A differential therapeutic consideration for use of corticosteroids according to established COVID-19 clinical phenotypes in critically ill patients.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if the use of corticosteroids was associated with Intensive Care Unit (ICU) mortality among whole population and pre-specified clinical phenotypes. DESIGN: A secondary analysis derived from multicenter, observational study. SETTING: Critical Care Units. PATIENTS: Adult critically ill patients with confirmed COVID-19 disease admitted to 63 ICUs in Spain. INTERVENTIONS: Corticosteroids vs. no corticosteroids. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Three phenotypes were derived by non-supervised clustering analysis from whole population and classified as (A: severe, B: critical and C: life-threatening). We performed a multivariate analysis after propensity optimal full matching (PS) for whole population and weighted Cox regression (HR) and Fine-Gray analysis (sHR) to assess the impact of corticosteroids on ICU mortality according to the whole population and distinctive patient clinical phenotypes. RESULTS: A total of 2017 patients were analyzed, 1171 (58%) with corticosteroids. After PS, corticosteroids were shown not to be associated with ICU mortality (OR: 1.0; 95% CI: 0.98-1.15). Corticosteroids were administered in 298/537 (55.5%) patients of "A" phenotype and their use was not associated with ICU mortality (HR=0.85 [0.55-1.33]). A total of 338/623 (54.2%) patients in "B" phenotype received corticosteroids. No effect of corticosteroids on ICU mortality was observed when HR was performed (0.72 [0.49-1.05]). Finally, 535/857 (62.4%) patients in "C" phenotype received corticosteroids. In this phenotype HR (0.75 [0.58-0.98]) and sHR (0.79 [0.63-0.98]) suggest a protective effect of corticosteroids on ICU mortality. CONCLUSION: Our finding warns against the widespread use of corticosteroids in all critically ill patients with COVID-19 at moderate dose. Only patients with the highest inflammatory levels could benefit from steroid treatment.

A differential therapeutic consideration for use of corticosteroids according to established COVID-19 clinical phenotypes in critically ill patients.

Objective: To determine if the use of corticosteroids was associated with Intensive Care Unit (ICU) mortality among whole population and pre-specified clinical phenotypes. Design: A secondary analysis derived from multicenter, observational study. Setting: Critical Care Units. Patients: Adult critically ill patients with confirmed COVID-19 disease admitted to 63 ICUs in Spain. Interventions: Corticosteroids vs. no corticosteroids. Main variables of interest: Three phenotypes were derived by non-supervised clustering analysis from whole population and classified as (A: severe, B: critical and C: life-threatening). We performed a multivariate analysis after propensity optimal full matching (PS) for whole population and weighted Cox regression (HR) and Fine-Gray analysis (sHR) to assess the impact of corticosteroids on ICU mortality according to the whole population and distinctive patient clinical phenotypes. Results: A total of 2017 patients were analyzed, 1171 (58%) with corticosteroids. After PS, corticosteroids were shown not to be associated with ICU mortality (OR: 1.0; 95% CI: 0.98-1.15). Corticosteroids were administered in 298/537 (55.5%) patients of "A" phenotype and their use was not associated with ICU mortality (HR = 0.85 [0.55-1.33]). A total of 338/623 (54.2%) patients in "B" phenotype received corticosteroids. No effect of corticosteroids on ICU mortality was observed when HR was performed (0.72 [0.49-1.05]). Finally, 535/857 (62.4%) patients in "C" phenotype received corticosteroids. In this phenotype HR (0.75 [0.58-0.98]) and sHR (0.79 [0.63-0.98]) suggest a protective effect of corticosteroids on ICU mortality. Conclusion: Our finding warns against the widespread use of corticosteroids in all critically ill patients with COVID-19 at moderate dose. Only patients with the highest inflammatory levels could benefit from steroid treatment.

