Assessing the Relative Importance of Satellite-Detected Methane Superemitters in Quantifying Total Emissions for Oil and Gas Production Areas in Algeria.

Methane emissions from oil and gas production provide an important contribution to global warming. We investigate 2020 emissions from the largest gas field in Algeria, Hassi R'Mel, and the oil-production-dominated area Hassi Messaoud. We use methane data from the high-resolution (20 m) Sentinel-2 instruments to identify and estimate emission time series for 11 superemitters (including 10 unlit flares). We integrate this information in a transport model inversion that uses methane data from the coarser (7 km × 5.5 km) but higher-precision TROPOMI instrument to estimate emissions from both the 11 superemitters (>1 t/h individually) and the remaining diffuse area source (not detected as point sources with Sentinel-2). Compared to a bottom-up inventory for 2019 that is aligned with UNFCCC-reported emissions, we find that 2020 emissions in Hassi R'Mel (0.16 [0.11-0.22] Tg/yr) are lower by 53 [24-73]%, and emissions in Hassi Messaoud (0.22 [0.13-0.28] Tg/yr) are higher by 79 [4-188]%. Our analysis indicates that a larger fraction of Algeria's methane emissions (∼75%) come from oil production than national reporting suggests (5%). Although in both regions the diffuse area source constitutes the majority of emissions, relatively few satellite-detected superemitters provide a significant contribution (24 [12-40]% in Hassi R'Mel; 49 [27-71]% in Hassi Messaoud), indicating that mitigation efforts should address both. Our synergistic use of Sentinel-2 and TROPOMI can produce a unique and detailed emission characterization of oil and gas production areas.

Achieving Control in Micro-/Nanomotor Mobility.

Unprecedented opportunities exist for the generation of advanced nanotechnologies based on synthetic micro/nanomotors (MNMs), such as active transport of medical agents or the removal of pollutants. In this regard, great efforts have been dedicated toward controlling MNM motion (e.g., speed, directionality). This was generally performed by precise engineering and optimizing of the motors' chassis, engine, powering mode (i.e., chemical or physical), and mechanism of motion. Recently, new insights have emerged to control motors mobility, mainly by the inclusion of different modes that drive propulsion. With high degree of synchronization, these modes work providing the required level of control. In this Minireview, we discuss the diverse factors that impact motion; these include MNM morphology, modes of mobility, and how control over motion was achieved. Moreover, we highlight the main limitations that need to be overcome so that such motion control can be translated into real applications.

Unmodified cellulose filter paper, a sustainable and affordable sorbent for the isolation of biogenic amines from beer samples.

While current trends in Green Analytical Chemistry aim at reducing or simplifying sample treatment, food usually comprises complex matrices where direct analysis is not possible in most cases. In this context, sample treatment plays a pivotal role. Biogenic amines are naturally formed in many foodstuffs due to the action of microorganisms, while their presence has been associated with adverse health effects. In this work, the extraction of seven biogenic amines (cadaverine, histamine, phenylethylamine, putrescine, spermidine, spermine, and tyramine) from beer samples has been simplified using laboratory filter paper as sorbent without any further modification. The analysis of the eluates by direct infusion mass spectrometry reduces the time of analysis, increasing the sample throughput. This simple but effective method enabled the determination of the analytes with limits of detection as low as 0.06 mg L-1 and relative standard deviations better than 11.9%. The suitability of the method has been assessed by analyzing eight different types of beers by the standard addition method.

Paper-based sorptive phases for microextraction and sensing.

