[Muscular injuries of athletes : Importance of ultrasound]. / Muskelverletzungen des Sportlers : Stellenwert des Ultraschalls.

CLINICAL/METHODICAL ISSUE: Muscular injuries represent the most common musculoskeletal lesions. Especially in professional athletes an imaging clarification is essential in order to define the exact location of the lesion, the affected muscles, the extent and degree of the injury as well as to define possible concomitant complications. The best possible therapy can be initiated and a necessary rest period for a low risk resumption of sporting activity can be individually specified. STANDARD RADIOLOGICAL METHODS/METHODICAL INNOVATIONS: Due to technical improvements, for example mobile devices and thus increased rapid availability as well as relative cost-effectiveness compared to other modalities, the imaging evaluation of muscle injury would nowadays be unthinkable without ultrasound. PERFORMANCE: The article discusses general prerequisites for the performance of muscle ultrasound as well as a standardized examination algorithm of muscle injuries beginning with general and leading to special tips and tricks. ACHIEVEMENTS/PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS: Despite the known investigator dependence, ultrasound enables a reliable and unerring imaging clarification of muscle injuries. For this reason, ultrasound should be considered as the first-line diagnostic imaging modality when dealing with muscle trauma.

[Ultrasound-guided interventions on the peripheral nervous system]. / Ultraschallgesteuerte Interventionen am peripheren Nervensystem.

CLINICAL/METHODICAL ISSUE: Up to the advent of high-resolution ultrasound, interventions on the peripheral nervous system, including local anesthesia and pain treatment were performed without visual guidance, which in some cases led to treatment failure or local tissue and nerve damage. METHODICAL INNOVATIONS: Progress in the field of ultrasound has enabled the functional visualization, anesthesia and anti-inflammatory or neurolytic treatment of many peripheral nerves, such as the brachial plexus, nerves of the upper and lower extremities and various nerves of the trunk. Contrast medium-guided biopsies have also become feasible. ACHIEVEMENTS: This article discusses the general prerequisites for such interventions and details the visualization and the interventional algorithms for interventions on the brachial plexus, on large nerves often affected by compression neuropathies, such as the median, ulnar, sciatic and femoral nerves and small nerves, such as the lateral cutaneous nerves of the thigh. Furthermore, contrast medium-aided biopsies of intraneural and perineural masses are discussed. Finally, the treatment of stump neuromas via phenol instillation is described. PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS: Innovations in high-resolution ultrasound allow the reliable and safe diagnosis and treatment of various pathologies of the peripheral nervous system with few side effects. Compared to older methods, which did not use visual guidance ultrasound provides higher success rates and lower adverse event rates in many instances.

Doppler-guided haemorrhoidal artery ligation with suture mucopexy compared with suture mucopexy alone for the treatment of Grade III haemorrhoids: a prospective randomized controlled trial.

AIM: Novel minimally invasive techniques aimed to reposition the haemorrhoidal zone have been established for prolapsing haemorrhoids. We present a prospective randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of additional Doppler-guided ligation of submucosal haemorrhoidal arteries (DG-HAL) in patients with symptomatic Grade III haemorrhoids. The trial was registered as ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02372981. METHOD: All consecutive patients with symptomatic Grade III haemorrhoids were randomly allocated to one of the two study arms: (i) Group A, DG-HAL with mucopexy or (ii) Group B, mucopexy alone. End-points were postoperative pain, faecal incontinence, bleeding, residual prolapse and alterations of the vascularization of the anorectal vascular plexus. Vascularization of the anorectal vascular plexus was assessed by transperineal contrast enhanced ultrasound. Patients recorded their symptoms in a diary maintained for a month. RESULTS: Forty patients were recruited and randomized to the two study groups. Patients in Group A had less pain in the first two postoperative weeks. At the 12-month follow-up, two patients in Group A (10%) and one in Group B (5%) showed recurrent Grade III haemorrhoids (P = 0.274). No significant morphological changes were observed in the transperineal ultrasound findings between the preoperative assessment and the assessment at 1 and 6 months in either group (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Mucopexy techniques for treating prolapsing haemorrhoids are effective, but DG-HAL does not add significantly to the results achieved by mucopexy. Repositioning the haemorrhoidal zone is the key to success, and mucopexy should be placed at the sites of the largest visible prolapse.

