Doxycycline prophylaxis for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of doxycycline pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis (doxy-PrEP/PEP) on bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs), including ongoing studies published until November 7, 2023. Our primary endpoint was the incidence of bacterial STIs measured as the number of visits with an STI per total number of visits. Random-effects model was used to estimate pooled effect sizes. The study was registered with PROSPERO, CRD42023478486. RESULTS: We identified six eligible studies containing data from seven articles and four conference abstracts, enrolling men who have sex with men (MSM), transgender women (TGW), and cisgender women (CGW). The pooled analysis of 1,766 participants with 602 newly diagnosed STIs showed a 56% decrease in the overall STI incidence using doxy-PrEP/PEP (RR = 0.44; 95% CI: 0.30-0.65; I2 = 73%). For doxy-PEP, including MSM and TGW only, the RR observed for overall STI incidence was 0.40 (95% CI: 0.28-0.57; I² = 37%), 0.19 (95% CI: 0.08-0.44; I² = 39%) for chlamydia, 0.23 (0.14-0.36; I² = 0%) for syphilis and 0.55 (95% CI: 0.34-0.87; I² = 41%) for gonorrhea. No serious adverse events were reported in the studies. The certainty of evidence regarding the efficacy of doxy-PEP among MSM and TGW was graded as high. CONCLUSION: Doxy-PEP significantly reduces the number of new cases of chlamydia and syphilis and is potentially effective against gonorrhea, influenced by local resistance patterns. Thus, it is a promising tool in the prevention of bacterial STIs among MSM and TGW.

Systemic Sodium Thiosulfate as an Adjunct Treatment in Calcinosis: A Retrospective Study.

(1) Background: Calcinosis of the skin mainly appears in connective tissue disorders (dystrophic subtype). It may cause inflammation, ulceration, pain, and restricted joint mobility. Management is difficult; sodium thiosulfate is one potential therapeutic agent with promising data on intralesional and topical formulation for smaller calcified lesions. There are very limited data on systemic administration. (2) Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at our department to assess the efficacy of oral and intravenous sodium thiosulfate in dystrophic calcinosis between 2003 and 2023. (3) Results: Seven patients were identified, who received systemic sodium thiosulfate (intravenous or oral). The mean duration of calcinosis at the time of administration was 3.8 ± 4 years (range 0-11). Intravenous sodium thiosulfate was administered in doses of 12.5-25 g two or three times during one week of the month for 4.5 ± 3.9 months on average. Orally, 1-8 g was administered daily for 29.1 ± 40.9 months on average. Four of seven patients had a partial response (57.1%). Despite no complete response, pain, ulceration and inflammation frequency decreased, and sodium thiosulfate prevented further progression in responsive patients. (4) Conclusions: Based on our experience and literature data, systemic sodium thiosulfate may be a potential adjunct therapy in calcinosis, especially if inflamed or ulcerating.

Optically Guided High-Frequency Ultrasound to Differentiate High-Risk Basal Cell Carcinoma Subtypes: A Single-Centre Prospective Study.

BACKGROUND: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of skin cancer in the Caucasian population. Currently, invasive biopsy is the only way of establishing the histological subtype (HST) that determines the treatment options. Our study aimed to evaluate whether optically guided high-frequency ultrasound (OG-HFUS) imaging could differentiate aggressive HST BCCs from low-risk tumors. METHODS: We conducted prospective clinical and dermoscopic examinations of BCCs, followed by 33 MHz OG-HFUS imaging, surgical excision, and a histological analysis. We enrolled 75 patients with 78 BCCs. In total, 63 BCCs were utilized to establish a novel OG-HFUS risk classification algorithm, while 15 were employed for the validation of this algorithm. The mean age of the patients was 72.9 ± 11.2 years. Histology identified 16 lesions as aggressive HST (infiltrative or micronodular subtypes) and 47 as low-risk HST (superficial or nodular subtypes). To assess the data, we used a one-sided Fisher's exact test for a categorical analysis and a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy. RESULTS: OG-HFUS distinguished aggressive BCC HSTs by their irregular shape (p < 0.0001), ill-defined margins (p < 0.0001), and non-homogeneous internal echoes (p = 0.004). We developed a risk-categorizing algorithm that differentiated aggressive HSTs from low-risk HSTs with a higher sensitivity (82.4%) and specificity (91.3%) than a combined macroscopic and dermoscopic evaluation (sensitivity: 40.1% and specificity: 73.1%). The positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV, respectively) for dermoscopy were 30.2% and 76.8%, respectively. In comparison, the OG-HFUS-based algorithm demonstrated a PPV of 94.7% and an NPV of 78.6%. We verified the algorithm using an independent image set, n = 15, including 12 low-risk and 3 high-risk (high-risk) with two blinded evaluators, where we found a sensitivity of 83.33% and specificity of 91.66%. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that OG-HFUS can identify aggressive BCC HSTs based on easily identifiable morphological parameters, supporting early therapeutic decision making.