The simplification of the analytical procedures, including cost-effective materials and detectors, is a current research trend. In this context, paper has been identified as a useful material thanks to its low price and high availability in different compositions (office, filter, chromatographic). Its porosity, flexibility, and planar geometry permit the design of flow-through devices compatible with most instrumental techniques. This article provides a general overview of the potential of paper, as substrate, on the simplification of analytical chemistry methodologies. The design of paper-based sorptive phases is considered in-depth, and the different functionalization strategies are described. Considering our experience in sample preparation, special attention has been paid to the use of these phases under the classical microextraction-analysis workflow, which usually includes a chromatographic separation of the analytes before their determination. However, the interest of these materials extends beyond this field as they can be easily implemented into spectroscopic and electrochemical sensors. Finally, the direct analysis of paper substrates in mass spectrometry, in the so-called paper-spray technique is also discussed. This review is more focused on presenting ideas rather than the description of specific applications to draw a general picture of the potential of these materials.

Nano-depletion of acrosome-damaged donkey sperm by using lectin peanut agglutinin (PNA)-magnetic nanoparticles.

Lectin is considered as a suitable biomarker for nano-depletion of acrosome-damaged sperm. The aim of this study was to synthetize magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) coated by peanut (Arachis hypogaea) agglutinin lectin (PNA) and investigate its beneficial effect in improving of sperm characteristics. MNPs were obtained by co-precipitation method, functionalized with chitosan and coated by PNA at a concentration of 0.04 mg/mL. Semen was frozen either with glycerol-based or sucrose-based extenders. Frozen-thawed straws from five donkeys (three ejaculates per donkey) were incubated with lectin-MNPs (2 mg/mL), and then exposed to an external magnet enabling the non-bound sperm to be collected as nanopurified sperm. Sperm were evaluated post-thawing (control) and after nanopurification for motility, plasma membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, morphology, DNA fragmentation and concentration. The statistical analyses were extended to investigate the correlation between the initial quality of the frozen-thawed semen samples and the effect of nanopurification after thawing. The obtained MNPs were biocompatible to the sperm and significantly improved the progressive motility (P < 0.05) for the glycerol nanopurified group (43.08 ± 3.52%) in comparison to control (33.70 ± 2.64%). Acrosome-damaged sperm were reduced (P < 0.05) in both nanopurified groups (19.92 ± 2.69 for G and 21.57 ± 2.77 for S) in comparison to control (36.07 ± 3.82 for G and 35.35 ± 3.88 for S). There were no significant changes in sperm morphology and membrane integrity after nanopurification. The average sperm recovery after nanopurification was 80.1%. Sperm quality index was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in nanopurified groups regardless of the initial quality of the frozen thawed semen samples. However, in the high sperm quality group, nanopurification significantly improved the progressive motility and membrane integrity besides the increasing of acrosome-intact sperm. Sperm nanopurification using lectin-magnetic nanoparticles can be considered as a suitable method to reduce the proportion of acrosome-damaged sperm and to increase the quality of frozen thawed donkey semen.

Silver nanoflower-coated paper as dual substrate for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and ambient pressure mass spectrometry analysis.

Paper-based analytical devices (PADs) have encountered a wealth of applications in recent years thanks to the numerous advantages of paper as a support. A silver nanoflower (AgNF) modified paper-based dual substrate for both surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and ambient pressure paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) was developed. AgNFs were immobilized on nylon-coated paper modified with silver and ethylenediamine. The developed substrate was characterized via scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The densely packed nanoscale petals of the AgNFs lead to a large number of so-called hot spots at their overlapping points, which result in an enhancement of the Raman signal. In addition, the presence of the AgNFs produces an increase in the sensitivity of the mass spectrometric analysis as compared with bare paper and nylon/Ag-coated paper. The dual substrate was evaluated for the identification and quantification of ketoprofen in aqueous standards as well as human saliva from healthy volunteers. The method enables the determination of ketoprofen with a limit of detection and limit of quantification via PS-MS of 0.023 and 0.076 mg L-1, respectively, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 3.4% at a concentration of 0.1 mg L-1. This dual substrate enables the simple and fast detection of ketoprofen with minimal sample preparation, providing complementary Raman and mass spectrometric information. Graphical abstract.

