Anthropogenic and climatic factors interact to influence reproductive timing and effort.

Reproduction, although absolutely essential to a species' persistence, is in itself challenging. As anthropogenic change increasingly affects every landscape on Earth, it is critical to understand how specific pressures impact the reproductive efforts of individuals, which directly contribute to the success or failure of populations. However, organisms rarely encounter a single burden at a time, and the interactions of environmental challenges can have compounding effects. Understanding environmental and physiological pressures is difficult because they are often context-dependent and not generalizable, but long-term monitoring across variable landscapes and weather patterns can improve our understanding of these complex interactions. We tested the effects of urbanization, climate, and individual condition on the reproductive investment of wild side-blotched lizards (Uta stansburiana) by measuring physiological/reproductive metrics from six populations in urban and rural areas over six consecutive years of variable precipitation. We observed that reproductive stage affected body condition, corticosterone concentration, and oxidative stress. We also observed that reproductive patterns differed between urban and rural populations depending on rainfall, with rural animals increasing reproductive investment during rainier years compared to urban conspecifics, and that reproductive decisions appeared to occur early in the reproductive process. These results demonstrate the plastic nature of a generalist species optimizing lifetime fitness under varying conditions.

New threats from an old foe: Evaluating the risk to the blood supply due to increasing incidence and endemicity of leprosy in the United States.

Leprosy (i.e., Hansen's disease) is a chronic disease secondary to infection with either Mycobacterium leprae or M. lepromatosis. While the incidence of this disease is decreasing across the world, there is mounting evidence that it might be increasing, and becoming endemic, in the United States. Leprosy was once considered a potential threat to the blood supply, and while this threat has not borne out, it is worth revisiting the available data to assess whether it may pose a threat in the future. Herein, we discuss the evidence for and against the potential for transfusion-transmission of leprosy, and highlight future areas of research to further elucidate this possibility.

Sexually transmitted infections and HIV in ophthalmology.

The ocular and periocular manifestations of sexually transmitted infections are heterogeneous in etiology, manifestations, and complications. Etiologic agents include bacteria, viruses, parasites, and protozoa, which are most frequently transmitted via direct ocular contact with an active lesion or infected bodily fluid, autoinoculation, or dissemination from a distant site. Vertical transmission most commonly occurs perinatally during vaginal delivery. The complications of ophthalmia neonatorum can be severe, with the potential for permanent blindness or life-threatening systemic involvement if untreated. Clinical features, diagnostic modalities, and therapeutic regimens vary based on etiology and are summarized in this review. Prompt diagnosis is imperative, given the severe sequelae that may result from ocular involvement in these infections, including permanent vision loss. A multidisciplinary approach, involving both ophthalmology and dermatology, to diagnosis and management is essential to mitigate the risk of morbidity associated with sexually transmitted infections resulting in eye disease.

Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV in Ophthalmology.

The ocular and periocular manifestations of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are heterogeneous in etiology, manifestations, and complications. Etiologic agents include bacteria, viruses, parasites, and protozoa, which are most frequently transmitted via direct ocular contact with an active lesion or infected bodily fluid, autoinoculation, or dissemination from a distant site. Vertical transmission most commonly occurs perinatally during vaginal delivery. The complications of ophthalmia neonatorum can be severe with the potential for permanent blindness or life-threatening systemic involvement if untreated. Clinical features, diagnostic modalities, and therapeutic regimens vary based on etiology and are summarized in this review. Prompt diagnosis is imperative, given the severe sequelae that may result from ocular involvement in these infections, including permanent vision loss. A multidisciplinary approach, involving both ophthalmology and dermatology, to diagnosis and management is essential to mitigate the risk of morbidity associated with STIs resulting in eye disease.

Investigating relationships among stress, reproduction, and immunity in three species of watersnake.

