The application of electrosprayed minocycline-loaded PLGA microparticles for the treatment of glioblastoma.

The survival of patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common and invasive form of malignant brain tumors, remains poor despite advances in current treatment methods including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Minocycline is a semi-synthetic tetracycline derivative that has been widely used as an antibiotic and more recently, it has been utilized as an antiangiogenic factor to inhibit tumorigenesis. The objective of this study was to investigate the utilization of electrospraying process to fabricate minocycline-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles with high drug loading and loading efficiency and to evaluate their ability to induce cell toxicity in human glioblastoma (i.e., U87-MG) cells. The results from this study demonstrated that solvent mixture of dicholoromethane (DCM) and methanol is the optimal solvent combination for minocycline and larger amount of methanol (i.e., 70:30) resulted in a higher drug loading. All three solvent ratios of DCM:methanol tested produced microparticles that were both spherical and smooth, all in the micron size range. The electrosprayed microparticles were able to elicit a cytotoxic response in U87-MG glioblastoma cells at a lower concentration of drug compared to the free drug. This work provides proof of concept to the hypothesis that electrosprayed minocycline-loaded PLGA microparticles can be a promising agent for the treatment of GBM and could have potential application for cancer therapies.

Changes in carbon metabolism and dissolved organic carbon fluxes on seagrass patches (Halodule wrightii) with different ages in Southern Gulf of California.

Seagrass meadows are highly dynamic, particularly in sites where extreme climatological events may produce a mosaic of patches with different ages. This study evaluates the community carbon metabolism, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fluxes and associated fauna in patches of Halodule wrightii with different ages since establishment. Net community production declined as patch age increased, probably due to the increase in non-photosynthetic tissues, higher respiration rates of the community assemblage and a likely increase in self-shading of the canopy. The export of DOC was significantly higher in the youngest patches, mainly as a consequence of the lower seagrass net production recorded in older meadows. We concluded that 'colonizers' seagrass species may show higher production rates and DOC release during the first stages of colonization, which suggest that, the production, organic carbon exportation and their role as relevant blue carbon communities may be higher than expected.

Upconversion, MRI imaging and optical trapping studies of silver nanoparticle decorated multifunctional NaGdF4:Yb,Er nanocomposite.

The multifunctional upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are fascinating tool for biological applications. In the present work, photon upconverting NaGdF4:Yb,Er and Ag nanoparticles decorated NaGdF4:Yb,Er (NaGdF4:Yb,Er@Ag) nanoparticles were prepared using a simple polyol process. Rietveld refinement was performed for detailed crystal structural and phase fraction analysis. The morphology of the NaGdF4:Yb,Er@Ag was examined using high-resolution transmission electron microscope, which reveals silver nanoparticles of 8 nm in size were decorated over spherical shaped NaGdF4:Yb,Er nanoparticles with a mean particle size of 90 nm. The chemical compositions were confirmed by EDAX and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry analyses. The upconversion luminescence (UCL) of NaGdF4:Yb,Er at 980 nm excitation showed an intense red emission. After incorporating the silver nanoparticles, the UCL intensity decreased due to weak scattering and surface plasmon resonance effect. The VSM magnetic measurement indicates both the UCNPs possess paramagnetic behaviour. The NaGdF4:Yb,Er@Ag showed computed tomography imaging. Magnetic resonance imaging study exhibited better T1 weighted relaxivity in the NaGdF4:Yb,Er than the commercial Gd-DOTA. For the first time, the optical trapping was successfully demonstrated for the upconversion NaGdF4:Yb,Er nanoparticle at near-infrared 980 nm light using an optical tweezer setup. The optically trapped UCNP possessing paramagnetic property exhibited a good optical trapping stiffness. The UCL of trapped single UCNP is recorded to explore the effect of the silver nanoparticles. The multifunctional properties for the NaGdF4:Yb,Er@Ag nanoparticle are demonstrated.

Application of iron oxide nanoparticles to control the release of minocycline for the treatment of glioblastoma.