Comparison of neutron and secondary gamma dose assessment using polygon mesh and voxel computational phantoms.

The newly developed mesh-type reference computational phantoms (MRCPs) represent the evolution of the previous reference phantoms and a more detailed description of the human body, addressing the voxel reference phantom limitations. These allow for a more accurate dose calculation in the human body, which in some cases results in a significant difference of the calculated quantities. In this work, the absorbed dose calculation due to neutrons and gammas was calculated using a voxel and a mesh-type computational phantom. The goal was to understand how a more accurate description of the human body affects the estimated neutron dose. The phantoms were tested in a real-case scenario: they were placed in front of a neutron Howitzer container model using PHITS. This model corresponds to the neutron Howitzer container at the Neutron Measurements Laboratory of the Energy Engineering Department of the Polytechnic University of Madrid (UPM), and at the time of measurement it was equipped with a 241Am-Be neutron source of 74 GBq in its center. The container allows the source to be in either the irradiation or the storage position. Results show that when dealing with neutrons, the dose deviation when using GOLEM or the MRCP leads to a general 20%-30% deviation that goes up to above 400% in small thin structures such as the eye.

Quantification of nitrogen oxides emissions from build-up of pollution over Paris with TROPOMI.

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a regulated air pollutant that is of particular concern in many cities, where concentrations are high. Emissions of nitrogen oxides to the atmosphere lead to the formation of ozone and particulate matter, with adverse impacts on human health and ecosystems. The effects of emissions are often assessed through modeling based on inventories relying on indirect information that is often outdated or incomplete. Here we show that NO2 measurements from the new, high-resolution TROPOMI satellite sensor can directly determine the strength and distribution of emissions from Paris. From the observed build-up of NO2 pollution, we find highest emissions on cold weekdays in February 2018, and lowest emissions on warm weekend days in spring 2018. The new measurements provide information on the spatio-temporal distribution of emissions within a large city, and suggest that Paris emissions in 2018 are only 5-15% below inventory estimates for 2011-2012, reflecting the difficulty of meeting NOx emission reduction targets.

Obstrucción intestinal por brida postquirúrgica en gestante: a propósito de un caso / Intestinal obstruction due to postsurgical bridle in pregnant woman: on the subject of a case

RESUMEN El dolor abdominal en gestantes supone un diagnóstico complejo por el múltiple diagnóstico diferencial que existe. Es necesaria la realización de un diagnóstico precoz para reducir el número de complicaciones. Para ello, nos apoyamos no sólo en criterios clínicos si no en pruebas de imagen como la resonanacia magnética nuclear. Nuestro objetivo es la realización de una revisión bibliográfica sobre el dolor abdominal en gestantes, centrándonos en la obstrucción intestinal, a propósito de un caso de una gestante con dolor abdominal agudo a la que se le diagnosticó de isquemia intestinal secundaria a obstrucción intestinal por brida postquirúrgica. La obstrucción intestinal es una causa infrecuente y potencialmente grave de dolor abdominal agudo en gestantes, que cursa con clínica insidiosa y que precisa cirugía como tratamiento.

ABSTRACT Abdominal pain in the pregnant woman is complex to diagnose because of the multiple differential diagnosis that exists. It is necessary to perform an early diagnosis to reduce the number of complications. For this, we rely not only on clinical criteria but on imaging tests such as nuclear magnetic resonance. Our objective is to review the literature on abdominal pain in pregnant women, focusing on intestinal obstruction, and with regard to the case of a pregnant woman with acute abdominal pain who was diagnosed of intestinal ischemia due to intestinal obstruction by post-surgical bridle. Intestinal obstruction is an infrequent and potentially serious cause of acute abdominal pain in the pregnant woman, which is insidious and requires surgery as a treatment.

