Detection of the pathological exposure of pulp using an artificial intelligence tool: a multicentric study over periapical radiographs.

BACKGROUND: Introducing artificial intelligence (AI) into the medical field proved beneficial in automating tasks and streamlining the practitioners' lives. Hence, this study was conducted to design and evaluate an AI tool called Make Sure Caries Detector and Classifier (MSc) for detecting pathological exposure of pulp on digital periapical radiographs and to compare its performance with dentists. METHODS: This study was a diagnostic, multi-centric study, with 3461 digital periapical radiographs from three countries and seven centers. MSc was built using Yolov5-x model, and it was used for exposed and unexposed pulp detection. The dataset was split into a train, validate, and test dataset; the ratio was 8-1-1 to prevent overfitting. 345 images with 752 labels were randomly allocated to test MSc. The performance metrics used to test MSc performance included mean average precision (mAP), precision, F1 score, recall, and area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). The metrics used to compare the performance with that of 10 certified dentists were: right diagnosis exposed (RDE), right diagnosis not exposed (RDNE), false diagnosis exposed (FDE), false diagnosis not exposed (FDNE), missed diagnosis (MD), and over diagnosis (OD). RESULTS: MSc achieved a performance of more than 90% in all metrics examined: an average precision of 0.928, recall of 0.918, F1-score of 0.922, and AUC of 0.956 (P<.05). The results showed a higher mean of 1.94 for all right (correct) diagnosis parameters in MSc group, while a higher mean of 0.64 for all wrong diagnosis parameters in the dentists group (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: The designed MSc tool proved itself reliable in the detection and differentiating between exposed and unexposed pulp in the internally validated model. It also showed a better performance for the detection of exposed and unexposed pulp when compared to the 10 dentists' consensus.

Push out bond strength of hydraulic cements used at different thicknesses.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare the pushout bond strength (POBS) of three hydraulic cements, when used at thicknesses of 3 and 5 mm. METHODS: 78 root slices of 3 and 5 mm of thickness were obtained from human teeth. Cylindrical cavities of 1.4 mm of diameter were drilled and filled with Biodentine (BD), Totalfill Root Repair paste (TF) or ProRoot MTA White (PMTA). Pushout tests were performed 21 days later. The fracture pattern of each sample was also analyzed. POBS data were analyzed with Welch and Brown-Forsythe and Tamhane's post hoc tests and a Weibull analysis was also performed. RESULTS: In the 3 mm group, TF showed significantly lower bond strength than BD and PMTA. In the 5 mm group, BD showed significantly higher bond strength than TF. Both BD and TF showed higher bond strength when the thickness of the sample increased, while PMTA did not. CONCLUSIONS: TF and BD achieve higher pushout bond strength resistance when used at a thickness of 5 mm than at 3 mm, while the mean resistance of PMTA is less influenced by the thickness. At 5 mm of thickness, BD and PMTA exhibit similar resistance to displacement. However, the behavior of BD is more predictable than that of its predecessor. BD is a reliable hydraulic cement for clinical situations where thick cavities need to be filled and displacement resistance plays an important role. Clinicians need to consider choosing specific hydraulic cements according to the thickness of material to be used.

Etiología de la osteonecrosis avascular de cadera y hombro. Cribado de la enfermedad de Gaucher / Etiology of avascular necrosis of the hip and shoulder. Screening for Gaucher disease