Objetivo: Evaluar si el uso de corticoesteroides (CC) se asocia con la mortalidad en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) en la población global y dentro de los fenotipos clínicos predeterminados. Diseño: Análisis secundario de estudio multicéntrico observacional. Ámbito: UCI. Pacientes: Pacientes adultos con COVID-19 confirmado ingresados en 63 UCI de España. Intervención: Corticoides vs. no corticoides. Variables de interés principales: A partir del análisis no supervisado de grupos, 3 fenotipos clínicos fueron derivados y clasificados como: A grave, B crítico y C potencialmente mortal. Se efectuó un análisis multivariado después de un propensity optimal full matching (PS) y una regresión ponderada de Cox (HR) y análisis de Fine-Gray (sHR) para evaluar el impacto del tratamiento con CC sobre la mortalidad en la población general y en cada fenotipo clínico. Resultados: Un total de 2.017 pacientes fueron analizados, 1.171 (58%) con CC. Después del PS, el uso de CC no se relacionó significativamente con la mortalidad en UCI (OR: 1,0; IC 95%: 0,98-1,15). Los CC fueron administrados en 298/537 (55,5%) pacientes del fenotipo A y no se observó asociación significativa con la mortalidad (HR = 0,85; 0,55-1,33). Un total de 338/623 (54,2%) pacientes del fenotipo B recibieron CC sin efecto significativo sobre la mortalidad (HR = 0,72; 0,49-1,05). Por último, 535/857 (62,4%) pacientes del fenotipo C recibieron CC. En este fenotipo, se evidenció un efecto protector de los CC sobre la mortalidad HR (0,75; 0,58-0,98). Conclusión: Nuestros hallazgos alertan sobre el uso indiscriminado de CC a dosis moderadas en todos los pacientes críticos con COVID-19. Solamente pacientes con elevado estado de inflamación podrían beneficiarse con el tratamiento con CC.

Clindamycin but not Intravenous Immunoglobulins reduces mortality in a retrospective cohort of critically ill patients with bacteremic Group A Streptococcal infections.

OBJECTIVE: Mortality of patients requiring Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission for an invasive group A streptococcal (GAS) infection continues being high. In critically ill patients with bacteremic GAS infection we aimed at determining risk factors for mortality. METHODS: Retrospective multicentre study carried out in nine ICU in Southern Spain. All adult patients admitted to the participant ICUs from January 2014 to June 2019 with one positive blood culture for S. pyogenes were included in this study. Patient characteristics, infection-related variables, therapeutic interventions, failure of organs, and outcomes were registered. Risk factors independently associated with ICU and in-hospital mortalities were determined by multivariate regression analyses. RESULTS: Fifty-seven patients were included: median age was 63 (45-73) years, median SOFA score at admission was 11 (7-13). The most frequent source was skin and soft tissue infection (n=32) followed by unknown origin of bacteremia (n=12). In the multivariate analysis, age (OR 1.079; 95% CI 1.016-1.145), SOFA score (OR 2.129; 95% CI 1.339-3.383) were the risk factors for ICU mortality and the use of clindamycin was identified as a protective factor (OR 0.049; 95% CI 0.003-0.737). Age and SOFA were the independent factors associated with hospital mortality however the use of clindamycin showed a strong trend but without reaching statistical significance (OR 0.085; 95% CI 0.007-1.095). CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of critically ill patients the use of intravenous immunoglobulin was not identified as a protective factor for ICU or hospital mortality treatment with clindamycin significantly reduced mortality after controlling for confounders.

Evaluation and management of emergencies in the patient with cirrhosis.

The approach to and management of critically ill patients is one of the most versatile themes in emergency medicine. Patients with cirrhosis of the liver have characteristics that are inherent to their disease that can condition modification in acute emergency treatment. Pathophysiologic changes that occur in cirrhosis merit the implementation of an analysis as to whether the overall management of a critically ill patient can generally be applied to patients with cirrhosis of the liver or if they should be treated in a special manner. Through a review of the medical literature, the available information was examined, and the evidence found on the special management required by those patients was narratively synthesized, selecting the most representative decompensations within chronic disease that require emergency treatment.