Differences in the kinematics of booster-seated pediatric occupants using two different car seats.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article is to compare the performance of forward-facing child restraint systems (CRS) mounted on 2 different seats. METHODS: Two different anthropomorphic test device (ATD) sizes (P3 and P6), using the same child restraint system (a non-ISOFIX high-back booster seat), were exposed to the ECE R44 regulatory deceleration pulse in a deceleration sled. Two different seats (seat A, seat B) were used. Three repetitions per ATD and mounting seat were done, resulting in a total of 12 sled crashes. Dummy sensors measured the head tri-axial acceleration and angular rate and the thorax tri-axial acceleration, all acquired at 10,000 Hz. A high-speed video camera recorded the impact at 1,000 frames per second. The 3D kinematics of the head and torso of the ATDs were captured using a high-speed motion capture system (1,000 Hz). A pair-matched statistical analysis compared the outcomes of the tests using the 2 different seats. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences in the kinematic response of the ATDs associated with the type of seat were observed. The maximum 3 ms peak of the resultant head acceleration was higher on seat A for the P3 dummy (54.5 ± 1.9 g vs. 44.2 ± 0.5 g; P =.012) and for the P6 dummy (56.0 ± 0.8 g vs. 51.7 ± 1.2 g; P =.015). The peak belt force was higher on seat A than on seat B for the P3 dummy (5,488.0 ± 198.0 N vs. 4,160.6 ± 63.6 N; P =.008) and for the P6 dummy (7,014.0 ± 271.0 N vs. 5,719.3 ± 37.4 N; P =.015). The trajectory of the ATD head was different between the 2 seats in the sagittal, transverse, and frontal planes. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the overall response of the booster-seated occupant exposed to the same impact conditions was different depending on the seat used regardless of the size of the ATD. The differences observed in the response of the occupants between the 2 seats can be attributed to the differences in cushion stiffness, seat pan geometry, and belt geometry. However, these results were obtained for 2 particular seat models and a specific CRS and therefore cannot be directly extrapolated to the generality of vehicle seats and CRS.

Towards enhanced optical sensor performance: SEIRA and SERS with plasmonic nanostars.

We report the preparation and characterization of plasmonic chip-based systems comprising self-assembled gold nanostars at silicon substrates that enable concomitantly enhanced Raman (surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy; SERS) and mid-infrared (surface enhanced infrared reflection or absorption spectroscopy; SEIRA) spectral signatures. The high-aspect-ratio structure of gold nanostars provides an increased number of hot spots at their surface, which results in an electric field enhancement around the nanomaterial. Gold nanostars were immobilized at a silicon substrate via a thin gold layer, and α-ω-dimercapto polyethylene glycol (SH-PEG-SH) linkers. The Raman and IR spectra of crystal violet (CV) revealed a noticeable enhancement of the analyte vibrational signal intensity in SERS and SEIRA studies resulting from the presence of the nanostars. Enhancement factors of 2.5 × 103 and 2.3 × 103 were calculated in SERS considering the CV bands at 1374.9 cm-1 and 1181 cm-1, respectively; for SEIRA, an enhancement factor of 5.36 was achieved considering the CV band at 1585 cm-1.

Short-term efficacy and safety of new biological agents targeting the interleukin-23-T helper 17 pathway for moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

A new generation of biologics targeting the interleukin-23-T helper 17 pathway has been developed. This study aimed to assess the short-term effectiveness and safety of these new agents using a network meta-analysis. Twenty-seven randomized clinical trials (10 629 patients) were identified by a comprehensive systematic literature review (PROSPERO 2015: CRD42015025472). Quality of evidence was assessed following Cochrane-compliant rules and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations approach. Efficacy and safety outcomes at weeks 10-16 were compared using a random-effects network meta-analysis within a frequentist framework to estimate pooled odds ratios (ORs) of direct and indirect comparisons among the therapeutic options. There were six direct drug-to-drug comparisons in the network, with a high degree of consistency between the direct and indirect evidence. From the available evidence, infliximab 5 mg kg-1 every 8 weeks [OR 118·89, 95% confidence interval (CI) 60·91-232·04] and secukinumab 300 mg every 4 weeks (OR 87·07, 95% CI 55·01-137·82) are shown to be among the most effective short-term treatments, but are ranked as the biologics most likely to produce any adverse event or an infectious adverse event, respectively. Ustekinumab 90 mg every 12 weeks, the third most efficacious treatment (OR 73·67, 95% CI 46·97-115·56), was the only agent that did not show increased risk of adverse events compared with placebo. Treatment recommendations should also consider long-term outcomes and costs.