Introducción La osteonecrosis avascular (ONA) de cadera y de hombro es una enfermedad poco estudiada y no se conocen bien los factores de riesgos predisponentes para desarrollarla. Existe un porcentaje alto de pacientes diagnosticados como osteonecrosis idiopática. Este estudio tiene como objetivo investigar la prevalencia de los posibles factores etiológicos de la ONA y realizar un cribado de la enfermedad de Gaucher en los pacientes diagnosticados de ONA idiopática. Material y método Estudio observacional retrospectivo y unicéntrico de los pacientes que hayan presentado al menos un episodio de osteonecrosis avascular de la cadera o del hombro en el Hospital de Poniente (Almería, España) desde enero de 2010 a diciembre de 2019. Se recogieron datos clínicos y analíticos. Los pacientes en cuya historia clínica no se describían factores etiológicos fueron cribados para enfermedad de Gaucher. Resultados Se incluyeron un total de 81 pacientes, de los cuales 58 eran hombres. La edad media de presentación de ONA fue de 45,9 años. Presentaron necrosis unilateral de cadera (n = 43), necrosis bilateral de cadera (n = 34), necrosis bilateral de cadera y unilateral de hombro (n = 3) y necrosis unilateral de hombro (n = 1). Los potenciales factores etiológicos más frecuentes fueron tabaquismo (46,9%) y obesidad (17,3%). Se realizó un cribado de la enfermedad de Gaucher en 10 pacientes, que resultó ser negativo. Conclusiones En nuestro estudio los principales potenciales factores etiológicos de aparición de la ONA fueron el tabaquismo y la obesidad. Existe un porcentaje alto de pacientes diagnosticados de osteonecrosis avascular idiopática. Creemos que en estos casos se debería realizar un estudio más exhaustivo de los factores de riesgo menos frecuentes (AU)

Introduction Avascular necrosis (AON) of the hip and shoulder is a little studied disease and the predisposing risk factors for its development are not well known. A high percentage of patients are diagnosed with idiopathic osteonecrosis. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of potential etiological factors for AON and to screen for Gaucher disease among patients with idiopathic AON. Material and methods This retrospective, single-center, observational study was conducted on patients who had at least one episode of AON of the hip or shoulder at the Hospital de Poniente (Almería, Spain) from January 2010 to December 2019. Clinical and analytical data were collected. Patients whose medical record described no etiological factors for this disease were screened for Gaucher disease. Result The study sample consisted of 81 patients, of whom 58 were male. The mean age at presentation of AON was 45.9 years. They presented with unilateral hip necrosis (n = 43), bilateral hip necrosis (n = 34), bilateral hip and unilateral shoulder necrosis (n = 3), and unilateral shoulder necrosis (n = 1). The most frequent potential etiological factors were smoking (46.9%) and obesity (17.3%). Screening for Gaucher disease was performed in ten patients, all of whom tested negative. Conclusions In our study population, the main potential etiological factors the onset of AON of the shoulder or hip were smoking and obesity. A high percentage of patients were diagnosed with idiopathic AON. We believe that a more exhaustive study of less frequent risk factors should be carried out in these cases (AU)

Etiology of avascular necrosis of the hip and shoulder. Screening for Gaucher disease.

INTRODUCTION: Avascular necrosis (AON) of the hip and shoulder is a little studied disease and the predisposing risk factors for its development are not well known. A high percentage of patients are diagnosed with idiopathic osteonecrosis. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of potential etiological factors for AON and to screen for Gaucher disease among patients with idiopathic AON. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective, single-center, observational study was conducted on patients who had at least one episode of AON of the hip or shoulder at the Hospital de Poniente (Almería, Spain) from January 2010 to December 2019. Clinical and analytical data were collected. Patients whose medical record described no etiological factors for this disease were screened for Gaucher disease. RESULTS: The study sample consisted of 81 patients, of whom 58 were male. The mean age at presentation of AON was 45.9 years. They presented with unilateral hip necrosis (n=43), bilateral hip necrosis (n=34), bilateral hip and unilateral shoulder necrosis (n=3), and unilateral shoulder necrosis (n=1). The most frequent potential etiological factors were smoking (46.9%) and obesity (17.3%). Screening for Gaucher disease was performed in ten patients, all of whom tested negative. CONCLUSIONS: In our study population, the main potential etiological factors the onset of AON of the shoulder or hip were smoking and obesity. A high percentage of patients were diagnosed with idiopathic AON. We believe that a more exhaustive study of less frequent risk factors should be carried out in these cases.

Psychotic symptoms in COVID-19 patients. A retrospective descriptive study.