Background: The utilization of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) to control minocycline release rates from poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) scaffolds fabricated from an easy/economical technique is presented. Results & methodology: A larger change in temperature and amount of minocycline released was observed for scaffolds with higher amounts of Fe3O4 NPs, demonstrating that nanoparticle concentration can control heat generation and minocycline release. Temperatures near a polymer's glass transition temperature can result in the polymer's chain becoming more mobile and thus increasing drug diffusion out of the scaffold. Elevated temperature and minocycline released from the scaffold can work synergistically to enhance glioblastoma cell death. Conclusion: This study suggests that Fe3O4 NPs are promising materials for controlling minocycline release from polymeric scaffolds by magnetic hyperthermia for the treatment of glioblastoma.

GWRM: An R Package for Identifying Sources of Variation in Overdispersed Count Data.

Understanding why a random variable is actually random has been in the core of Statistics from its beginnings. The generalized Waring regression model for count data explains that inherent variability is given by three possible sources: randomness, liability and proneness. The model extends the negative binomial regression model and it is not included in the family of generalized linear models. In order to avoid that shortcoming, we developed the GWRM R package for fitting, describing and validating the model. The version we introduce in this communication provides a new design of the modelling function as well as new methods operating on the associated fitted model objects, so that the new software integrates easily into the computational toolbox for modelling count data in R. The release of a plug-in in order to use the package from the interface R Commander tries to contribute to the spreading of the model among non-advanced users. We illustrate the usage and the possibilities of the software with two examples from the fields of health and sport.

Anthropogenic contamination of metals in sediments of the Santa Rosalía harbor, Baja California peninsula.

To know the environment impact on a harbor of the Santa Rosalía port on the Baja California peninsula, the concentrations of metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Pb, U and Zn) in harbor sediments were determined for 13 stations and compared with their average upper Earth´s crust abundance. The mean enrichment factors, calculated using Al as a normalizer, were higher than the unity for Ag, Ba, Bi, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, U, V and Zn. Concentrations of slightly enriched Cd in the sediments are below the effect range low (ERL) sediment quality guidelines value only at three stations. The levels of Pb in the harbor sediments at four stations (1, 6, 9 and 11) are between the ERL (46.7 mg kg(-1)) and the effect range medium (ERM) (218 mg kg(-1)), and Pb content in the rest of the sediment samples is higher than the ERM, demonstrating the high extent of the anthropogenic impact of this metal on the sedimentary environment. The total concentrations of the potentially toxic elements Cu (3,390 ± 804 mg kg(-1)) and Zn (1,916 ± 749 mg kg(-1)) very strongly exceed their ERM, showing a high possibility of toxicological danger for marine biota, living inside or entering the harbor.

Migraña asociada a la gestación, epidemiología, terapéutica y evolución clínica en una población cubana / Pregnancy-associated migraine, epidemiology, therapy and clinical course in a Cuban population

INTRODUCCIÓN: Migraña es la enfermedad neurológica más frecuente asociada a la gestación, 20 por ciento en mujeres fértiles, con difícil manejo farmacológico y escaso nivel de evidencias nacionales. OBJETIVOS: Se realizó una investigación caracterizando variables capaces de influenciar en la evolución clínica de gestantes migrañosas, desde enero 2006 hasta diciembre 2009, en una consulta clínica/obstétrica regional en San Antonio de los Baños, Artemisa, Cuba. Se identificó: edad, intensidad de la cefalea y tiempo gestacional, frecuencia según variedad de migraña, terapéutica farmacológica empleada y dosis, ademàs de evaluar otras enfermedades asociadas al embarazo. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo prospectivo, seleccionando aleatoriamente 240 gestantes con 1 o más crisis de cefalea que cumplían los criterios diagnósticos de migraña de la International Headache Society (IHS). RESULTADOS: La media global fue de 23,75 años, con tendencia a disminuir según análisis de normalidad. Fueron más frecuentes e intensas las crisis en el puerperio (50,4 por ciento), con franca asociación estadística entre variables. Predominó la migraña con aura (proporción 2/1) en mayor relación con la frecuencia de las crisis (74,5 por ciento) demostrado por Chi² (p< 0,05, IC 95 por ciento), el paracetamol fue el medicamento más usado a mayor dosis (66,1 por ciento). Hipertensión arterial fue la patología más frecuente (25,8 por ciento) con alto riesgo atribuible (18 X 1000). CONCLUSIÓN: Aunque no influye significativamente en la evolución final de la gestación, la migraña se presenta tempranamente en la vida con difícil control terapéutico dependiendo de su variedad y frecuencia, capaz de potencializar en un futuro mediato el riesgo vascular