Energy is a finite resource required for all physiological processes and must be allocated efficiently among essential activities to ensure fitness and survival. During the active season, adult organisms are expected to prioritize investment in reproduction over other energetically expensive processes, such as responding to immunological challenges. Furthermore, when encountering a stressor, the balance between reproduction and immunity might be disrupted in order to fuel the stress response. Because of the distinct differences in life histories across species, watersnakes provide a unique group of study in which to examine these tradeoffs. Over a two-year period, we captured three watersnake species throughout Northeast Arkansas. Animals were subjected to restraint stress and blood samples were collected throughout the acute stress response. Blood samples were used to assess innate immunity and steroid hormone concentrations. We found the peak in corticosterone concentration is season-specific, potentially because energetic reserves fluctuate with reproductive activities. We also found body condition was positively related to acute stress and negatively related to immunity. Watersnakes evidently prioritize reproduction over immunity, especially during the energetically intensive process of vitellogenesis. Energetic tradeoffs between reproduction, immunity, and the stress response are complex, and this study contributes to our understanding of energetic shifts in free-living organisms in the context of stress.

Women and non-white people among Lasker Award recipients from 1946 to 2022: cross sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether gender and racial inequities exist among Lasker Award recipients. DESIGN: Observational, cross sectional analysis. SETTING: Population based study. PARTICIPANTS: Recipients of four Lasker Awards from 1946 to 2022. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Gender and race (non-white categorized as racialized v white categorized as non-racialized) of all Lasker Award recipients. Personal characteristics of award recipients were categorized by four independent authors using previously established methods and consistency of categorization among authors was analyzed. Women and non-white people were thought to be underrepresented among Lasker Award recipients compared with professional degree recipients overall. RESULTS: Among 397 Lasker Award recipients since 1946, 92.2% (366/397) were men. Most award recipients were identified as white (95.7%, 380/397). One non-white woman was identified as having received a Lasker Award over the course of seven decades. The proportion of women among award recipients in the most recent decade (2013-22) is similar to the first decade of awards (1946-55; 15.6%, 7/45 v 12.9%, 8/62). The median timeframe from terminal degree receipt to Lasker Award conferral for all award recipients is 30 years. The proportion of women who received a Lasker Award between 2019 and 2022 (7.1%) was less than would be expected based on the proportion of life science doctorates awarded to womenin 1989 (30 years previously; 38.1%). CONCLUSIONS: The number of women and non-white people in academic medicine and biomedical research continues to increase, yet the proportion of women among Lasker Award recipients has not changed in more than 70 years. Additionally, time from terminal degree receipt to Lasker Award conferral does not appear to fully account for the observed inequities. These findings establish the need for further investigation of possible factors that could hinder women and non-white people from entering the pool of eligible award recipients, potentially limiting the diversification of the science and academic biomedical workforce.

Assessment of glucocorticoids, sex steroids, and innate immunity in wild red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans).

When access to resources is limited, organisms must shift energy investment among physiological processes to survive, reproduce, and respond to unpredictable events. The shifting of these limited resources among processes may result in physiological tradeoffs, often mediated by glucocorticoids. We assessed relationships among the physiological processes of immunity, reproduction, and the stress response in wild adult red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans). Red-eared sliders exhibit a multi-clutching reproductive strategy that requires high energetic investment in reproduction at the beginning of the nesting season in females. Males mate in spring and undergo spermatogenesis and mating in late summer/early fall. We expected to observe tradeoffs when investment toward reproductive processes was particularly demanding. To test this, we subjected 123 individuals to a standardized acute stressor and collected blood to measure innate immunocompetence and circulating steroid hormone concentrations. Tradeoffs between female reproduction and immunocompetence occurred early in the nesting season. This high reproductive investment was evident by heightened circulating progesterone and reduced baseline innate immunity. Corticosterone (CORT) was also high during this period, indicating a role in facilitating allocation of energy. Tradeoffs were not as evident in males, though males upregulated innate immune function, baseline CORT, and testosterone prior to fall spermatogenesis and mating. Throughout the entire sampling period, both males and females increased CORT and immunocompetence following the acute standardized stressor. Taken together, we concluded that reproduction requires shifts in energy allocation in during the highest reproductive period for females but all individuals in this population remain able to respond to the standardized stressor even during increased reproductive investment. These findings reinforce the continuing evidence that physiological relationships are context-dependent and resource demands are dynamic across the reproductive season.

Diversity, equity, and inclusion editorial positions among high-impact biomedical journals.