Psychotic symptoms have been related to other coronavirus infections. We conducted a single-centre retrospective and observational study to describe new-onset psychotic episodes in COVID-19 patients. Ten patients infected by the novel coronavirus with psychotic symptoms and no previous history of psychosis were identified by the emergency and liaison psychiatry departments. Nine of the cases presented with psychotic symptoms at least two weeks after the first somatic manifestations attributed to COVID-19 and receiving pharmacological treatment. Structured delusions mixed with confusional features were the most frequent clinical presentations. Hence, COVID-19 patients can develop psychotic symptoms as a consequence of multiple concurrent factors.

Características clínicas y epidemiológicas de la parasitación intestinal por Blastocystis hominis / Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of intestinal parasite infection by Blastocystis hominis

Objetivos. Blastocystis hominis (B. hominis) es uno de los parásitos intestinales más frecuentemente aislados en el ser humano. Puede producir sintomatología gastrointestinal o, en la mayoría de los casos, permanecer asintomático. Existen dudas sobre el carácter patógeno del parásito. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de la parasitación por B. hominis, con y sin otras coparasitaciones. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio observacional retrospectivo de aislamientos de B. hominis en heces, desde octubre del 2004 hasta marzo del 2016 en una Unidad de Medicina Tropical. Se revisó a todos los pacientes con parasitación exclusiva, o no, por B. hominis. Resultados. Se estudió a 3.070 pacientes. En 570 (18%) se diagnosticó infección por B. hominis, de los que en 245 (43%) representó el único aislamiento; 325 (57%) presentaron otras coparasitaciones (Entamoeba hystolitica o dispar, Strongyloides stercoralis, uncinarias y Schistosoma sp.). El síntoma principal fue dolor abdominal (41,8%). En un 31,2% el parásito se detectó en el cribado de enfermedades importadas en pacientes asintomáticos. De los que recibieron tratamiento con metronidazol, un 78,2% mejoró y en el 82,6% los parásitos se negativizaron. Conclusiones. La parasitación por B. hominis es una de las enfermedades más frecuentes en nuestra Unidad de Medicina Tropical. La mayoría de los pacientes están asintomáticos o bien la clínica puede ser atribuida a otras parasitaciones. En aquellos casos en los que persisten los síntomas sin poder ser atribuidos a otras causas, es recomendable un tratamiento específico

Objectives. Blastocystis hominis (B. hominis) is one of the most common intestinal parasites isolated in humans. The parasite can cause gastrointestinal symptoms or, in most cases, remain asymptomatic. There are issues concerning the parasite's pathogenic character. The aim of this study was to analyse the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the parasite infection by B. hominis, with or without other parasitic co-infections. Patients and methods. An observational retrospective study was conducted of B. hominis isolates in faeces from October 2004 to March 2016 in a tropical medicine unit. We reviewed all patients with a parasite infection, exclusively or not by B. hominis. Results. We studied 3070 patients, 570 (18%) of whom were diagnosed with B. hominis infection, which was the only isolate in 245 (43%) of the 570 patients. A total of 325 (57%) patients presented other parasitic co-infections (Entamoeba histolytic or Entamoeba dispar, Strongyloides stercoralis, hookworm and Schistosoma spp.). The main symptom was abdominal pain (41.8%). In 31.2% of cases, the parasite was detected in the imported diseases screening of asymptomatic patients. Of those who underwent treatment with metronidazole, 78.2% improved. The parasite was neutralised in 82.6% of the patients. Conclusions. Parasite infection by B. hominis is one of the most common diseases in our tropical medicine unit. Most patients are asymptomatic, or their symptoms can be attributed to other parasite infections. In those cases in which symptoms persist without being able to attribute them to other causes, a specific treatment is recommended

Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of intestinal parasite infection by Blastocystis hominis. / Características clínicas y epidemiológicas de la parasitación intestinal por Blastocystis hominis.

