Validation of a sustainable internationally monitored cervical cancer screening system using a visual smartphone inspection in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of a cervical cancer screening program based on visual inspection with acetic acid and Lugol's iodine using a smartphone in a sub-urban area of very low resources in Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of Congo). METHODS: This cross-sectional validation study was conducted at Monkole Hospital and it included women between the ages of 25-70 years after announcing a free cervical cancer screening campaign through posters placed in the region of our hospital. Questionnaires collected sociodemographic and behavioral patients characteristics. In the first consultation, we gathered liquid-based cytology samples from every woman. At that time, local health providers performed two combined visual inspection techniques (5% acetic acid and Lugol's iodine) while a photograph was taken with a smartphone. Two international specialists evaluated the results of the smartphone cervicography. When a visual inspection was considered suspicious, patients were offered immediate cryotherapy. Cytological samples were sent to the Pathology Department of the University of Navarra for cytological assessment and human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA genotyping. RESULTS: A total of 480 women participated in the study. The mean age was 44.6 years (range 25-65). Of all the patients, only 18.7% were infected with HPV (75% had high-risk genotypes). The most frequent high-risk genotype found was 16 (12.2%). The majority (88%) of women had normal cytology. After comparing combined visual inspection results with cytology, we found a sensitivity of 66.0%, a specificity of 87.8%, a positive predictive value of 40.7%, and a negative predictive value of 95.3% for any cytological lesion. The negative predictive value for high-grade lesions was 99.7%. CONCLUSIONS: Cervical cancer screening through combined visual inspection, conducted by non-specialized personnel and monitored by experts through smartphones, shows encouraging results, ruling out high-grade cytological lesions in most cases. This combined visual inspection test is a valid and affordable method for screening programs in low-income areas.

Molecular diagnosis in non-small-cell lung cancer: expert opinion on ALK and ROS1 testing.

The effectiveness of targeted therapies with tyrosine kinase inhibitors in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) depends on the accurate determination of the genomic status of the tumour. For this reason, molecular analyses to detect genetic rearrangements in some genes (ie, ALK, ROS1, RET and NTRK) have become standard in patients with advanced disease. Since immunohistochemistry is easier to implement and interpret, it is normally used as the screening procedure, while fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) is used to confirm the rearrangement and decide on ambiguous immunostainings. Although FISH is considered the most sensitive method for the detection of ALK and ROS1 rearrangements, the interpretation of results requires detailed guidelines. In this review, we discuss the various technologies available to evaluate ALK and ROS1 genomic rearrangements using these techniques. Other techniques such as real-time PCR and next-generation sequencing have been developed recently to evaluate ALK and ROS1 gene rearrangements, but some limitations prevent their full implementation in the clinical setting. Similarly, liquid biopsies have the potential to change the treatment of patients with advanced lung cancer, but further research is required before this technology can be applied in routine clinical practice. We discuss the technical requirements of laboratories in the light of quality assurance programmes. Finally, we review the recent updates made to the guidelines for the determination of molecular biomarkers in patients with NSCLC.

Therapeutic targeting of the RB1 pathway in retinoblastoma with the oncolytic adenovirus VCN-01.

Retinoblastoma is a pediatric solid tumor of the retina activated upon homozygous inactivation of the tumor suppressor RB1 VCN-01 is an oncolytic adenovirus designed to replicate selectively in tumor cells with high abundance of free E2F-1, a consequence of a dysfunctional RB1 pathway. Thus, we reasoned that VCN-01 could provide targeted therapeutic activity against even chemoresistant retinoblastoma. In vitro, VCN-01 effectively killed patient-derived retinoblastoma models. In mice, intravitreous administration of VCN-01 in retinoblastoma xenografts induced tumor necrosis, improved ocular survival compared with standard-of-care chemotherapy, and prevented micrometastatic dissemination into the brain. In juvenile immunocompetent rabbits, VCN-01 did not replicate in retinas, induced minor local side effects, and only leaked slightly and for a short time into the blood. Initial phase 1 data in patients showed the feasibility of the administration of intravitreous VCN-01 and resulted in antitumor activity in retinoblastoma vitreous seeds and evidence of viral replication markers in tumor cells. The treatment caused local vitreous inflammation but no systemic complications. Thus, oncolytic adenoviruses targeting RB1 might provide a tumor-selective and chemotherapy-independent treatment option for retinoblastoma.