Real-World Experience with Cemiplimab Treatment for Advanced Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma-A Retrospective Single-Center Study.

BACKGROUND: The systemic treatment of advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) has seen significant developments in recent years. The anti-PD1 inhibitor cemiplimab has demonstrated efficacy in clinical trials, but real-world data are still limited. Here, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy and the safety of cemiplimab in a real-world clinical setting. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was carried out for all patients who received at least two doses of cemiplimab at our department between February 2020 and January 2023. Progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), the objective response rate (ORR), the disease control rate (DCR) and adverse events (AEs) were evaluated. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients were included with a median age of 78 (65-82) years. The median treatment duration was 48 (16-72) weeks. Five (20%) patients were immunocompromised. Sixteen patients (64%) developed AEs, including 36% serious AEs (SAEs) of grade ≥ 3. Six patients (24%) were withdrawn from treatment due to the occurrence of AEs. Among the 25 patients, 52% showed an objective response (3 complete and 10 partial responses), 76% had controlled disease and 24% experienced progression. Among the five immunocompromised patients, the ORR was 60%, while the DCR was 80%. CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective real-world study revealed that locally advanced or metastatic cSCC could be effectively treated with cemiplimab even in elderly, polymorbid and immunocompromised patients.

Assessment of Frontal Hemispherical Lateralization in Plaque Psoriasis and Atopic Dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: Each brain hemisphere plays a specialized role in cognitive and behavioral processes, known as hemispheric lateralization. In chronic skin diseases, such as plaque psoriasis (Pso) and atopic dermatitis (AD), the degree of lateralization between the frontal hemispheres may provide insight into specific connections between skin diseases and the psyche. This study aims to analyze the hemispherical lateralization, neurovegetative responses, and psychometric characteristics of patients with Pso and AD. METHODS: The study included 46 patients with Pso, 56 patients with AD, and 29 healthy control (Ctrl) subjects. The participants underwent frontal electroencephalogram (EEG) measurement, heart rate variability (HRV) assessment, and psychological tests. Statistical analyses were performed using ANOVA, with Bonferroni correction applied for multiple comparisons. RESULTS: This study shows a significant right-lateralized prefrontal activity in both AD patients (p < 0.001) and Pso patients (p = 0.045) compared with Ctrl, with no significant difference between the AD and Pso groups (p = 0.633). AD patients with right-hemispheric dominant prefrontal activation exhibited increased inhibition and avoidance markers, while Pso patients showed elevated sympathetic nervous system activity. CONCLUSION: Psychophysiological and psychometric data suggest a shared prevalence of right-hemispheric dominance in both AD and Pso patient groups. However, the findings indicate distinct psychodermatological mechanisms in AD and Pso.

Cutaneous malignancies in patients with Parkinson's disease at a dermato-oncological university centre in Hungary.