The Ulnar Nerve After Surgical Transposition: Can Sonography Define the Reason of Persisting Neuropathy?

PURPOSE: Ulnar nerve neuropathy is mainly caused by compression at the level of the cubital tunnel. Two main approaches are currently known for the surgical treatment of this condition: decompression of the nerve in its usual position or transposition to the ulnar flexor side. This study was performed to define the usefulness of ultrasound in patients with persisting symptoms after ulnar nerve transposition. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We present the data of 8 subjects with persisting symptoms after nerve transposition due to compressive neuropathy. The cross-section areas (CSA) and texture changes were recorded. Each ulnar nerve was divided into 6 segments - 3 segments at the proximal pass and 3 segments at the distal pass through the subcutaneous fascia. RESULTS: Texture changes were recorded in 4.6 (76.7 %)  ±â€Š1.2 and outer nerve sheath blurring in mean 4.1 (68.3 %)  ±â€Š1.1 of the segments. Caliber changes were found in the course of the nerve based on the 6 segments: A mean CSA of 7.45  mm²â€Š ±  2.24 was found proximal to the upper fascial passage (PUF), a mean CSA of 11.96  mm²  ±  3.61  at the upper fascial passage (UF), a mean CSA of 11.49  mm²â€Š ±â€Š 8.16 distal to the upper fascial passage (DUF), a mean CSA of 10.84  mm²â€Š ±  4.73 proximal to the lower fascial passage (PLF), a mean CSA of 12.12  mm²â€Š ±â€Š 5  at the lower fascial passage (LF), and a mean CSA of 7.89  mm²  ±  3.42 distal to the lower fascial passage (DLF). All transposed nerves presented relevant kinks at the UF, 6 nerves presented relevant kinks at the LF. CONCLUSION: In cases of secondary ulnar neuropathy after nerve transposition, ultrasound can reliably assess the actual "situation" of the nerve and thus at least ease the decision for secondary surgery.

Ultrasound imaging of the axillary nerve and its role in the diagnosis of traumatic impairment.

PURPOSE: The axillary nerve (AN) is frequently injured during shoulder trauma and imaging is required to define the site and extent of nerve injury. However, the AN has a rather complex course through several soft tissue compartments of the shoulder and axilla. Therefore, imaging of the nerve with MRI and sonography is troublesome. Thus detection and sonographic assessment bases on thorough knowledge of local topography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This investigation aimed at defining reliable anatomical landmarks for AN-sonography in 5 volunteers and later validating the proposed sonographic examination protocol in 10 unselected patients. RESULTS: With strict adherence to the proposed examination algorithm, sonography of the AN was feasible in all volunteers and patients. Furthermore, sonographic findings correlated nicely with the golden standard "surgical exploration" concerning severity and topography of neural impairment. CONCLUSION: Based on our study results we propose our algorithm for AN-sonography as the first-line imaging tool for the assessment of axillary nerve trauma.

Transperineal ultrasonography as a complementary diagnostic tool in identifying acute perianal sepsis.

BACKGROUND: Successful anal fistula care in complex cases can be assisted by specialized imaging which accurately defines the site of the internal fistula opening and the fistula type. There are currently limited data concerning the clinical indications for and accuracy of transperineal ultrasound (TP-US) in acute perianal sepsis. The aims of this study were to compare the anatomical interpretation of TP-US images with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and surgical findings in an unselected patient cohort presenting with acute perianal sepsis. METHODS: Sixty-seven consecutive patients with acute anorectal sepsis referred from the surgical department were examined using TP-US and Gadolinium-enhanced MRI with both examiners blinded to the surgical results. Fistulae were categorized by the Parks' classification of fistula type. RESULTS: Thirty-six abscesses were detected by MRI, 38 by TP-US and 30 by surgical examination. Operatively discordant cases showed only ischiorectal panniculitis. TP-US was more accurate in the diagnosis of superficial sepsis and MRI in the diagnosis of deep-seated perirectal infection. TP-US and MRI show concordance with operative findings in fistula diagnosis with a tendency for TP-US to overdiagnose trans-sphincteric fistulae and MRI to over diagnose extra-sphincteric fistulae. Comparison of TP-US with MRI showed good agreement for perianal abscess diagnosis (τ = 0.82) and for fistula diagnosis (τ = 0.68). For fistulae, TP-US showed moderate agreement with surgery (τ = 0.43) with only fair agreement between MRI and surgery (τ = 0.29). CONCLUSIONS: Transperineal ultrasound complements other imaging modalities in the anatomical diagnosis of acute perianal abscesses and fistulae. It has specific advantages over other techniques and is accurate in the detection of superficially located perirectal sepsis showing concordance with MRI and surgical findings.