Caries dental: influencia de los hábitos de higiene bucodental y de alimentación en niños en edad escolar / Dental decay: influence of oral hygiene and nutritional habits in the ambience of school children

Introducción: La salud bucodental es parte fundamental de la salud del niño. Para mantenerla es preciso instaurar unos correctos hábitos de higiene oral y de alimentación. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer el estado actual de los hábitos de higiene bucodental y de alimentación en un grupo de niños en edad escolar y su relación con la caries dental. Material y método: Estudio observacional realizado en 130 escolares de edades comprendidas entre 3 y 12 años. Se entregaron encuestas a los padres en relación con los hábitos de higiene oral y de alimentación. Se les realizó a los niños un examen oral para el diagnóstico de caries. Resultados: La prevalencia de los niños con caries es del 33%. Hay una relación estadísticamente significativa (p <0,05) entre la caries y la nacionalidad (p= 0,004) y el nivel de estudios de los padres (p= 0,005). También existe una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la caries y la presencia de placa (p= 0,002), el tiempo de cepillado (p= 0,005), el uso de chupete con azúcar (p= 0,015) y el bruxismo (p= 0,025). Respecto a los hábitos de alimentación, también se observa una relación estadísticamente significativa entre el consumo de chicles (p= 0,006), bollería (p= 0,009), lácteos (p= 0,093) y medicación y la aparición de caries (p= 0,005). Conclusiones: Se observan relaciones estadísticamente significativas entre determinados hábitos y la caries. La educación para la salud en la etapa de educación infantil es fundamental para que el niño adquiera unos hábitos de alimentación y salud bucodental adecuados (AU)

Introduction: Oral health is essential to children’s health. To maintain them it is necessary to establish a proper oral hygiene and nutritional habits. The aim of the present document is discover the current state of oral hygiene habits and nutritional habits that a group of school children and its relationship with decay. Patients and methods: An observational study was conducted on 130 school children, aged between 3 and 12 years old. Parents carried out surveys in relation to oral hygiene habits and nutrition. An oral exam was preformed on each child to diagnose decay. Results: The prevalence of children with caries is about 33%. There is a statistically significant relationship (p <0.05) between the nationality (p= 0.004) and the parents level of education (p= 0.005) with the presence of decay. There is a statistically significant relationship between the presence of plaque (p= 0.002), brushing time (p= 0.005), habit of covering the pacifier in sugar (p= 0.015) and bruxism (p= 0.025) with the occurrence of decay. In regard to nutritional habits, there is also a statistically significant relationship between the consumption of chewing gum (p= 0.006), pastries (p= 0.009), dairy products (p= 0.093) and medication with the presence of decay (p= 0.005). Conclusions: There is a statistically significant relationship between certain habits with the presence of decay. A health education in an early stage of childhood is essential for the child to acquire adequate oral health and nutritional habits (AU)