Background: The possible correlation between melanoma and Parkinson's disease (PD) has been intensively studied. In this work, we aimed to assess the coincidence of skin malignancies and PD at a dermato-oncological university centre in Central-Eastern Europe, Hungary. Methods: From 2004 to 2017, a retrospective analysis of the centre's database was performed based on International Statistical Classification of Diseases-10 codes. Results: Out of the patients who visited the clinic during the study period, 20,658 were treated for malignant skin tumours. Over the 14 years, 205 dermatological patients had PD simultaneously, 111 (54%) of whom had at least one type of skin malignancy: melanoma (n=22), basal cell carcinoma (BCC) (n=82), or squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (n=36) (in some patients, multiple skin tumours were identified). Compared to the age- and sex-matched control group, patients with PD had a significantly lower risk for basal cell carcinoma (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.47-0.89, p=0.0076) and for all skin tumours (OR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.56-0.98, p=0.0392) but not for melanoma. Conclusions: We found a decreased risk of all skin tumours and basal cell carcinoma and an unchanged risk of melanoma among patients with PD. However, it should be kept in mind that some large-scale meta-analyses suggest a higher incidence of melanoma after a diagnosis of PD, indicating the importance of skin examination in this vulnerable population.

Low dose oral glucocorticoid therapy in lichen planus: A retrospective cohort study.

Background There are various topical and systemic treatment options for the management of lichen planus. However, it is often difficult to achieve long-term disease control and many of the common therapies may be associated with unwanted side effects. Aims To evaluate the effectiveness of 8 mg oral methylprednisolone administered daily in lichen planus by the analysis of medical records. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, we compared the rates of improvement between two groups of patients. The first group received 8 mg oral methylprednisolone daily for at least one month. In the second group, patients with similar parameters to the first group (age, sex, disease manifestation) but without systemic glucocorticoid therapy were included. Fisher's exact test was used to compare the rates of remission in the two groups. Results In the daily oral methylprednisolone (n = 24) and no systemic corticosteroids (n = 16) groups, 23 (95.8%) and 6 (37.5%) patients achieved partial or complete remission, respectively. The frequency of improvement was significantly higher in patients who received oral methylprednisolone (P < 0.0001). Limitations Limitations of this study include its retrospective design and the relatively small sample size. Conclusion Low dose oral glucocorticoid therapy may be an effective option for the systemic treatment of lichen planus. Based on our results and previous studies, instead of higher doses, longer therapy duration with low doses should be considered.

Optically Guided High-Frequency Ultrasound Shows Superior Efficacy for Preoperative Estimation of Breslow Thickness in Comparison with Multispectral Imaging: A Single-Center Prospective Validation Study.

Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer that is known for its metastatic potential and has an increasing incidence worldwide. Breslow thickness, which determines the staging and surgical margin of the tumor, is unavailable at initial diagnosis. Novel imaging techniques for assessing Breslow thickness lack comparative data. This study evaluates optically guided high-frequency ultrasound (OG-HFUS) and multispectral imaging (MSI) for preoperative estimation of Breslow thickness and staging. We enrolled 101 patients with histologically confirmed primary melanoma and categorized them based on tumor thickness. Optically guided 33 MHz HFUS and MSI were utilized for the assessment. Our MSI-based algorithm categorized melanomas into three subgroups with a sensitivity of 62.6%, specificity of 81.3%, and fair agreement (κ = 0.440, CI: 0.298-0.583). In contrast, OG-HFUS demonstrated a sensitivity of 91.8%, specificity of 96.0%, and almost perfect agreement (κ = 0.858, CI: 0.763-0.952). OG-HFUS performed better than MSI in estimating Breslow thickness, emphasizing its potential as a valuable tool for melanoma diagnosis and patient management. OG-HFUS holds promise for enhancing preoperative staging and treatment decision-making in melanoma.

STIs during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Hungary: Gonorrhea as a Potential Indicator of Sexual Behavior.

The social distancing measures introduced due to the COVID-19 pandemic may have affected the sexual behavior of the population. We collected data retrospectively from the National STD Center of Hungary. The overall patient influx data of the STD Center and the number of patients diagnosed with syphilis, chlamydia, and gonorrhea infections were assessed in the three-month period of 2020 when the strict governmental lockdown was introduced in Hungary. Data were compared to the pre- and post-lockdown quarters of 2020 and matched to the respective quarters of 2018 and 2019. The number of patients diagnosed with syphilis and chlamydia infections in 2020 during the lockdown decreased compared to 2018 and 2019, while the number of gonorrhea cases increased. The lower number of STI screenings resulted in a significant decrease in asymptomatic syphilis and chlamydia case numbers. However, the growing number of gonorrhea cases in 2020 during lockdown highlights that sexual behavior remained unchanged regardless of restrictions. Therefore, gonorrhea may be considered as an indicator of STI incidences during the pandemic.

