Factors Associated With Lack of Long-Term Follow-Up Data After Global Cardiac Surgery Missions.

Background: Humanitarian medical missions attempt to lessen the burden of limited access to cardiac surgery in low- and middle-income countries. While organizations express difficulties obtaining follow-up information, there is currently little evidence to support the various assumptions for lack of data. This study examines the factors influencing long-term patient follow-ups on repeated short-term cardiac surgery missions across nine countries. Methods: A retrospective analysis of CardioStart International's database (RedCap) was conducted to investigate demographic, socioeconomic, and surgical factors associated with follow-ups. Results: A total of 550 pediatric (50%) and adult (50%) cardiac surgery patients displayed a follow-up rate of 14.7%, with no significant difference between populations (P = 1). Mean follow-up time was 1.5 years postoperative. Countries were highly variable, with Dominican Republic and Vietnam showing follow-up rates of 30.4% and 43.2%, respectively, while Brazil, Nepal, and Tanzania had no follow-ups (P < 0.0001). The 11 surrogate factors for socioeconomic status, including home amenities and technology access, were predominantly insignificant, with the exception of phone access showing an unexpectedly decreased follow-up rate (11.6%, P = 0.006). Surgical intervention was a significant factor (P = 0.009). No adult cardiac surgery trends were noted; however, congenital cases demonstrated increased follow-ups in patients with higher Risk Adjusted Congenital Heart Surgery scores, with ventricular septal defects (32.5%) exceeding atrial septal defects (7.3%). Conclusions: Follow-ups correlate with mission factors, including location and types of intervention, more so than previously assumed socioeconomic and technological factors. Thus, certain missions may require more allocation of resources and adapted organizational policies to overcome site-specific barriers to follow-up.

Clinical Trial Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion: Roadmap of the Cardiothoracic Surgical Trials Network.

BACKGROUND: There is a recognized lack of diversity among patients enrolled in cardiovascular interventional and surgical trials. Diverse patient representation in clinical trials is necessary to enhance generalizability of findings, which may lead to better outcomes across broader populations. The Cardiothoracic Surgical Trials Network (CTSN) recently developed a plan of action to increase diversity among participating investigators and trial participants and is the focus of this review. METHODS: A review of literature and enrollment data from CTSN trials was conducted. RESULTS: CTSN completed more than a dozen major clinical trials (2008-2022), enrolling >4000 patients, of whom 30% were women, 11% were non-White, and 5.6% were Hispanic. CTSN also completed trials of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019, wherein enrollment was more diverse, with 42% women, and 58% were Asian, Black, Hispanic, or from another underrepresented racial group. The discrepancy in diversity of enrollment between cardiac surgery trials and coronavirus disease trials highlights the need for a more comprehensive understanding of (1) the prevalence of underlying disease requiring cardiac interventions across broad populations, (2) differences in access to care and referral for cardiac surgery, and (3) barriers to enrollment in cardiac surgery trials. CONCLUSIONS: Committed to diversity, CTSN's multifaceted action plan includes developing site-specific enrollment targets, collecting social determinants of health data, understanding reasons for nonparticipation, recruiting sites that serve diverse populations, emphasizing greater diversity among clinical trial teams, and implicit bias training. The CTSN will prospectively assess how these interventions influence enrollment as we work to ensure trial participants are more representative of the communities we serve.