OBJECTIVES: Although diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives are progressively being implemented across various arenas in academic medicine, biomedical research, and healthcare, significant inequities throughout medicine and biomedical research remain. One means by which to rectify these long-standing inequities is through the implementation of a position dedicated to DEI among journal editorial boards; thus, we sought to assess the extent to which this position has been implemented among high-impact biomedical research journals. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of the editorial boards of the top 100 journals by impact factor (IF) across 30 medical specialties. All editorial board positions (editors-in-chief, deputy, associate, and assistant editors, as well as editorial and advisory board members) were included. We also assessed the proportion of other named-position editors (i.e. social media and statistics editors), and compared these to the proportion of DEI editors. RESULTS: Among the 100 highest IF biomedical journals (range: 12.035-508.702), 6 (6%) have a DEI editorial position. In contrast, 25 (25%) and 35 (35%) journals have at least 1 social media or statistics editorial position, respectively. The DEI editorial position comprises 0.086% of the 6974 total editorial positions, while social media (60/6974) and statistical (196/6974) editors comprise 0.86% and 2.81% of total journal editorial board positions, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Few of the most influential biomedical journals have implemented a formal, named position dedicated to DEI. Biomedical journals should consider establishing a dedicated DEI editorial position, and ensure this individual position is publicly denoted on the editorial board.

Immune and stress physiology of two captively-housed tortoise species.

Ecoimmunology affords us the ability to better understand immunological processes through consideration of external factors, such as the thermal microenvironment. This consideration is imperative when examining the immunological processes of ectothermic organisms like reptiles. Reptiles uniquely rely heavily on their innate immune function but remain poorly understood in immunological studies. In this study, we examined innate immunity in two zoo-housed tortoise species, the Indian star tortoise (Geochelone elegans, Schoepff, 1795) and northern spider tortoise (Pyxis arachnoides brygooi, Vuillemin & Domergue, 1972). Bacterial killing assays (BKAs) were optimized and used to assess the monthly immunocompetence of these tortoises to three different bacteria: Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Staphylococcus aureus. We evaluated differences in blood biochemistry values (lactate and glucose) among months and species as well as fecal corticosterone (CORT) between species. Lastly, we examined the potential influences of individual thermal microenvironments on bactericidal ability. Both G. elegans and P. a. brygooi demonstrated immunocompetence against all bacterial challenges, but only bactericidal ability against E. coli varied over months. Optimal BKA serum dilutions, blood glucose levels, and fecal CORT concentrations differed between the two species. Finally, there was evidence that the thermal microenvironment influenced the tortoises' bactericidal ability against E. coli. Through use of nonmodel organisms, such as tortoises, we are given insight into the inner workings of innate immunity and a better understanding of the complexities of the vertebrate immune system.

Reptilian Innate Immunology and Ecoimmunology: What Do We Know and Where Are We Going?

Reptiles, the only ectothermic amniotes, employ a wide variety of physiological adaptations to adjust to their environments but remain vastly understudied in the field of immunology and ecoimmunology in comparison to other vertebrate taxa. To address this knowledge gap, we assessed the current state of research on reptilian innate immunology by conducting an extensive literature search of peer-reviewed articles published across the four orders of Reptilia (Crocodilia, Testudines, Squamata, and Rhynchocephalia). Using our compiled dataset, we investigated common techniques, characterization of immune components, differences in findings and type of research among the four orders, and immune responses to ecological and life-history variables. We found that there are differences in the types of questions asked and approaches used for each of these reptilian orders. The different conceptual frameworks applied to each group has led to a lack of unified understanding of reptilian immunological strategies, which, in turn, have resulted in large conceptual gaps in the field of ecoimmunology as a whole. To apply ecoimmunological concepts and techniques most effectively to reptiles, we must combine traditional immunological studies with ecoimmunological studies to continue to identify, characterize, and describe the reptilian immune components and responses. This review highlights the advances and gaps that remain to help identify targeted and cohesive approaches for future research in reptilian ecoimmunological studies.

Emerging therapeutics in the management of connective tissue disease. Part II: Dermatomyositis and scleroderma.

The management of connective tissue diseases is dramatically evolving with the advent of biologics and novel oral systemic therapeutics. Despite involvement in the care of these complex patients, there is a knowledge gap in the field of dermatology regarding these emerging agents. The second article in this continuing medical education series discusses new and emerging therapeutics for dermatomyositis and scleroderma that target cells, intracellular signaling pathways, and cytokines.