Anti-PD-1 Monotherapy in Advanced Melanoma-Real-World Data from a 77-Month-Long Retrospective Observational Study.

Real-world evidence plays an important role in the assessment of efficacy and safety of novel therapies. The increasing use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in patients with advanced melanoma has led to notably improved clinical outcomes, while they are also associated with immune-related adverse events (irAEs). The majority of the available data are based on clinical trials, where the investigated subjects often do not adequately represent the general patient population of the everyday practice. Although there is a niche of objective biomarkers for the future treatment response of ICIs, certain studies suggest that irAEs may be predictive. The aim of this study was to carry out a retrospective analysis of treatment data from patients with advanced melanoma, treated with a single anti-PD-1 agent (pembrolizumab or nivolumab) during a 77-month-long period. Treatment efficacy and occurrence of adverse events were analyzed to identify potential predictive markers. Primary and secondary endpoints were the overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). In our cohort, we demonstrated that the occurrence of more than one irAE showed a correlation with response to PD-1 ICI therapy and improved the OS and PFS. Our study suggests, that the grade of toxicity of the irAE may affect the survival rate.

Emergency Use and Efficacy of an Asynchronous Teledermatology System as a Novel Tool for Early Diagnosis of Skin Cancer during the First Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background: After the outbreak of the corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, teledermatology was implemented in the Hungarian public healthcare system for the first time. Our objective was to assess aggregated diagnostic agreements and to determine the effectiveness of an asynchronous teledermatology system for skin cancer screening. Methods: This retrospective single-center study included cases submitted for teledermatology consultation during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Follow-up of the patients was performed to collect the results of any subsequent personal examination. Results: 749 patients with 779 lesions were involved. 15 malignant melanomas (9.9%), 78 basal cell carcinomas (51.3%), 21 squamous cell carcinomas (13.8%), 7 other malignancies (4.6%) and 31 actinic keratoses (20.4%) were confirmed. 87 malignancies were diagnosed in the high-urgency group (42.2%), 49 malignancies in the moderate-urgency group (21.6%) and 16 malignancies in the low-urgency group (4.6%) (p < 0.0001). Agreement of malignancies was substantial for primary (86.3%; κ = 0.647) and aggregated diagnoses (85.3%; κ = 0.644). Agreement of total lesions was also substantial for primary (81.2%; κ = 0.769) and aggregated diagnoses (87.9%; κ = 0.754). Conclusions: Our findings showed that asynchronous teledermatology using a mobile phone application served as an accurate skin cancer screening system during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Preliminary Clinical Experience with a Novel Optical-Ultrasound Imaging Device on Various Skin Lesions.

A compact handheld skin ultrasound imaging device has been developed that uses co-registered optical and ultrasound imaging to provide diagnostic information about the full skin depth. The aim of the current work is to present the preliminary clinical results of this device. Using additional photographic, dermoscopic and ultrasonic images as reference, the images from the device were assessed in terms of the detectability of the main skin layer boundaries and characteristic image features. Combined optical-ultrasonic recordings of various types of skin lesions (melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, seborrheic keratosis, dermatofibroma, naevus, dermatitis and psoriasis) were taken with the device (N = 53) and compared with images captured with a reference portable skin ultrasound imager. The investigator and two additional independent experts performed the evaluation. The detectability of skin structures was over 90% for the epidermis, the dermis and the lesions. The morphological and echogenicity information observed for the different skin lesions were found consistent with those of the reference ultrasound device and relevant ultrasound images in the literature. The presented device was able to obtain simultaneous in-vivo optical and ultrasound images of various skin lesions. This has the potential for further investigations, including the preoperative planning of skin cancer treatment.

Altered Glycosylation of Human Alpha-1-Acid Glycoprotein as a Biomarker for Malignant Melanoma.