Analysis of occupant kinematics and dynamics in nearside oblique impacts.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article is to analyze the kinematics and dynamics of restrained postmortem human surrogates (PMHS) exposed to a nearside oblique impact and the injuries that were found after the tests. METHODS: Three male PMHS of similar age (64 ± 4 years) and anthropometry (weight: 61 ± 9.6 kg; stature: 172 ± 2.7 cm) were exposed to a 30° nearside oblique impact at 34 km/h. The test fixture approximated the seating position of a front seat occupant. A rigid seat was designed to match the pelvic displacement in a vehicle seat. Surrogates were restrained by a 3-point seat belt consisting of a 2 kN pretensioner (PT), 4.5 kN force-limiting shoulder belt, and a 3.5 kN PT lap belt. The shoulder belt PT was not fired in one of the tests. Trajectories of the head, shoulder, and hip joint (bilaterally) were recorded at 1,000 Hz by a 3D motion capture system. The 3D acceleration and angular rate of the head, T1, and pelvis, and the 3D acceleration of selected spinal locations was measured at 10,000 Hz. Seat belt load cells measured the belt tension at 4 locations. PMHS donation and handling were performed with the approval of the relevant regional ethics review board. RESULTS: Activation of the shoulder PT reduced substantially the peak forward excursion of the head but did not influence the lateral displacement of the head center of gravity (CG). In all 3 subjects, the lateral excursion of the head CG (291.1, 290, 292.1 mm) was greater than the forward displacement (271.4, 216.7, 171.5 mm). The hip joint excursion of the PMHS that was not exposed to the shoulder PT seat belt was twice the magnitude observed for the other 2 subjects. The 3 PMHS sustained clavicle fractures on the shoulder loaded by the seat belt and 2 of them were diagnosed atlantoaxial subluxation in the radiologist examination. Avulsion fractures of the right lamina of T1, T2, T3, and T4 were found when the PT was not used. The 3 PMHS received multiple fractures spread over both aspects of the rib cage and involving the posterior aspect of it. CONCLUSION: In this study of nearside oblique impact loading, the PMHS exhibited kinematics characterized by reduced torso pitching and increased lateral head excursion as compared to previous frontal impact results. These kinematics resulted in potential cervical and thoracic spinal injuries and in complete, displaced fractures of the lateral and posterior aspects of the rib cage. Though this is a limited number of subjects, it shows the necessity of further understanding of the kinematics of occupants exposed to this loading mode.

Observation of Λ(4)H Hyperhydrogen by Decay-Pion Spectroscopy in Electron Scattering.

At the Mainz Microtron MAMI, the first high-resolution pion spectroscopy from decays of strange systems was performed by electron scattering off a (9)Be target in order to study the Λ binding energy of light hypernuclei. Positively charged kaons were detected by a short-orbit spectrometer with a broad momentum acceptance at 0° forward angles with respect to the beam, efficiently tagging the production of strangeness in the target nucleus. Coincidentally, negatively charged decay pions were detected by two independent high-resolution spectrometers. About 10(3) pionic weak decays of hyperfragments and hyperons were observed. The pion momentum distribution shows a monochromatic peak at pπ≈133 MeV/c, corresponding to the unique signature for the two-body decay of hyperhydrogen Λ(4)H→(4)He+π(-), stopped inside the target. Its Λ binding energy was determined to be BΛ=2.12±0.01 (stat)±0.09 (syst)MeV with respect to the (3)H+Λ mass.

Desarrollo e implantación de un protocolo perioperatorio de enfermería en cirugía plástica mamaria ambulatoria / Development and implantation of a perioperative nursing protocol in outpatient breast plastic surgery