OBJECTIVES: Blastocystis hominis (B. hominis) is one of the most common intestinal parasites isolated in humans. The parasite can cause gastrointestinal symptoms or, in most cases, remain asymptomatic. There are issues concerning the parasite's pathogenic character. The aim of this study was to analyse the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the parasite infection by B. hominis, with or without other parasitic co-infections. PATIENTS AND METHODS: An observational retrospective study was conducted of B. hominis isolates in faeces from October 2004 to March 2016 in a tropical medicine unit. We reviewed all patients with a parasite infection, exclusively or not by B. hominis. RESULTS: We studied 3070 patients, 570 (18%) of whom were diagnosed with B. hominis infection, which was the only isolate in 245 (43%) of the 570 patients. A total of 325 (57%) patients presented other parasitic co-infections (Entamoeba histolytic or Entamoeba dispar, Strongyloides stercoralis, hookworm and Schistosoma spp.). The main symptom was abdominal pain (41.8%). In 31.2% of cases, the parasite was detected in the imported diseases screening of asymptomatic patients. Of those who underwent treatment with metronidazole, 78.2% improved. The parasite was neutralised in 82.6% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Parasite infection by B. hominis is one of the most common diseases in our tropical medicine unit. Most patients are asymptomatic, or their symptoms can be attributed to other parasite infections. In those cases in which symptoms persist without being able to attribute them to other causes, a specific treatment is recommended.

Surgical management of scrotal elephantiasis: a two severe cases report / Abordaje quirúrgico de la elefantiasis escrotal a propósito de dos casos graves

El linfedema puede afectar a cualquier parte del cuerpo, incluido el escroto y el pene. Esta alteración en el drenaje linfático provoca en ocasiones grandes deformidades que conocemos como elefantiasis. El linfedema genital causa graves limitaciones funcionales y emocionales en los pacientes que lo padecen, pues a menudo sufren dolor debido a la irritación crónica, infecciones recurrentes, incapacidad para asearse, disfunción sexual, deformidad estética, llegando incluso a limitar la movilidad o la deambulación. No existe un tratamiento médico o quirúrgico ideal para el linfedema genital masculino. En la literatura se hace referencia a colgajos fasciocutáneos de la cara interna de los muslos tras grandes resecciones de tejido escrotal, pero este tipo de cirugía altera la termorregulación testicular y puede producir esterilidad. También está descrito el uso de injertos laminares de piel, que no aportan una cobertura estable. Otra opción es la reconstrucción con colgajos perineales posteriores, que preservan los linfáticos perirrectales para proveer un drenaje linfático adecuado a la zona. Presentamos 2 casos de linfedema escrotal grave, elefantiásico, no infeccioso, en los cuales realizamos linfangiectomía, resección de todo el tejido linfedematoso y reconstrucción con colgajos perineales locales. En ambos pacientes los resultados fueron satisfactorios, mejorando significativamente su calidad de vida sin evidenciar signos de recurrencia 1 año después del tratamiento

The lymphedema may affect any part of the body including the scrotum and penis due to an alteration of the lymphatic drainage, causing great deformities known as elephantiasis. Genital lymphedema may cause severe functional and emotional limitations in patients because they often suffer pain caused by chronic irritation, recurrent infections, incapacity to clean themselves, sexual disfunction, aesthetic deformities and mobility impairment. There is not an ideal medical or surgical treatment for masculine genital lymphedema. In the literature, there is reference to fasciocutaneos flaps from the inner side of the thighs after big resections of scrotal tissue, but thermoregulation may be altered causing sterility. Also skin grafts are described, but they do not supply a stable coverage. Another option is the reconstruction with posterior perineal flaps where perirectal lymphatic vessels are preserved to ensure a lymphatic drainage. We present 2 cases of severe elephantiasic scrotal lymphedema, in which we practised limphangiectomy and reconstruction with perineal local flaps. In both patients results were satisfactory, improving significantly life quality, with no signs of recurrence 1 year after the treatment (AU)

Amiloidosis traqueobronquial / Tracheobronchial amyloidosis

Presentamos un caso de amiloidosis traqueobronquial en una mujer de 57 años que presentaba síntomas respiratorios de larga evolución. La rareza de esta entidad hace que el diagnóstico pueda ser difícil, ante la habitual falta de sospecha clínica de la misma y la confusión con otras patologías más habituales

We present a case of tracheobronchial amyloidosis in a 57-year-old woman who had long course respiratory symptoms. The rareness of this entity makes it difficult to diagnose because of the usual lack of clinical suspicion and its confusion with other more common diseases

[Cryotherapy with nitrous oxide in primary care]. / Crioterapia con óxido nitroso en atención primaria.