National trends in utilization of transatrial transcatheter mitral valve replacement and postoperative outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: Transatrial transcatheter mitral valve replacement reduces complexity during mitral valve replacements involving high-risk patients with mitral annular calcification. This study examines trends in transatrial transcatheter mitral valve replacement use and outcomes. METHODS: Patients in the Society of Thoracic Surgeons database from 2014 to 2021 with mitral annular calcification undergoing transatrial transcatheter mitral valve replacement were included. Exclusion criteria were hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, congenital mitral valve disease, ventricular assist device placement, or prior mitral valve surgery. Primary outcomes were operative mortality and major adverse cardiac events compared between the Early (2014-2017, N = 71) and Recent (2018-2021, N = 151) eras. Parsimonious multivariable regression assessed select possible confounders for trends in major adverse cardiac events. RESULTS: Overall, 222 transatrial transcatheter mitral valve replacements at 104 hospitals were identified. Annual volume increased from 6 in 2014 to 43 in 2021. Median hospital volume was 1, maximum hospital volume was 17, and 10 or more replacements were performed at 4 hospitals. Mortality and major adverse cardiac events occurred in 10.4% and 22.5% of patients, respectively. Compared with the Early era patients, Recent era patients were more often elective (79.5% vs 64.8%) and were approached via sternotomy (90.1% vs 80.3%, all P < .05). Despite similar predicted risk of mortality (9.6% ± 11.1% vs 11.0% ± 6.0%; P = .61), Recent patients had reduced mortality (3.3% vs 25.4%, P < .001) and major adverse cardiac events (18.5% vs 31.0%; P = .057). On univariate and multivariable analyses, the Recent surgical era was significantly associated with lower mortality (0.10 [0.04-0.29]; P < .001) and lower major adverse cardiac events (0.48 [0.25-0.94]; P = .032), respectively. There were no preoperative characteristics that were significant confounders for the difference in major adverse cardiac events. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality and major adverse cardiac events after transatrial transcatheter mitral valve replacement have decreased significantly in the contemporary era independent of changes in major patient and operative characteristics. Transatrial transcatheter mitral valve replacement will have a future role in patients with mitral annular calcification.

Global cardiothoracic surgery: A survey of trainees' interests and barriers.

Background: More than 5 billion people lack access to surgical care, disproportionately in low- and middle-income countries. The emerging literature demonstrates high interest in global surgery across specialties; however, participation in global cardiothoracic surgical care remains low. To date, there has been no research quantifying the attitudes of cardiothoracic surgeons about global surgery. Our study aimed to acquire a broader understanding of cardiothoracic surgical trainees' interest in global surgery to address barriers and promote cardiac healthcare worldwide. Methods: An online survey was sent to all North American cardiothoracic surgical residents via the Thoracic Surgery Residents Association email listserv. The survey was designed in the REDCap database and administered twice, in 2021 and 2022. Data were analyzed by descriptive and chi-square analysis using Stata. Results: Seventy-three cardiothoracic surgical trainees responded to our survey, of whom 95.3% considered increasing cardiothoracic surgical access to be important, and 67.2% identified this as a future career priority. Most respondents (82.8%) would participate in global surgery if opportunities were available through their home institution. Lack of opportunities (70.0%) and finances (66.7%) were the primary barriers to participation. Respondents identified funding (85%) and institutional support (83.3%) as the most significant incentives to increase involvement. Conclusions: There is strong interest in global surgery among cardiothoracic trainees; however, involvement remains low. A consensus among the North American cardiothoracic surgical community is needed to address barriers to global volunteerism within surgical residency and improve access to cardiac surgery worldwide.

The utilization of educational resources published by the Thoracic Surgery Residents Association.

Objective: The Thoracic Surgery Residents Association (TSRA) is a trainee-led cardiothoracic surgery organization in North America that has published a multitude of educational resources. However, the utilization of these resources remains unknown. Methods: Surveys were constructed, pilot-tested, and emailed to 527 current cardiothoracic trainees (12 questions) and 780 former trainees who graduated between 2012 and 2019 (16 questions). The surveys assessed the utilization of TSRA educational resources in preparing for clinical practice as well as in-training and American Board of Thoracic Surgery (ABTS) certification examinations. Results: A total of 143 (27%) current trainees and 180 (23%) recent graduates responded. A higher proportion of recent graduates compared with current trainees identified as male (84% vs 66%; P = .001) and graduated from 2- or 3-year traditional training programs (81% vs 41%; P < .001), compared with integrated 6-year (8% vs 49%; P < .001) or 4 + 3 (11% vs 10%; P = .82) pathways. Current trainees most commonly used TSRA resources to prepare for the in-training exam (75%) and operations (73%). Recent graduates most commonly used them to prepare for Oral and/or Written Board Exams (92%) and the in-training exam (89%). Among recent graduates who passed the ABTS Oral Board Exam on the first attempt, 82% (97/118) used TSRA resources to prepare, versus only 48% (25/52) of recent graduates who passed after multiple attempts, failed, have not taken the exam, or preferred not to answer (P < .001). Conclusions: Current cardiothoracic trainees and recent graduates have utilized TSRA educational resources extensively, including to prepare for in-training and ABTS Board examinations.