Ewing sarcoma versus osteomyelitis: differential diagnosis with magnetic resonance imaging.

OBJECTIVE: To find and evaluate characteristic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) patterns for the differentiation between Ewing sarcoma and osteomyelitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified 28 consecutive patients referred to our department for MRI (1.5 T) of an unclear bone lesion with clinical symptoms suggestive of Ewing sarcoma or osteomyelitis. MRI scans were re-evaluated by two experienced radiologists, typical MR imaging features were documented and a diagnostic decision between Ewing sarcoma and osteomyelitis was made. Statistical significance of the association between MRI features and the biopsy-based diagnosis was assessed using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: The most clear-cut pattern for determining the correct diagnosis was the presence of a sharp and defined margin of the bone lesion, which was found in all patients with Ewing sarcoma, but in none of the patients with osteomyelitis (P < 0.0001). Contrast enhancing soft tissue was present in all cases with Ewing sarcoma and absent in 4 patients with osteomyelitis (P = 0.0103). Cortical destruction was found in all patients with Ewing sarcoma, 4 patients with osteomyelitis did not present any cortical reaction (P = 0.0103). Cystic or necrotic areas were identified in 13 patients with Ewing sarcoma and in 1 patient with osteomyelitis (P = 0.004). Interobserver reliability was very good (kappa = 1) in Ewing sarcoma and moderate (kappa = 0.6) in patients with osteomyelitis. CONCLUSIONS: A sharp and defined margin, optimally visualized on T1-weighted images in comparison to short tau inversion recovery (STIR) images, is the most significant feature of Ewing sarcoma in differentiating from osteomyelitis.

Thickened hyperechoic outer epineurium, a sonographic sign suggesting snapping ulnar nerve syndrome?

PURPOSE: Snapping ulnar nerve syndrome (dislocation of the ulnar nerve over the medial epicondyle) is one of many causes of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. This preliminary study was performed to search for sonographic signs suggesting the presence of this condition. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We retrospectively investigated 11 patients with snapping ulnar nerve syndrome (SNAP) in comparison with an age-matched group of 20 patients with idiopathic cubital tunnel syndrome (SNU). Patients were grouped according to the presence of paretic or merely sensory deficits. Nerve cross section area (CSA) and thickness of outer epineurium (ET) was measured and correlated with neurological findings. Statistical differences were evaluated with the Mann-Whitney U-Test. RESULTS: 5 SNAP (10 SNU) patients had sensory symptoms only, 6 SNAP (10 SNU) patients had paretic deficits. CSA in sensory SNU was 0.14 cm(2), in paretic SNU 0.19 cm(2), in sensory SNAP 0.15 cm(2) and in paretic SNAP 0.14 cm(2). ET in sensory SNU was 0.85 mm, 0.8 mm in paretic SNU, 1.05 mm in sensory SNAP and 1.1 in paretic SNAP. Differences in CSA were not significant depending on symptoms or group, differences in ET were not significant depending on symptoms but on group (SNAP versus SNU) at α = 0.05. CONCLUSION: A thickened, hyperechoic outer epineurium in a patient with ulnar neuropathy at the elbow might be a statistically significant differential feature of snapping ulnar nerve syndrome and should be involved in a further functional sonographic evaluation during flexion/extension of the elbow.