Predictive factors of six-week mortality in critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2: A multicenter prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study is to identify the risk factors associated with mortality at six weeks, especially by analyzing the role of antivirals and munomodulators. DESIGN: Prospective descriptive multicenter cohort study. SETTING: 26 Intensive care units (ICU) from Andalusian region in Spain. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive critically ill patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were included from March 8 to May 30. INTERVENTIONS: None. VARIABLES: Variables analyzed were demographic, severity scores and clinical condition. Support therapy, drug and mortality were analyzed. An univariate followed by multivariate Cox regression with propensity score analysis was applied. RESULTS: 495 patients were enrolled, but 73 of them were excluded for incomplete data. Thus, 422 patients were included in the final analysis. Median age was 63 years and 305 (72.3%) were men. ICU mortality: 144/422 34%; 14 days mortality: 81/422 (19.2%); 28 days mortality: 121/422 (28.7%); 6-week mortality 152/422 36.5%. By multivariable Cox proportional analysis, factors independently associated with 42-day mortality were age, APACHE II score, SOFA score at ICU admission >6, Lactate dehydrogenase at ICU admission >470U/L, Use of vasopressors, extrarenal depuration, %lymphocytes 72h post-ICU admission <6.5%, and thrombocytopenia whereas the use of lopinavir/ritonavir was a protective factor. CONCLUSION: Age, APACHE II, SOFA>value of 6 points, along with vasopressor requirements or renal replacement therapy have been identified as predictor factors of mortality at six weeks. Administration of corticosteroids showed no benefits in mortality, as did treatment with tocilizumab. Lopinavir/ritonavir administration is identified as a protective factor.

Predictive factors of six-week mortality in critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2: A multicenter prospective study / Factores predictivos de la mortalidad a las seis semanas en pacientes críticos con SARS-CoV-2: estudio multicéntrico prospectivo

Objective: The objective of the study is to identify the risk factors associated with mortality at six weeks, especially by analyzing the role of antivirals and munomodulators. Design: Prospective descriptive multicenter cohort study. Setting: 26 Intensive care units (ICU) from Andalusian region in Spain. Patients or participants: Consecutive critically ill patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were included from March 8 to May 30. Interventions: None. Variables: Variables analyzed were demographic, severity scores and clinical condition. Support therapy, drug and mortality were analyzed. An univariate followed by multivariate Cox regression with propensity score analysis was applied. Results: 495 patients were enrolled, but 73 of them were excluded for incomplete data. Thus, 422 patients were included in the final analysis. Median age was 63 years and 305 (72.3%) were men. ICU mortality: 144/422 34%; 14 days mortality: 81/422 (19.2%); 28 days mortality: 121/422 (28.7%); 6-week mortality 152/422 36.5%. By multivariable Cox proportional analysis, factors independently associated with 42-day mortality were age, APACHE II score, SOFA score at ICU admission >6, Lactate dehydrogenase at ICU admission >470U/L, Use of vasopressors, extrarenal depuration, %lymphocytes 72h post-ICU admission <6.5%, and thrombocytopenia whereas the use of lopinavir/ritonavir was a protective factor. Conclusion: Age, APACHE II, SOFA>value of 6 points, along with vasopressor requirements or renal replacement therapy have been identified as predictor factors of mortality at six weeks. Administration of corticosteroids showed no benefits in mortality, as did treatment with tocilizumab. Lopinavir/ritonavir administration is identified as a protective factor (AU)

Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo asociados con la mortalidad a las seis semanas. Diseño: Estudio prospectivo multicéntrico. Ámbito: Se incluyeron a 26 pacientes de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) de Andalucía. Pacientes o participantes: Pacientes ingresados en UCI por neumonía grave por SARS-CoV-2 del 8 de marzo al 30 de mayo de 2020. Intervenciones: Ninguna. Variables de interés principales: Características demográficas, clínicas y escalas de gravedad. Se analizaron tratamientos de soporte, fármacos y la mortalidad. Resultados: Se incluyeron 495 pacientes, 73 fueron excluidos por incompletos y 422 pacientes se incorporaron en el análisis final. La mediana de edad fue de 63 años, 305 (72,3%) eran hombres. La mortalidad en la UCI fue: 144/422 34%; mortalidad a los 14 días: 81/422 (19,2%); mortalidad a los 28 días: 121/422 (28,7%); mortalidad a las seis semanas 152/422 36,5%. Los factores asociados con la mortalidad a los 42 días fueron la edad, APACHE II, SOFA > 6 y LDH al ingreso > 470 U/L, uso de vasopresores, necesidad de técnicas de reemplazo de la función renal, porcentaje de linfocitos a las 72 horas del ingreso en UCI < 6,5%, y trombocitopenia, mientras que el uso de lopinavir/ritonavir fue identificado como un factor protector. Conclusiones: La edad, gravedad y fracaso orgánico junto con la necesidad de terapias de soporte fueron identificadas como factores predictores de mortalidad a las seis semanas. La administración de corticoesteroides a dosis altas no mostró beneficios en la mortalidad, al igual que el tratamiento con tocilizumab, lopinavir/ritonavir se identificaron como un factor protector (AU)