OBJECTIVE: To study the efficacy, tolerance and safety in primary care of the cryotherapy technique using nitrous oxide. Design. Descriptive, observational and transversal study. SETTING: Mariñamansa-A Cuña Health Centre, Ourense. PARTICIPANTS: All the patients who consulted for cutaneous lesions caused by cryotherapy between March and April 2000 (n=130). MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Age, sex, diagnosis, location, size of lesion, duration of application of the cryogenic agent, previous treatment, side-effects observed, and evolution of the lesion. RESULTS: Mean age was 36.65 (95% CI, 32.57-40.74), of whom 53.8% (95% CI, 44.80-62.50) were women. The most common lesions were common warts (68.5%), actinic Keratosis (12.3%) and plantar warts (7.7%). We found that most lesions were located on an upper limb (50.8%). The mean size of lesions was 8.65 mm2 (95% CI, 4.50-12.80). 69.7% of warts were scraped prior to cryotherapy; and 16.2% received prior keratolysis. We found no side-effects in 32.3% of the patients; the commonest side-effect detected was blisters. Mean number of cryotherapy sessions was 2.82 (95% CI, 2.39-3.29). The technique was tolerated well in 83.8% of cases. We found total cure in 87.7%. Most of the cutaneous lesions that failed were common warts. CONCLUSIONS: Nitrous oxide is effective in most lesions caused by cryotherapy. The technique is tolerated well, can be handled easily and can be used in primary care.

Crioterapia con óxido nitroso en atención primaria / Cryotherapy with nitrous oxide in primary care

Objetivo. Estudiar la eficacia, tolerancia y seguridad de la técnica de crioterapia con óxido nitroso en atención primaria. Diseño. Estudio descriptivo observacional, transversal. Emplazamiento. Centro de Saúde Mariñamansa-A Cuña, Ourense. Participantes. Todos los pacientes que consultaron por lesiones cutáneas subsidiarias de crioterapia entre marzo y abril de 2000 (n = 130).Mediciones principales. Edad, sexo, diagnóstico, localización, tamaño de la lesión, tiempo de aplicación del agente criogénico, tratamiento previo, secundarismos observados y evolución de la lesión. Resultados. La edad media fue de 36,65 años (IC del 95 per cent, 32,57-40,74); un 53,8 per cent (IC del 95 per cent, 44,80-62,50) eran mujeres. Las lesiones más frecuentes fueron verrugas vulgares (68,5 per cent), queratosis actínica (12,3 per cent) y verrugas plantares (7,7 per cent).Observamos que la mayoría de las lesiones se localizó en miembro superior (50,8 per cent). El tamaño medio de las lesiones fue de 8,65 mm2 (IC del 95 per cent, 4,50-12,80). Se realizó raspado previo a la crioterapia en el 69,7 per cent de las verrugas y un 16,2 per cent recibió queratolítico previo. No observamos secundarismos en el 32,3 per cent de los pacientes; de los secundarismos detectados el más frecuente fue la ampolla. La media de sesiones de crioterapia fue de 2,82 (IC del 95 per cent, 2,39-3,29). La técnica fue bien tolerada en el 83,8 per cent de los casos. Obtuvimos una curación global de un 87,7 per cent; las lesiones cutáneas que fracasan son sobre todo verrugas vulgares. Conclusiones. El óxido nitroso es eficaz en la mayoría de los lesiones subsidiarias de crioterapia y es una técnica bien tolerada y de fácil manejo que puede aplicarse en atención primaria (AU)