A high-resolution HILIC-MS/MS method was developed to analyze anthranilic acid derivatives of N-glycans released from human serum alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP). The method was applied to samples obtained from 18 patients suffering from high-risk malignant melanoma as well as 19 healthy individuals. It enabled the identification of 102 glycan isomers separating isomers that differ only in sialic acid linkage (α-2,3, α-2,6) or in fucose positions (core, antenna). Comparative assessment of the samples revealed that upregulation of certain fucosylated glycans and downregulation of their nonfucosylated counterparts occurred in cancer patients. An increased ratio of isomers with more α-2,6-linked sialic acids was also observed. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) combining 10 variables with the highest discriminatory power was employed to categorize the samples based on their glycosylation pattern. The performance of the method was tested by cross-validation, resulting in an overall classification success rate of 96.7%. The approach presented here is significantly superior to serological marker S100B protein in terms of sensitivity and negative predictive power in the population studied. Therefore, it may effectively support the diagnosis of malignant melanoma as a biomarker.

Quantitative Multispectral Imaging Differentiates Melanoma from Seborrheic Keratosis.

Melanoma is a melanocytic tumor that is responsible for the most skin cancer-related deaths. By contrast, seborrheic keratosis (SK) is a very common benign lesion with a clinical picture that may resemble melanoma. We used a multispectral imaging device to distinguish these two entities, with the use of autofluorescence imaging with 405 nm and diffuse reflectance imaging with 525 and 660 narrow-band LED illumination. We analyzed intensity descriptors of the acquired images. These included ratios of intensity values of different channels, standard deviation and minimum/maximum values of intensity of the lesions. The pattern of the lesions was also assessed with the use of particle analysis. We found significantly higher intensity values in SKs compared with melanoma, especially with the use of the autofluorescence channel. Moreover, we found a significantly higher number of particles with high fluorescence in SKs. We created a parameter, the SK index, using these values to differentiate melanoma from SK with a sensitivity of 91.9% and specificity of 57.0%. In conclusion, this imaging technique is potentially applicable to distinguish melanoma from SK based on the analysis of various quantitative parameters. For this application, multispectral imaging could be used as a screening tool by general physicians and non-experts in the everyday practice.

Visualization of Keratin with Diffuse Reflectance and Autofluorescence Imaging and Nonlinear Optical Microscopy in a Rare Keratinopathic Ichthyosis.

Keratins are one of the main fluorophores of the skin. Keratinization disorders can lead to alterations in the optical properties of the skin. We set out to investigate a rare form of keratinopathic ichthyosis caused by KRT1 mutation with two different optical imaging methods. We used a newly developed light emitting diode (LED) based device to analyze autofluorescence signal at 405 nm excitation and diffuse reflectance at 526 nm in vivo. Mean autofluorescence intensity of the hyperkeratotic palmar skin was markedly higher in comparison to the healthy control (162.35 vs. 51.14). To further assess the skin status, we examined samples from affected skin areas ex vivo by nonlinear optical microscopy. Two-photon excited fluorescence and second-harmonic generation can visualize epidermal keratin and dermal collagen, respectively. We were able to visualize the structure of the epidermis and other skin changes caused by abnormal keratin formation. Taken together, we were able to show that such imaging modalities are useful for the diagnosis and follow-up of keratinopathic diseases.

Multispectral Imaging Algorithm Predicts Breslow Thickness of Melanoma.

Breslow thickness is a major prognostic factor for melanoma. It is based on histopathological evaluation, and thus it is not available to aid clinical decision making at the time of the initial melanoma diagnosis. In this work, we assessed the efficacy of multispectral imaging (MSI) to predict Breslow thickness and developed a classification algorithm to determine optimal safety margins of the melanoma excision. First, we excluded nevi from the analysis with a novel quantitative parameter. Parameter s' could differentiate nevi from melanomas with a sensitivity of 89.60% and specificity of 88.11%. Following this step, we have categorized melanomas into three different subgroups based on Breslow thickness (≤1 mm, 1-2 mm and >2 mm) with a sensitivity of 78.00% and specificity of 89.00% and a substantial agreement (κ = 0.67; 95% CI, 0.58-0.76). We compared our results to the performance of dermatologists and dermatology residents who assessed dermoscopic and clinical images of these melanomas, and reached a sensitivity of 60.38% and specificity of 80.86% with a moderate agreement (κ = 0.41; 95% CI, 0.39-0.43). Based on our findings, this novel method may help predict the appropriate safety margins for curative melanoma excision.