Predictive factors of six-week mortality in critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2: A multicenter prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study is to identify the risk factors associated with mortality at six weeks, especially by analyzing the role of antivirals and munomodulators. DESIGN: Prospective descriptive multicenter cohort study. SETTING: 26 Intensive care units (ICU) from Andalusian region in Spain. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive critically ill patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were included from March 8 to May 30. INTERVENTIONS: None. VARIABLES: Variables analyzed were demographic, severity scores and clinical condition. Support therapy, drug and mortality were analyzed. An univariate followed by multivariate Cox regression with propensity score analysis was applied. RESULTS: 495 patients were enrolled, but 73 of them were excluded for incomplete data. Thus, 422 patients were included in the final analysis. Median age was 63 years and 305 (72.3%) were men. ICU mortality: 144/422 34%; 14 days mortality: 81/422 (19.2%); 28 days mortality: 121/422 (28.7%); 6-week mortality 152/422 36.5%. By multivariable Cox proportional analysis, factors independently associated with 42-day mortality were age, APACHE II score, SOFA score at ICU admission >6, Lactate dehydrogenase at ICU admission >470U/L, Use of vasopressors, extrarenal depuration, %lymphocytes 72h post-ICU admission <6.5%, and thrombocytopenia whereas the use of lopinavir/ritonavir was a protective factor. CONCLUSION: Age, APACHE II, SOFA>value of 6 points, along with vasopressor requirements or renal replacement therapy have been identified as predictor factors of mortality at six weeks. Administration of corticosteroids showed no benefits in mortality, as did treatment with tocilizumab. Lopinavir/ritonavir administration is identified as a protective factor.

Predictors of mortality and neurological function in ICU patients recovering from cardiac arrest: A Spanish nationwide prospective cohort study / Predictores de mortalidad y función neurológica en pacientes de UCI que se recuperan de una parada cardíaca: estudio prospectivo de cohortes a nivel nacional

OBJECTIVE: To identify predictors of mortality and neurological function in adult ICU patients recovering from cardiac arrest. DESIGN: A prospective cohort multicenter study was carried out. SETTINGS: Forty-six polyvalent ICUs. PATIENTS: A total of 595 patients recovering from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA, n=285) or in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA, n=310). MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLES: Survival and recovery of neurological function. RESULTS: The mean cardiopulmonary resuscitation time was 18min (range 10-30). Moderate hypothermia was used in 197 patients, and 150 underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) was achieved within 20min in 370 patients. Variables associated to mortality (ICU and in-hospital) were age (odds ratio [OR]=1.0, 95%CI 1.0-1.0 per year), non-cardiac origin of cardiac arrest (OR=2.16, 95%CI 1.38-3.38; P=0.001) and ROSC >20min (OR=3.07, 95%CI 1.97-4.78; P<0.001), whereas PCI and the presence of shockable rhythm exhibited a protective effect. Favorable neurological outcome was associated to shockable rhythm, ROSC <20min, and cardiac origin of arrest. Hypothermia did not affect survival or neurological outcome in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Age, non-cardiac origin of cardiac arrest and ROSC >20min were predictors of mortality. In contrast, cardiac arrest of cardiac origin, ROSC <20min, and defibrillable rhythms were associated to unfavorable neurological outcomes

