four died during this initial course of therapy. Induction was then attempted in the nine survivors, using cytosine arabinoside and adriamycin. Only one complete remission of 38 weeks and one partial remission were achieved, while median survival was 32 days. Poor results may reflect both the intrinsic biologic properties of the acute leukemia occurring in this setting and the advanced age of the patients.

Biweekly chlorambucil treatment of lymphocytic lymphoma.

Forty patients with lymphocytic lymphoma were treated with escalating doses of chlorambucil biweekly starting at a dose of 0.4 mg/kg. Fifty percent of patients achieved a complete remission, usually after 6-12 months of therapy. Overall response rate was 80%. Bone marrow involvement did not indicate an adverse prognosis, with 56.5% achieving a complete remission and an overall response rate of 87%. Hematologic toxicity was mild with only three patients showing moderate granulocyte toxicity and two patients showing moderate platelet toxicity. Severe bone marrow toxicity was not observed. Patients with diffuse lymphocytic tissue histology had the poorest response rates--well differentiated 27.3% and poorly differentiated 33.3%. Nodular lymphocytic lymphomas had the best response rates with the well-differentiated type, having 69.2% complete remission and poorly differentiated types having 60.0% complete remissions. Biweekly chlorambucil is an excellent regimen for nodular lymphocytic lymphomas, comparing favorably to combination chemotherapeutic regimens.

Extended field radiation therapy in Hodgkin's disease: analysis of failures.

A retrospective analysis of 116 primary cases of stage I, II and III-A Hodgkin's disease demonstrated 27 failures, fourteen confirmed by biopsy. Twenty of the 27 (74%) were in lymph node areas only and seven had extranodal extensions. The most frequent site of failure was the hilar nodes and contiguous lung. The majority of failures (78%) occurred within 30 months of treatment and the cause of failure determined in 23 (85%), sixteen of which were due to technical errors of irradiation. Analysis of the dosimetry in the mediastinal, hilar nodes and contiguous lung failures revealed three factors which may have contributed to a low dose. These factors are: 1) the equivalent square, 2) off-axis beam diminution, and 3) the anteroposterior dose profile. Combined radiation therapy and chemotherapy was more effective than either modality alone in the treatment of these failures.

1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea(BCNU), cyclophosphamide, vincristine- and prednisone-(BCOP). A new therapeutic regimen for diffuse histiocytic lymphoma.

Sixty-seven evaluable patients with mixed cellular and histiocytic lymphomas, both nodular and diffuse, were treated with a combined drug regimen of BCNU, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone administered for six monthly courses. Of 28 previously untreated patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma, 14 (50%) achieved a complete remission, and an additional 7 (25%) had a good partial response for an overall remission rate of 75%. Complete remissions were also obtained among the small number of mixed and nodular histiocytic lymphomas which were treated. The median survival for previously untreated patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma who achieved a complete remission is nearly two years and 42% (8/19) of these patients remain in their initial unmaintained remission (range 2-119 weeks). Hematologic toxicity, although acceptable, was the limiting factor. Granulocytes were more often and more severely depressed than platelets.