Los cuidados perioperatorios de enfermería sitúan al paciente en las mejores condiciones posibles para su recuperación en el domicilio. Junto a la aplicación de los bloqueos paravertebral torácico y de nervios pectorales y una depurada técnica quirúrgica, hacen que sea posible la implantación de un programa de cirugía plástica mamaria en régimen ambulatorio. Nos planteamos como objetivo estandarizar la práctica asistencial de enfermería en este tipo de cirugía, garantizar la seguridad domiciliaria de las pacientes mediante el seguimiento telefónico y evaluar el grado de satisfacción utilizando una encuesta anónima. Elaboramos un protocolo de cuidados perioperatorios desarrollando los documentos de: entrevista preoperatoria de enfermería, listado de verificación prequirúrgica, cuidados preoperatorios, intraoperatorios y postoperatorios, hoja de cuidados y recomendaciones de enfermería, hoja protocolizada de tratamiento médico, hoja de seguimiento telefónico para evaluar el cumplimiento del tratamiento, dolor, control del drenaje, fiebre y tensión mamaria. Posteriormente realizamos una encuesta anónima entre las pacientes para evaluar su grado de satisfacción. Recogimos 35 intervenciones por diferentes patologías mamarias llevadas a cabo entre abril del 2012 y diciembre del 2013 de forma ambulatoria y bajo anestesia paravertebral torácica: 5 pacientes (14%) precisaron ingreso hospitalario, 2 por dolor, 2 por sangrado y 1 por vómitos y sangrado. Todas cumplieron el tratamiento prescrito; a las 24 horas, 28 pacientes (93,3%) presentaron una puntuación de dolor = 3 en una escala numérica de 0 a 10 y a las 48 horas todas presentaron una puntuación de dolor < 3. Veintisiete pacientes (90%) manifestaron que el grado de satisfacción respecto al proceso fue muy bueno. Creemos que el disponer de un protocolo de cuidados perioperatorios de enfermería en cirugía plástica mamaria ambulatoria con anestesia paravertebral torácica asegura la estandarización de la práctica enfermera incrementando la seguridad de las pacientes en su domicilio y mejorando su grado de satisfacción respecto a todo el proceso cuya evaluación resulta ser muy buena

Perioperative nursing cares place the patients in the best possible onditions for their recovery at home. This fact together with the blocking of the thoracic paravertebral and pectoral nerves as well as with a depurated surgical technique, have enabled the implantation of the breast plastic surgery program in the outpatient system. We elaborate a perioperative nursing care protocol developing the following documents: preoperative nursing interview, presurgical check list, preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative cares, nursing cares and recommendations sheet, protocolized medical treatment sheet, telephonic follow up sheet to evaluate the observance of the treatment, pain, fever, main drain and breast tension. Later an anonymous survey was made to evaluate patients' satisfaction degree. From April 2012 to December 2013, 35 operations with different pathologies were performed in outpatient surgery under thoracic paravertebral anesthesia: 5 patients needed hospitalization, 2 because of pain, 2 because of bleeding and 1 because of vomiting and bleeding. All patients observed the treatment. In the first 24 hours after surgery 28 patients (93,3%) had <3 points of pain in a numeric scale from 0 to 10 and after 48 hours all patients had <3 points of pain. Twenty seven patients (90%) reported that the satisfaction degree with the process was very good. To dispose of a perioperative nursing care protocol in outpatient breast lastic surgery with thoracic paravertebral anaesthesia assures the standarization of nursing practice increasing patient safety at home and improving their degree of satisfaction with all the process and with a very good evaluation

Characterization of stainless steel assisted bare gold nanoparticles and their analytical potential.

A simple, environmentally friendly, one-pot method to synthesize highly stable bare gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has been developed. AuNPs have been synthesized from tetrachloroauric acid solution using steel or stainless steel as solid reducing agent, which can be reused. The proposed method yields bare gold nanoparticles at atmospheric pressure and room temperature for potentially producing large quantities. The obtained AuNPs have been characterized by SEM, TEM and AFM finding an average diameter of around 20 nm, polygonal yet nearly spherical shape and a narrow size distribution. The mechanism of reaction has been investigated by UV-vis spectroscopy, ICP-OES and EDX analysis. The obtained dispersed gold nanoparticles proved to be stable if stored a 4 °C for over four months without the addition of a stabilizing agent. Their analytical potential as SERS substrate has been demonstrated and their performance compared with that showed by citrate-coated gold nanoparticles. Thanks to their unique properties, their use as analytical tools provides analytical processes with enhanced selectivity and precision.