INTRODUCTION: Migraine is the more frequent neurological disease associated with pregnancy, the 20 percent of fertile women with difficult pharmacologic management and a low level of national evidences. OBJECTIVES: The aim of present research is to characterize the variables able to influence on the clinical course of migrainous pregnants from January, 2006 to December, 2009 in a clinical/obstetric consultation of the San Antonio de los Baños regional, Artemisa province, Cuba. Authors identified age, headache intensity and gestational time, frequency according to migraine variety, pharmacological therapy used and the dose, also, other diseases associated with pregnancy were evaluated. METHODS: A randomized prospective and descriptive study was coneucted in 240 pregnants with one or more headache crises who meet the diagnostic criteria of migraine according to the International Headache Society. RESULTS: The global mean was of 23.75 years, with a trend to decrease according to the normality analysis. In puerperium such crises were more frequent and intense (50.4 percent), with a frank statistical association among variables. The was predominance of migraine with aura (ratio 2/1) in a greater relation to crises frequency (74.5 percent) demonstrated by means of Chi² (p < 0.05, 95 percent CI), the paracetamol was the more used drug at high dosis (66.1 percent). Arterial hypertension was the more frequent pathology (25.8 percent) with a attributable high risk (18 x 1000). CONCLUSION: Although it not influence significantly in the final course of pregnancy, migraine is present early in life with a difficult therapeutical control depending on variety and frequency, able to increase the vascular risk in a near future

Migraña asociada a la gestación, epidemiología, terapéutica y evolución clínica en una población cubana / Pregnancy-associated migraine, epidemiology, therapy and clinical course in a Cuban population

INTRODUCCIÓN: Migraña es la enfermedad neurológica más frecuente asociada a la gestación, 20 por ciento en mujeres fértiles, con difícil manejo farmacológico y escaso nivel de evidencias nacionales. OBJETIVOS: Se realizó una investigación caracterizando variables capaces de influenciar en la evolución clínica de gestantes migrañosas, desde enero 2006 hasta diciembre 2009, en una consulta clínica/obstétrica regional en San Antonio de los Baños, Artemisa, Cuba. Se identificó: edad, intensidad de la cefalea y tiempo gestacional, frecuencia según variedad de migraña, terapéutica farmacológica empleada y dosis, ademàs de evaluar otras enfermedades asociadas al embarazo. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo prospectivo, seleccionando aleatoriamente 240 gestantes con 1 o más crisis de cefalea que cumplían los criterios diagnósticos de migraña de la International Headache Society (IHS). RESULTADOS: La media global fue de 23,75 años, con tendencia a disminuir según análisis de normalidad. Fueron más frecuentes e intensas las crisis en el puerperio (50,4 por ciento), con franca asociación estadística entre variables. Predominó la migraña con aura (proporción 2/1) en mayor relación con la frecuencia de las crisis (74,5 por ciento) demostrado por Chi² (p< 0,05, IC 95 por ciento), el paracetamol fue el medicamento más usado a mayor dosis (66,1 por ciento). Hipertensión arterial fue la patología más frecuente (25,8 por ciento) con alto riesgo atribuible (18 X 1000). CONCLUSIÓN: Aunque no influye significativamente en la evolución final de la gestación, la migraña se presenta tempranamente en la vida con difícil control terapéutico dependiendo de su variedad y frecuencia, capaz de potencializar en un futuro mediato el riesgo vascular(AU)

INTRODUCTION: Migraine is the more frequent neurological disease associated with pregnancy, the 20 percent of fertile women with difficult pharmacologic management and a low level of national evidences. OBJECTIVES: The aim of present research is to characterize the variables able to influence on the clinical course of migrainous pregnants from January, 2006 to December, 2009 in a clinical/obstetric consultation of the San Antonio de los Baños regional, Artemisa province, Cuba. Authors identified age, headache intensity and gestational time, frequency according to migraine variety, pharmacological therapy used and the dose, also, other diseases associated with pregnancy were evaluated. METHODS: A randomized prospective and descriptive study was coneucted in 240 pregnants with one or more headache crises who meet the diagnostic criteria of migraine according to the International Headache Society. RESULTS: The global mean was of 23.75 years, with a trend to decrease according to the normality analysis. In puerperium such crises were more frequent and intense (50.4 percent), with a frank statistical association among variables. The was predominance of migraine with aura (ratio 2/1) in a greater relation to crises frequency (74.5 percent) demonstrated by means of Chi² (p < 0.05, 95 percent CI), the paracetamol was the more used drug at high dosis (66.1 percent). Arterial hypertension was the more frequent pathology (25.8 percent) with a attributable high risk (18 x 1000). CONCLUSION: Although it not influence significantly in the final course of pregnancy, migraine is present early in life with a difficult therapeutical control depending on variety and frequency, able to increase the vascular risk in a near future(AU)