[Environmental stress and cardiovascular reactivity: the effect of stressful life events on hypertense patients]. / Estrés ambiental y reactividad cardiovascular: la influencia de los acontecimientos vitales estresantes en pacientes hipertensos.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of stressful life events (SLE) on the monitoring of patients with essential hypertension. DESIGN: Observational and prospective. SETTING: Primary care. PARTICIPANTS: 236 hypertense patients selected by systematic randomised sampling. MEASUREMENTS: Age, sex, marital status, cultural level, kind of family, presence of SLE, social support, blood pressure, severity of hypertension, tobacco consumption, alcohol, presence of diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia, body mass index, compliance with hypertension treatment. RESULTS. Mean age was 63.51 (62.05; 64.96), with 66.1% being women and 33.9% men. 48.7% of the patients referred to some SLE during the follow-up. These reached a mean of 47.65 (33.16; 62.15) life change units (LCU). Patients with high-impact SLE (>150 LCU) had a significant increase of 10.91 mm Hg (0.43; 21.40) in their systolic blood pressure and of 9.48 beats per minute (3.78; 15.19) in their heart rate, after monitoring for possible factors of confusion. We observed a similar trend for diastolic pressure, but this did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION: The presence of SLE has a negative effect on systolic blood pressure in hypertense patients.

Estrés ambiental y reactividad cardiovascular: la influencia de los acontecimientos vitales estresantes en pacientes hipertensos / Environmental stress and cardiovascular reactivity the effect of stressful life events on hypertense patients

Objetivo. Valorar el efecto de los acontecimientos vitales estresantes (AVE) sobre el control de pacientes con hipertensión arterial esencial. Diseño. Observacional y prospectivo. Emplazamiento. Atención primaria. Participantes. Un total de 236 hipertensos seleccionados por muestreo aleatorio sistemático. Mediciones. Edad, sexo, estado civil, nivel cultural, tipo de familia, presencia de AVE, apoyo social, presión arterial, gravedad de la hipertensión, consumo de tabaco, alcohol, presencia de diabetes, hipercolesterolemia, índice de masa corporal y cumplimiento del tratamiento antihipertensivo. Resultados. La media de edad fue de 63,51 años (62,05-64,96), siendo la mayoría mujeres (66,1 por ciento). Un 48,7 por ciento de los pacientes refirieron algún AVE durante el seguimiento, y éstos alcanzaron una media de 47,65 (33,16-62,15) unidades de cambio vital (LCU). Los pacientes con AVE de alto impacto (>150 LCU) presentaron un incremento significativo de 10,91 mmHg (0,43-21,40) en la presión arterial sistólica y de 9,48 lat/min (3,78-15,19) en la frecuencia cardíaca, tras controlar por los posibles factores de confusión. Asimismo, observamos una tendencia similar respecto de la presión arterial diastólica, pero sin alcanzar significación estadística. Conclusiones. La presencia de AVE empeora el control de la presión arterial sistólica en pacientes hipertensos (AU)

Effects of fluoxetine on the development of lung metastases induced by operative stress in rats.

Experiments were performed in order to evaluate the effects of fluoxetine, a selective inhibitor of neural serotonin transporter antidepressant, on the development lung metastases in rats subjected to laparotomy and injected (i.v.) with 10(4) Walker 256 (W-256) carcinosarcoma cells. The number of metastatic nodules on the surface of the lungs, as well as the percentage-area of metastases in the frontal section through pulmonary hilus were increased in rats subjected to sham-surgery or laparotomy. Treatment with fluoxetine (5 mg/kg) partially reversed those adverse effects of surgery, but the difference was clearer when it was administered before surgery was performed. Survival periods were also assessed and fluoxetine was found to decrease the lethality of rats exposed to surgery.

Effects of amphetamine on the development of Moloney sarcoma virus-induced tumors in mice.

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of amphetamine (0. 4 mg/kg) on the development of autochthonous tumors induced by the Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV) in Balb/c female mice. Enhancement of MSV-induced tumor incidence and tumor growth was observed, together with a delay in the usual prompt regression of the tumors, when mice were daily injected with amphetamine for 3 days after MSV-inoculation. However, no effects of amphetamine on tumor development were observed when it was administered during the 3 days before tumor inoculation.

Effects of fluoxetine on the immunosuppressive response to stress in mice.

Mice exposed to a chronic auditory stressor and treated with fluoxetine (5 mg/kg) showed a reduction in stress-induced suppression of thymus and spleen cellularity, and in peripheral T lymphocyte population. The blastogenic response of spleen lymphoid cells and the delayed type hypersensitivity response (DTH) to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were also assessed and fluoxetine was found to partially reverse the inhibitory effect of stress on both parameters.