The effect of tracheostomy on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: The optimal timing for pursuing tracheostomy in patients with prolonged mechanical ventilation with either veno-arterial (VA) or veno-venous (VV) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a discussion of risk versus benefit. Depending on the etiology, cardiothoracic surgical patients carry some of the highest risk for respiratory failure postprocedure. Given that patients with end-stage cardiopulmonary status may be fraught with substantial comorbidities, it is critically important to manage the risk-benefit profile of performing a tracheostomy procedure on a patient requiring ECMO support. These cohorts have risk factors that may depend on each patient's inflammatory state, lung de-recruitment peri-procedure and postprocedure and bleeding requiring transfusions to name a few. We provide a descriptive analysis of ECMO patients on both VA and VV configurations who survived to hospital discharge receiving tracheostomy either during or after their ECMO course. METHODS: A retrospective single-institutional study collected all consecutive patients age 18 and above who received any form of ECMO between 2016 and 2020. Five hundred forty-five patients were screened based on having received ECMO. Patients with mixed EMCO modality were excluded due to heterogeneity of disease process. A total of 521 patients received either VV or VA ECMO. A total of 54 patients received tracheostomy and had sufficiently clean data for analysis. Tracheostomy patients were compared based on survival to discharge, tracheostomy surgical complications, ECMO duration, ECMO configuration, inotrope and vasopressor use, transfusion rates, total ventilator days, total days on intravenous sedation, and history of cardiotomy or heart transplant were assessed. Baseline characteristics of race, age, gender, and body mass index (BMI) were also collected. RESULTS: A total of 54 patients received tracheostomy. Twenty-nine of those patients received tracheostomy during the course of their ECMO, of whom 13 were on VV ECMO, 16 on VA ECMO. Another 25 patients underwent tracheostomy after successful ECMO explant; 8 of those were VV ECMO with the remaining 17 were on VA ECMO before explantation, with mean delay to tracheostomy, 10 and 19 days after explant between both modalities, respectively. A statistically significantly greater proportion of VV ECMO patients received a tracheostomy at any point versus VA ECMO patients (25.93% vs. 8.35%, p ≤ .0001). No statistically significant difference was noted in timing of tracheostomy when stratified by EMCO modality (VA 51.51% after explant vs. VV 38.10% after explant, p = .33). There was a greater frequency of minor tracheostomy complications in patients who were on ECMO at the time of their tracheostomy (p = .014) than in those who received their tracheostomy after being explanted. However, these minor complications did not contribute to a change in survival to hospital discharge (p = .58). Similarly, the small number of major complications (n = 13) did not impair survival to hospital discharge (p = .84). Finally, mean duration of ECMO was longer in those who received tracheostomy during ECMO versus after ECMO. (488.45 vs. 259.72 h, p < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Tracheostomy is known to increase patient mobility, clinical participation, and overall decrease in sedation use. Pursuing tracheostomy during ECMO is feasible, does not result in major bleeding, and is associated with only minor complications that overall do not decrease survival. While there is an increased duration of ECMO support in the tracheostomy cohort, this may be due to existing patient conditions, and may not be causal. Research is needed to further determine the external patient factors and specific timing to optimize both VV and VA ECMO courses. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: We hope that our analysis will pave the initial pathway for an evidence-based guideline on optimal timing of tracheostomy in ECMO patients, whether initiated during or after ECMO and taking into consideration ECMO configuration, its expected duration, and patient comorbidities.

Thoracic EndoVascular Aortic/Aneurysm Stent-Graft Repair (TEVAR) primer.

Cardiac surgeons have variable exposure to thoracic aortic EndoVascular repair (TEVAR) as the primary surgeon. As paradigms evolve and EndoVascular structural heart interventions expand, TEVAR utilization by cardiac surgeons is of particular interest. In order to definitively manage thoracic aortic pathologies in the modern era, cardiac surgeons must incorporate TEVAR into their armamentarium during surgical training or risk a prolonged learning curve.

A 73-Year-Old Woman With Progressive Shortness of Breath and Right-Sided Hemithorax Opacity.