Algunas variables de interés para un equipo multidisciplinario regional en el nódulo eutiroideo asociado a la gestación / Euthyroid nodule associated with pregnancy, some interesting variables for a regional multidisciplinary team

El 4 por ciento de la población tiene un nódulo tiroideo, con mayor prevalencia en mujeres fértiles, se reconoce la gestación como factor acelerador de malignidad. Se realizó un estudio longitudinal prospectivo para distinguir aspectos diagnóstico-epidemiológicos relacionados con la evolución final del nódulo eutiroideo asociado a la gestación, en una consulta clínico/obstétrica regional en el oeste de la Habana desde enero 2004-octubre 2009; se definió: edad según número de embarazos previos, tamaño ultrasonográfico del nódulo atendiendo al tiempo gestacional, complicaciones materno/fetales y grupo étnico, más diagnóstico anatomopatológico final. Se muestrearon por conveniencia 90 gestantes empleando criterios clínicos/ultrasonográficos de nódulo tiroideo normofuncionante. Predominaron las pacientes entre 25-29 años y 72,5 por ciento tuvo 2 o más gestaciones previas, con pocos hijos, y coeficiente de correlación significativo para la edad según número de gestaciones previas. Presentaron al 2do semestre medidas ecográficas nodulares mayores de 2 cm, 33 gestantes, aumentando de tamaño según tiempo gestacional por coeficiente de correlación intraclase calculado. Hipertensión gestacional llevó significación entre las complicaciones, presentaron mayor número las gestantes de etnia negra. No fue concluyente 27,5 por ciento de las BAAF, con sensibilidad diagnóstica del 72,5 por ciento. Aunque al final de la gestación la enfermedad nodular del tiroides curse sin complicaciones materno/fetales, estas pacientes son jóvenes, sin buen control de la fecundidad lo que pudiera aumentar el riesgo de malignidad tiroidea indistintamente de los medios empleados para su diagnóstico, constituyen el estado funcional glandular una importante variable independiente de riesgo

The 4,96 percent of the population presenting with a thyroid nodule with a great prevalence in fertile women, recognizing the pregnancy as a malignancy accelerator factor. A prospective and longitudinal study was conducted to characterize diagnostic-epidemiological features related to final course of euthyroid nodule associated with pregnancy in patients seen in a regional clinical-obstetrical consultation of the Havana's west from January, 2004 to October, 2009, identifying age according to number of previous pregnancies, nodule size by US y pregnancy time, mother/fetal complications and ethnic group and more anatomical-pathological diagnoses. By convenience 90 pregnants were sampled using clinical and ulrasonography criteria of the thyroid normofunctional nodule. There were predominance of patients aged between 25-29 and the 72.5 percent had two or more previous pregnancies with a few children and a significant correlation coefficient for age according to previous pregnants. At the second trimester they had nodular echography measures more than 2 cm (33 pregnants) increasing the size according to the gestational time y estimated intra-class correlation coefficient . Gestational high blood pressure was significant among the complications, with more black pregnants. The 27,5 percent of fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) was not conclusive with a diagnostic sensitivity of 72,5 percent. Although at the end of pregnancy the nodular thyroid disease has not mother/fetal complications, these patients are young without a good control of fertility leading to an increase of thyroid malignancy risk, unlike the methods used for its diagnosis, the glandular functional status is a significant independent risk variable

Algunas variables de interés para un equipo multidisciplinario regional en el nódulo eutiroideo asociado a la gestación / Euthyroid nodule associated with pregnancy, some interesting variables for a regional multidisciplinary team