OBJETIVO: Identificar predictores de mortalidad y de función neurológica en pacientes adultos ingresados en las UCI, recuperados de una parada cardíaca. DISEÑO: Estudio prospectivo de cohortes multicéntrico. ÁMBITO: Cuarenta y seis UCI polivalentes. PACIENTES: Se incluyeron 595 pacientes recuperados de una parada cardíaca extrahospitalaria (OHCA, n=285) o intrahospitalaria (IHCA, n=310). VARIABLES DE INTERÉS PRINCIPALES: Supervivencia y recuperación de la función neurológica. RESULTADOS: El tiempo medio de reanimación cardiopulmonar fue de 18min (rango: 10-30). Se usó hipotermia moderada en 197 pacientes, y 150 se sometieron a intervención coronaria percutánea (PCI). El retorno de la circulación espontánea (ROSC) se logró en 20min en 370 pacientes. Las variables asociadas con la mortalidad (UCI y en el hospital) fueron la edad (odds ratio [OR]: 1,0; IC 95%: 1,0-1,0 por año), origen no cardíaco de la parada cardíaca (OR: 2,16; IC 95%: 1,38-3,38; p = 0,001) y el ROSC>20min (OR: 3,07; IC 95%: 1,97-4,78; p < 0,001), mientras que la PCI y la presencia de ritmo desfibrilable mostraron un efecto protector. El resultado neurológico favorable se asoció con ritmo desfibrilable, ROSC<20min y origen cardíaco de la parada. En el análisis multivariable, la hipotermia no afectó a la supervivencia ni al resultado neurológico. CONCLUSIONES: La edad, el origen no cardíaco de la parada cardíaca y el ROSC>20min fueron predictores de mortalidad. Por el contrario, la parada cardíaca de origen cardíaco, el ROSC<20min, y los ritmos desfibrilables se asociaron con un resultado neurológico favorable

A Case of Cerebral Granuloma and Optic Papillitis due to Brucella sp.

We document a case of a 24-year-old woman who presented with cerebral granuloma and optic papillitis associated to Brucella sp. infection, whose diagnosis was made with a brain biopsy and serology tests, with clinical improvement following specific antibiotic therapy. The patient was followed up for over a year without evidence of relapse.

Predictors of mortality and neurological function in ICU patients recovering from cardiac arrest: A Spanish nationwide prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To identify predictors of mortality and neurological function in adult ICU patients recovering from cardiac arrest. DESIGN: A prospective cohort multicenter study was carried out. SETTING: Forty-six polyvalent ICUs. PATIENTS: A total of 595 patients recovering from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA, n=285) or in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA, n=310). MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLES: Survival and recovery of neurological function. RESULTS: The mean cardiopulmonary resuscitation time was 18min (range 10-30). Moderate hypothermia was used in 197 patients, and 150 underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) was achieved within 20min in 370 patients. Variables associated to mortality (ICU and in-hospital) were age (odds ratio [OR]=1.0, 95%CI 1.0-1.0 per year), non-cardiac origin of cardiac arrest (OR=2.16, 95%CI 1.38-3.38; P=0.001) and ROSC >20min (OR=3.07, 95%CI 1.97-4.78; P<0.001), whereas PCI and the presence of shockable rhythm exhibited a protective effect. Favorable neurological outcome was associated to shockable rhythm, ROSC <20min, and cardiac origin of arrest. Hypothermia did not affect survival or neurological outcome in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Age, non-cardiac origin of cardiac arrest and ROSC >20min were predictors of mortality. In contrast, cardiac arrest of cardiac origin, ROSC <20min, and defibrillable rhythms were associated to unfavorable neurological outcomes.

Lesions Observed Post Mortem in Post-hatchling Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta caretta) from a Head Start Programme.

Head start programmes are ex-situ conservation procedures consisting of the captive rearing of sea turtle hatchlings for several months in order to avoid high mortality rates in the first year of life. Studies of the diseases of hatchling and post-hatchling turtles belonging to these programmes are scarce. We describe the gross and histological lesions found in 78 post-hatchling loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) that died during captive rearing in the conservation programme of the Cape Verde-Canary Islands, initiated with 113 hatchlings. The main organ systems affected were respiratory (57.69%), integumentary (41.02%) and digestive (41.02%), affecting 94.87% of the animals. Other less frequently affected organ systems were cardiovascular (3.85%), excretory (3.85%), muscular (2.56%) and reproductive (1.28%). The most common lesions were different types of dermatitis (41.02%), mainly ulcerative and/or heterophilic ulcerative dermatitis; these lesions were compatible with a traumatic origin caused by biting and subsequent infection with gram-positive cocci. Purulent and/or fibrinonecrotizing rhinitis associated with mixed populations of bacteria were commonly detected respiratory lesions (21.79%). Acute interstitial pneumonia was the most common form of pneumonia diagnosed (20.51%). Fibrinonecrotizing stomatitis associated with sparse gram-negative rods was the most common digestive tract lesion (29.49%). A possible explanation for the high mortality rate (88.50%) observed in this study could be the occurrence of a decrease in water temperature during the growth phase of the turtles. Despite the limitations caused by an absence of microbiological studies, the survey provides useful information on the lesions found in post-hatchling loggerhead turtles from this head start programme. In addition to maintaining water temperature above 20°C, attention must be paid to lesions that can easily be detected, such as dermatitis, rhinitis and stomatitis.