CASE PRESENTATION: A 73-year-old frail woman presented with 3 months of progressively worsening exertional dyspnea, mild cough with white mucus, voice changes, and few episodes of dysphagia. She denied weight loss, night sweats, chest pain, or hemoptysis. Medical history was significant for hypertension, remote 30 years of tobacco use, and regular alcohol use. She had neither asbestos nor occupational exposure. She had no family history of malignancy.

Interviews During the Pandemic: A Thoracic Education Cooperative Group and Surgery Residents Project.

BACKGROUND: The 2020 interview cycle for cardiothoracic fellowships was affected by the coronavirus-19 pandemic. Many programs shifted from in-person to virtual interviews. We evaluated applicant perceptions of the various formats. METHODS: All 2019-2020 cardiothoracic fellowship applicants received an electronic survey after completion of the match process. The survey assessed number of in-person/virtual interviews completed, perception of efficacy, and likelihood of ranking a program based on format, and strengths/inadequacies of virtual interviews. RESULTS: Response rate was 36% (48 of 133). Seventy-three percent of respondents (35 of 48) interviewed with more than 10 programs. Fifty-two percent of respondents (25 of 48) were able to schedule additional interviews once virtual formats were available. A slight majority (56%, 27 of 48) ranked a program at which they had an in-person interview as their first choice. Interviewing at more than 10 programs was associated with an increased likelihood of successfully matching at a program (P = .02). Overwhelmingly, respondents favored an in-person component to the interview process (96%, 46 of 48). Few respondents (29%, 14 of 48) thought they could adequately evaluate a program virtually. The factors that had the highest percentages of adequate portrayal during virtual interviews were the didactic schedule/curriculum (81%, 39 of 48) and case number/autonomy (58%, 28 of 48). The factors with the lowest percentages were culture/personality (19%, 9 of 48) and city/lifestyle (15%, 7 of 48). CONCLUSIONS: Applicants strongly favored an in-person component to interviews, highlighting potential deficiencies in the virtual interview process. Programs should consider the addition of virtual tours of their hospitals, narrations from staff, and vignettes from current fellows about lifestyle and well-being.

AHA/ACC vs ESC Guidelines for Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease: JACC Guideline Comparison.

The American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology published practice guidelines for the management of adult congenital heart disease in 2018 and the European Society of Cardiology published analogous guidelines in 2020. Although there are broad areas of consensus between the 2 documents, there are important differences that impact patient management. This review discusses key areas of agreement and disagreement between the 2 guidelines, with discussion of possible reasons for disagreement and potential implications.

Diagnostic Yield of Axial Computed Tomography Scans for Pediatric Axial Skeletal Injuries.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic yield of computed tomography (CT) imaging of the axial skeleton in pediatric patients evaluated a level I trauma center. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: CT imaging has become ubiquitous in the assessment of axial skeletal injuries in trauma patients. METHODS: This is a retrospective study from one Level I trauma center of patients undergoing CT imaging during pediatric trauma assessment. Medical records of pediatric trauma patients 18-year old and younger who underwent axial skeletal CT imaging from 2013 to 2015 were evaluated. The following were assessed: mechanism of injury, age, sex, race/ethnicity, presence of fracture, management of fracture. RESULTS: A total of 831 patients were assessed, there were 355 (42.7%) females and 476 males (57.3%) with an average age of 15.4 (2 mo-18 yrs). 588 (70.8%) were White, 164 (19.7%) were African-American, 12 (1.4%) were Asians, 67 (8.1%) other, and 46 (5.5%) identified as Hispanic. There were 45 patients (5.4%) who sustained 52 fractures. Common mechanisms were motor vehicle accidents (MVA) 28%, sports injuries (18%), and fall from height (15%). 35.9% of fractures were identified on plain radiographs. Nine injuries were treated surgically (one cervical, two thoracic, two lumbar, and four pelvic); three of these were identified on radiographs. From the 14 patients with cervical spine fractures none were detected on radiographs. CONCLUSION: In this large series of 831 pediatric patients undergoing axial CT imaging, the rate of axial fractures was 5.4%. The majority of these fractures were managed non-surgically. Only 35.9% of fractures were identified on radiographs.Level of Evidence: 3.