El 4 por ciento de la población tiene un nódulo tiroideo, con mayor prevalencia en mujeres fértiles, se reconoce la gestación como factor acelerador de malignidad. Se realizó un estudio longitudinal prospectivo para distinguir aspectos diagnóstico-epidemiológicos relacionados con la evolución final del nódulo eutiroideo asociado a la gestación, en una consulta clínico/obstétrica regional en el oeste de la Habana desde enero 2004-octubre 2009; se definió: edad según número de embarazos previos, tamaño ultrasonográfico del nódulo atendiendo al tiempo gestacional, complicaciones materno/fetales y grupo étnico, más diagnóstico anatomopatológico final. Se muestrearon por conveniencia 90 gestantes empleando criterios clínicos/ultrasonográficos de nódulo tiroideo normofuncionante. Predominaron las pacientes entre 25-29 años y 72,5 por ciento tuvo 2 o más gestaciones previas, con pocos hijos, y coeficiente de correlación significativo para la edad según número de gestaciones previas. Presentaron al 2do semestre medidas ecográficas nodulares mayores de 2 cm, 33 gestantes, aumentando de tamaño según tiempo gestacional por coeficiente de correlación intraclase calculado. Hipertensión gestacional llevó significación entre las complicaciones, presentaron mayor número las gestantes de etnia negra. No fue concluyente 27,5 por ciento de las BAAF, con sensibilidad diagnóstica del 72,5 por ciento. Aunque al final de la gestación la enfermedad nodular del tiroides curse sin complicaciones materno/fetales, estas pacientes son jóvenes, sin buen control de la fecundidad lo que pudiera aumentar el riesgo de malignidad tiroidea indistintamente de los medios empleados para su diagnóstico, constituyen el estado funcional glandular una importante variable independiente de riesgo (AU)

The 4,96 percent of the population presenting with a thyroid nodule with a great prevalence in fertile women, recognizing the pregnancy as a malignancy accelerator factor. A prospective and longitudinal study was conducted to characterize diagnostic-epidemiological features related to final course of euthyroid nodule associated with pregnancy in patients seen in a regional clinical-obstetrical consultation of the Havana's west from January, 2004 to October, 2009, identifying age according to number of previous pregnancies, nodule size by US y pregnancy time, mother/fetal complications and ethnic group and more anatomical-pathological diagnoses. By convenience 90 pregnants were sampled using clinical and ulrasonography criteria of the thyroid normofunctional nodule. There were predominance of patients aged between 25-29 and the 72.5 percent had two or more previous pregnancies with a few children and a significant correlation coefficient for age according to previous pregnants. At the second trimester they had nodular echography measures more than 2 cm (33 pregnants) increasing the size according to the gestational time y estimated intra-class correlation coefficient . Gestational high blood pressure was significant among the complications, with more black pregnants. The 27,5 percent of fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) was not conclusive with a diagnostic sensitivity of 72,5 percent. Although at the end of pregnancy the nodular thyroid disease has not mother/fetal complications, these patients are young without a good control of fertility leading to an increase of thyroid malignancy risk, unlike the methods used for its diagnosis, the glandular functional status is a significant independent risk variable (AU)

Algunas variables de interés para un equipo multidisciplinario regional en el nódulo eutiroideo asociado a la gestación / Euthyroid nodule associated with pregnancy, some interesting variables for a regional multidisciplinary team

El 4 por ciento de la población tiene un nódulo tiroideo, con mayor prevalencia en mujeres fértiles, se reconoce la gestación como factor acelerador de malignidad. Se realizó un estudio longitudinal prospectivo para distinguir aspectos diagnóstico-epidemiológicos relacionados con la evolución final del nódulo eutiroideo asociado a la gestación, en una consulta clínico/obstétrica regional en el oeste de la Habana desde enero 2004-octubre 2009; se definió: edad según número de embarazos previos, tamaño ultrasonográfico del nódulo atendiendo al tiempo gestacional, complicaciones materno/fetales y grupo étnico, más diagnóstico anatomopatológico final. Se muestrearon por conveniencia 90 gestantes empleando criterios clínicos/ultrasonográficos de nódulo tiroideo normofuncionante. Predominaron las pacientes entre 25-29 años y 72,5 por ciento tuvo 2 o más gestaciones previas, con pocos hijos, y coeficiente de correlación significativo para la edad según número de gestaciones previas. Presentaron al 2do semestre medidas ecográficas nodulares mayores de 2 cm, 33 gestantes, aumentando de tamaño según tiempo gestacional por coeficiente de correlación intraclase calculado. Hipertensión gestacional llevó significación entre las complicaciones, presentaron mayor número las gestantes de etnia negra. No fue concluyente 27,5 por ciento de las BAAF, con sensibilidad diagnóstica del 72,5 por ciento. Aunque al final de la gestación la enfermedad nodular del tiroides curse sin complicaciones materno/fetales, estas pacientes son jóvenes, sin buen control de la fecundidad lo que pudiera aumentar el riesgo de malignidad tiroidea indistintamente de los medios empleados para su diagnóstico, constituyen el estado funcional glandular una importante variable independiente de riesgo (AU)