Marine debris as a barrier: Assessing the impacts on sea turtle hatchlings on their way to the ocean.

Marine debris is dispersed worldwide and has a considerable impact on biodiversity. In this study, the effect of marine debris on the time needed for hatchling loggerheads to reach the ocean once they have emerged from the nest was investigated. After a preliminary census of marine debris on different beaches of Boa Vista Island, Cape Verde, a field test was carried out with four different scenarios: low density marine debris, medium density marine debris, high density marine debris, and a control scenario. The time that hatchlings required to cross the different scenarios was recorded (n = 232). The results showed that crawl times were affected by the different marine debris scenarios, with the "high density" scenario specifically showing a significant difference from the control, low density and medium density scenarios. This study provides information on the risks of marine debris for hatchling sea turtles and provides conservation recommendations to reduce this potential risk.

No evidence of increased ocular involvement in candidemic patients initially treated with echinocandins.

Candins are commonly used as initial therapy in patients with candidemia and are known to diffuse poorly into ocular tissue. The aim of our multicenter study was to assess whether eye involvement was more common in patients initially treated with echinocandins. We performed a post hoc analysis of a prospective, multicenter, population-based candidemic surveillance program implemented in Spain during 2010-2011 (CANDIPOP project). Eye involvement was detected in 13 of 168 patients with candidemia (7.7%) who underwent ophthalmoscopy. Two patients had endophthalmitis, while the remaining patients had chorioretinitis. The frequency of ocular candidiasis was similar in patients receiving initial therapy with candins (3/56; 5.4%) or with other regimens (10/112; 8.9%). At multivariate analysis, risk conditions for eye involvement were dialysis after candidemia (OR, 19.4; 95% CI, 1.7-218.4) and involvement of organs other than the eye (OR, 5.4; 95% CI, 1.1-25.7). In conclusion, eye involvement was not found to be more frequent in patients receiving initial therapy with echinocandins than in patients receiving other drugs.

Systematic review: recurrent autoimmune liver diseases after liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Autoimmune liver diseases (AILD) constitute the third most common indication for liver transplantation (LT) worldwide. Outcomes post LT are generally good but recurrent disease is frequently observed. AIMS: To describe the frequency and risk factors associated with recurrent AILD post-LT and provide recommendations to reduce the incidence of recurrence based on levels of evidence. METHODS: A systematic review was performed for full-text papers published in English-language journals, using the keywords 'autoimmune hepatitis (AIH)', 'primary biliary cholangitis and/or cirrhosis (PBC)', 'primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)', 'liver transplantation' and 'recurrent disease'. Management strategies to reduce recurrence after LT were classified according to grade and level of evidence. RESULTS: Survival rates post-LT are approximately 90% and 70% at 1 and 5 years and recurrent disease occurs in a range of 10-50% of patients with AILD. Recurrent AIH is associated with elevated liver enzymes and IgG before LT, lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates in the explants and lack of steroids after LT (Grade B). Tacrolimus use is associated with increased risk; use of ciclosporin and preventive ursodeoxycholic acid with reduced risk of PBC recurrence (all Grade B). Intact colon, active ulcerative colitis and early cholestasis are associated with recurrent PSC (Grade B). CONCLUSIONS: Recommendations based on grade A level of evidence are lacking. The need for further study and management includes active immunosuppression before liver transplantation and steroid use after liver transplantation in autoimmune hepatitis; selective immunosuppression with ciclosporin and preventive ursodeoxycholic acid treatment for primary biliary cholangitis; and improved control of inflammatory bowel disease or even colectomy in primary sclerosing cholangitis.