Ultrasound guided versus CT-controlled pararadicular injections in the lumbar spine: a prospective randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Injection therapies play a major role in the treatment of lower back pain and are to date performed mainly under CT- or fluoroscopic guidance. We conducted this study to evaluate the accuracy, time savings, radiation doses, and pain relief of US-guided pararadicular injections versus CT-controlled interventions in the lumbar spine in a prospective randomized clinical trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty adult patients were consecutively enrolled and assigned to a US or CT group. US-guided pararadicular injections were performed on a standard US device by using a broadband curved-array transducer (9-4 or 5-1 MHz). In the in-plane technique, the needle was advanced through the respective segmental intertransverse ligament. The needle tip position was verified by CT. The CT-guided approaches were performed under standardized procedures by using the CT-positioning laser function. RESULTS: The accuracy of US-guided interventions was 90%. The mean time to final needle placement in the US group was 4.0 ± 1.8 minutes, and in the CT group, 7.6 ± 2.1 minutes. The mean radiation doses, including CT confirmation for study purposes only, were 20.3 ± 9.0 mGy cm for the US group and 42.6 ± 36.1 mGy cm for the CT group. Both groups showed the same significant pain relief (P < .05) without relevant "intermethodic" differences of pain relief (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: US-guided pararadicular injections show a therapeutic effect similar to that in the time-consuming, expensive, ionizing CT or fluoroscopically guided pararadicular injections and result in a significant reduction of procedure time expenditure and avoidance of radiation.

Punched nerve syndrome: ultrasonographic appearance of functional vascular nerve impairment.

PURPOSE: The mechanical impact of a neighboring vessel on a "punched" nerve segment is thought to be one possible cause of compression neuropathy but has not been proven definitively. We report on 9 subjects with unclear clinical mononeuropathies in whom we could clearly define peripheral nerve impairment by such vessels on real-time high-resolution ultrasound (HRUS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine subjects with unclear mononeuropathy based on clinical neurological examination were referred to our department for HRUS assessment. The shape, inner and outer echotexture, size and diameter, and overall integrity of these nerves were assessed including an exact analysis of the surrounding soft tissues to search for potentially extraneural pathology. This included duplex imaging to identify even tiny atypical vascular structures. RESULTS: In all patients duplex HRUS showed the pulsatile and "punching" character of the relevant vessels and the direct mechanical impact of these vessel. The involved nerve segments appeared enlarged with a hypoechoic change of echotexture including at least partial masking of their inner fascicular texture. CONCLUSION: Although rare, a "punching" vessel can be the cause of a compression neuropathy. Therefore, duplex HRUS must be included in every HRUS examination of patients with otherwise unclear mononeuropathy.

Notable features in composite tissue allografts: value of high-resolution ultrasonography as a first-line imaging modality.

PURPOSE: Hand transplantation is challenging, especially with respect to postoperative care. Serious complications including rejection of the transplant are possible. To date, imaging has relied mainly on plain radiography, CT and MRI. High-resolution ultrasound (HRUS) has the potential to be a quick, cost-effective and dynamic alternative at least for the initial assessment of most of these complications. We report on our experience with HRUS in three patients after bilateral hand/forearm transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three male patients with bilateral hand/forearm transplantation after traumatic amputation underwent periodic HRUS and color Doppler assessment. These exams focused especially on the detection of changes at the coaptation sites (nerve/muscle/tendon coaptation) and expected changes in vessels and healing bones in the compound allograft. The HRUS data were compared to available data of other radiological imaging modalities. RESULTS: Relevant post-transplant changes such as neuromas, arteriovenous fistulas, heterotopic ossifications and scars were specified by HRUS. In addition information on muscle and tendon function was gained by dynamic ultrasound. In most cases no relevant information gain by other modalities was stated. CONCLUSION: Based on our experience, we recommend sonography as a first-line modality for the follow-up of patients who underwent composite tissue allografting. HRUS allows the reliable and timely diagnosis of relevant complications and the monitoring of postoperative changes and sets the course for therapy or further more invasive imaging.

A new simplified sonographic approach for pararadicular injections in the lumbar spine: a CT-controlled cadaver study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Injection therapies play a major role in the treatment of lower back pain and are to date performed mainly under CT or fluoroscopic guidance. The benefits of US-guided instillation procedures have been shown in many studies. We conducted this study to simplify an US-guided approach to the lumbar spinal nerves and to assess the feasibility and preliminary accuracy by means of CT and anatomic dissection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten US-guided injections at 5 different levels (L1-L5) were performed on 1 embalmed cadaver. Images in 3 sagittal/parasagittal scanning planes were obtained at each lumbar level: 1) the plane of the spinous processes, 2) the plane of the lumbar arches/zygapophyseal-joints, and 3) the plane of the transverse processes. The PAP was then defined by positioning the transducer perpendicularly over the medial part of the respective transverse processes, depicting the hyperechoic intertransverse ligament. In the "in-plane technique," spinal needles were advanced through the respective segmental intertransverse ligament. A solution consisting of a contrast agent and a pigmented dispersion was subsequently injected into the pararadicular compartment. An anatomic dissection of the specimen and CT scans were performed to verify the exact placement of the needle tips and to evaluate fluid dispersion in the punctured compartment. RESULTS: CT examination confirmed that each needle tip was correctly placed within the intended compartment with sufficient contrast accumulation around the respective proximal segment of the spinal nerve. On each anatomic section, dye was identified in the correct compartment and directly around each targeted spinal nerve with needles shown in the correct position. CONCLUSIONS: This modified US approach for therapeutic root injections in the lumbar spine by using the intertransverse ligament as a new anatomic landmark allows an easy and correct needle placement within the pararadicular compartment.