Efficiency of long-term high-dose intravenous ascorbic acid therapy in locally advanced basal cell carcinoma - a pilot study.

INTRODUCTION: The anti-cancer properties of high-dose intravenous ascorbic acid have been demonstrated in various malignancies. In our recent study, we tested topically applied ascorbic acid to treat basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and achieved a good clinical response. AIM: Based on these results, we decided to examine the efficacy and tolerability of high-dose intravenous ascorbic acid (IVA) for locally advanced BCC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this pilot study, patients diagnosed with locally advanced BCC who were not amenable to radiation, surgical or local therapy (no other treatment option was available at the time) received intravenous ascorbic acid (1-1.8 g/kg), in an outpatient setting, 1-3 times per week for a mean duration of 42 ±23.6 weeks. This therapy was generally well tolerated. RESULTS: Among 4 patients who had a total of 165 (mean: 41 ±51, range: 1-114) skin lesions, 3 patients achieved stable disease and one had progressive disease. There was substantial variability in individual tumor response to therapy. With the aid of two-photon microscopy and second harmonic generation imaging techniques, alterations in collagen structure were observed between tumor nests during IVA therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that IVA is well tolerated in a small group of patients with extensive BCCs. However, in the era of smoothened (Smo) receptor inhibitors, it may only be considered as an adjuvant therapy in treatment-resistant cases.

Hairy cell leukaemia diagnosed in a polysensitized patient with atypical haemorrhagic skin lesions / Atípusos haemorrhagiás bortünetek hátterében igazolt hajas sejtes leukaemia poliszenzibilizált betegen.

As the topical use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has gained popularity recently, adverse reactions related to their application have also become more common. The authors present the case of a 49-year-old man, who used etofenamate gel to treat leg pain. Following sun exposure, haemorrhagic, atypical lesions appeared and after rapid spread of the symptoms, the patient was hospitalized. In the area of the etofenamate application as well as on both legs, arms, trunk and face, confluent, erythematous sero-papules and macules were found, along with petechiae on the oral mucosa. Splenomegaly and thrombocytopenia accompanied the skin symptoms, which prompted an oncohematological workup, and the patient was diagnosed with hairy cell leukaemia. Epicutaneous testing (ET) was performed and found a positive reaction to etofenamate gel as well wood tar, propylen glycol, fragrance mix I, methylisothiazolinone, benzoic acid and balsam of Peru. The lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) and CD69 expression were negative for etofenamate. Orv Hetil. 2020; 161(38): 1646-1651.

Smoothened receptor inhibitor vismodegib for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma: a retrospective analysis of efficacy and side effects.

Background: Smoothened receptor inhibitor vismodegib is indicated to treat locally advanced basal cell carcinoma (laBCC) and lesions in nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS).Methods: We treated 11 patients - including four NBCCS and seven laBCC patients - with vismodegib at our department.Results: Complete remission was achieved in three cases, without relapse after discontinuation. Two of the aforementioned patients had NBCCS, in their cases further treatment might be needed. Two patients showed improvement, but later passed away due to unrelated conditions. Two patients with laBCC initially showed remission, then the treatment was suspended due to side effects. After re-administration of the drug, loss of efficacy was observed. We did not observe therapy resistance in our NBCCS group. The rest of the patients showed good response to therapy, but have not reached full remission yet. The main side effects of vismodegib were muscle cramps, dysgeusia, nausea and alopecia. The frequency of adverse events did not show significant differences between the patient groups.Conclusions: Our results show that vismodegib therapy is effective in the treatment of BCC; however, side effects are often severe. Since the suspension of treatment can lead to therapy resistance, the management of side effects is of great importance.