The 4,96 percent of the population presenting with a thyroid nodule with a great prevalence in fertile women, recognizing the pregnancy as a malignancy accelerator factor. A prospective and longitudinal study was conducted to characterize diagnostic-epidemiological features related to final course of euthyroid nodule associated with pregnancy in patients seen in a regional clinical-obstetrical consultation of the Havana's west from January, 2004 to October, 2009, identifying age according to number of previous pregnancies, nodule size by US y pregnancy time, mother/fetal complications and ethnic group and more anatomical-pathological diagnoses. By convenience 90 pregnants were sampled using clinical and ulrasonography criteria of the thyroid normofunctional nodule. There were predominance of patients aged between 25-29 and the 72,5 percent had two or more previous pregnancies with a few children and a significant correlation coefficient for age according to previous pregnants. At the second trimester they had nodular echography measures more than 2 cm (33 pregnants) increasing the size according to the gestational time y estimated intra-class correlation coefficient . Gestational high blood pressure was significant among the complications, with more black pregnants. The 27,5 percent of fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) was not conclusive with a diagnostic sensitivity of 72,5 percent. Although at the end of pregnancy the nodular thyroid disease has not mother/fetal complications, these patients are young without a good control of fertility leading to an increase of thyroid malignancy risk, unlike the methods used for its diagnosis, the glandular functional status is a significant independent risk variable (AU)

Alteraciones hematológicas en el lupus eritematoso sistémico / Hematologic disorders in systemic lupus erythematosus

Se revisaron un total de 194 pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico. Las alteraciones hematológicas que aparecieron en los criterios de clasificación fueron la anemia hemolítica autoinmune (Coombs-positivo) en 14 enfermos (7 por ciento), la leucopenia en 38 (19 por ciento), la linfopenia en 28 (14 por ciento) y la trombocitopenia en 10 (5 por ciento). Tres enfermos presentaron la combinación de anemia hemolítica (Coombs-positivo) con trombocitopenia (síndrome de Fisher Evans). La leucopenia estuvo combinada en 21 ocasiones: 15 casos de leucopenia y linfopenia; dos casos de neutropenia, linfopenia y trombocitopenia; un caso de leucopenia con trombocitopenia; tres casos de anemia hemolítica autoinmune con leucopenia. No hubo combinación de anemia hemolítica con linfopenia. Un enfermo con síndrome de Fisher Evans tenía también crioglobulinemia. En ocho pacientes con anemia hemolítica el anticoagulante lúpico fue positivo y, en cuatro, la serología fue reactiva (falsa positiva), con una combinación de anemia hemolítica autoinmune, anticoagulante lúpico positivo y serología falsa positiva en ocasiones. La estadística comprende, en el grupo con alteraciones hematológicas, 25 fallecidos, de los cuales a 19 casos se les realizó la necropsia y a seis no. Los hallazgos mostraron 13 pacientes con infecciones importantes, nueve con vasculitis y siete con necropsia tenían el síndrome antifosfolípido. A un fallecido con el hallazgo de tromboembolismo pulmonar e infarto del miocardio no se le realizó el anticoagulante lúpico. Dos enfermos vivos tienen el síndrome antifosfolípido(AU)

Characterization of digestive gland esterase-lipase activity of juvenile redclaw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus.

Investigation of esterase-lipase activity in the digestive gland of redclaw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus showed that the optimum enzyme activity occurred between 35 and 40 degrees C, with 100 mM NaCl at pH 8.5. Heavy metals completely inhibited and calcium ions partially inhibited enzyme activity. The enzyme activity diminished as the length of the fatty acid chain of substrates increased. Molecular masses for four isozymes were 43, 46, 63 and 118 kDa, respectively, as determined by PAGE.