Unusual functional compression of the deep branch of the radial nerve by a vascular branch (leash of Henry): ultrasonographic appearance.

PURPOSE: Radial nerve compression caused by crossing branches of the recurrent radial artery - so called hypertrophic "leash(es) of Henry" (LoH) - is rare. Nevertheless it is important to diagnose the type of compression neuropathy in the forearm. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We report 2 subjects with unclear neuropathy of the deep branch of the radial nerve (DBRN) who showed compression by an LoH on high resolution ultrasound (HRUS) assessment. The shape and echotexture of the radial nerve were assessed with respect to the typical outer and inner texture of peripheral nerves in HRUS. Using color and/or power Doppler, an exact analysis of the surrounding soft tissues follows to search for possible atypical vessels compressing the nerve. RESULTS: In both patients a hypertrophic leash of Henry was identified with color/power Doppler ultrasound and the direct vascular compression of the DBRN was readily demonstrated. The involved nerve segment was enlarged with a mean transverse diameter of 2.7 mm and 1.9 mm, with a hypoechoic change and partial masking of the inner fascicular texture of the nerve at the level of the LoH. CONCLUSION: In summary, both presented patients showed a unique topographic concordance of a textural change of the deep radial nerve (i. e., swelling and inner hypoechoic fascicular change) and the causative hypertrophic crossing artery. The use of power Doppler ultrasound in addition to caliber and texture changes shown on grayscale ultrasound and the functional visualization of pulsating vessels should be included in every sonographic examination of patients with chronic forearm pain symptoms.

Optimizing ultrasound-guided biopsy of musculoskeletal masses by application of an ultrasound contrast agent.

PURPOSE: We report on a novel approach to the work-up of musculoskeletal lesions with addition of an ultrasound contrast agent followed by focal ultrasound-guided biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this pilot study 25 patients (age: 12-75) with unclear musculoskeletal tumors underwent grayscale ultrasound, color Doppler, contrast-enhanced ultrasound and subsequent ultrasound-guided biopsy. Grayscale and color Doppler ultrasound were performed with a 12-5 MHz broadband linear transducer and contrast-enhanced ultrasound with a 9-3 MHz broadband linear transducer (iU22®, Philips, USA) using a second-generation contrast agent (SonoVue®, Bracco, Italy). After the definition of the target area by contrast-enhanced ultrasound, guided biopsies were performed with a spring-loaded tru-cut™ biopsy needle using the coaxial technique. RESULTS: The definition of enhancing and viable tumor regions resulted in a diagnostic yield of the subsequent biopsy of 100%. Seventeen tumors were classified as malignant and eight as benign, which was finally confirmed by histological work-up or the further clinical follow-up. CONCLUSION: This pilot study with a limited series of patients improved the diagnostic yield of ultrasound-guided biopsy to 100%, which is at least rather promising. Our easy-to-use algorithm should reduce the rate of inconclusive histology results mainly caused by sampling errors to an unrivaled minimum.

Ulnar neuropathy at Guyon's canal: electrophysiological and surgical findings.

Published correlations between electrophysiological and surgical findings are relatively rare in cases of ulnar nerve compression at the wrist, compared to the more common compression of the ulnar nerve at the elbow. We describe a patient who presented with clinical and electrodiagnostic findings of a pure motor ulnar neuropathy involving the territory of the deep branch. Surgical exploration revealed that a ganglion cyst caused compression of the deep ulnar motor branch at Guyon's canal. This case illustrates the usefulness of electrodiagnostic studies in the localization of nerve entrapment prior to surgery.