Actitudes de mujeres estudiantes de psicología hacia las personas con esquizofrenia: Relación con la percepción de agresividad y peligrosidad / Attitudes of female students of psychology toward people with schizophrenia: Relationship with perception of aggressiveness and dangerousness

Introduction Perception of environment and reality stems mainly from factors determined by social and cultural influences. Several socialization processes promote the development of relations that endorse or reject certain values or identities. Unfortunately, many of these relations arise from prejudiced values that generate negative attitudes such as stigmatization or discrimination toward some persons. According to psychosocial models, generation of stigma is a consequence of three aspects: lack of knowledge about the person's condition (ignorance); development of negative attitudes (prejudice) and a tendency to exclude or reject some individuals (discrimination). Particularly, in mental health problems, general public knowledge of severe mental illnesses such as schizophrenia frequently develops in accordance to myths and misconceptions. For example, schizophrenics are commonly viewed as mad and incompetent individuals that produce fear and rejection. These erroneous conceptions originate from considering that they are incapable of controlling their acts, thus giving rise to aggressive, violent or dangerous conducts. Stigmatization impacts patients increasing depressive symptoms, anxiety and social withdrawal. Stigma also has a negative impact on diagnosis and treatment; timely diagnostic interventions and specialized treatments are frequently delayed in stigmatized individuals. Although it is reasonable to anticipate that stigmatization attitudes are more common among persons with low cultural levels, many studies have demonstrated that unfortunately this problem is also present in many health professionals, including those who work with the mentally ill. For these reasons different attempts have developed to reduce stigma by means of mental health literacy interventions oriented to modify and eliminate misconceptions about mental patients and their illness. In this sense, mental health literacy is defined as any educational intervention aimed to increase recognition, management and prevention of mental illness. Many studies have demonstrated that this type of interventions have a positive impact in reducing negative attitudes toward patients, diminishing in consequence treatment gap. In accordance to this theoretical framework, the principal objective of this study was to evaluate in a group of female psychology students, their attitudes toward mental illness determining their perception of danger and aggressiveness in a schizophrenic patient. We hypothesized that perception of dangerousness and aggressiveness will correlate with more negative attitudes to mental illness. Additionally, we compared attitudes to severe mental illness according to other variables related to mental health literacy such as knowledge of etiology of illness and treatment options, among female student in their first half of their career and female student in their second half. We hypothesized that advanced student will have a higher level of mental health literacy and less negative attitudes to mental illness. Method A total of 110 female psychology students from a university in Mexico City were included in the study. Group's mean age (±SD) was 21.6 (1.7) years (range 19-33 years). All subjects gave their consent to participate in a voluntary and anonymous manner. Sixty five students (59.1%) were at the initial half-stage of their career (1st to 5th semester), and forty five (40.9%) were at their last half-stage (6th to 10th semester). The study was approved by the Institutional Research and Ethical Committees (Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente), and by the university's authorities. The Opinions about Mental Illness Scale (OMI), previously translated and standardized in our country (OMI-M), was used to evaluate personal attitudes toward severe mentally ill persons. OMI-M is a 34-item self-report questionnaire which evaluates attitudes utilizing a 5-points Liker scale procedure (1 = totally disagree; 5=totally agree). Evaluation includes six factors: 1. Separatism, which emphasizes the persons' perceived differences about a mental disorder and the desire of keeping a distance to be safe; 2. Stereotyping, defined as conceiving mentally ill persons in accordance to certain behavioral and intellectual patterns; 3. Restrictiveness, which includes items that uphold an uncertain notion regarding the rights of mentally ill persons; 4. Benevolence, which evaluates compassion to the mentally ill; 5. Pessimistic prediction, referring to the perception that mentally ill persons are incapable of improving on their symptoms and how society is also not optimistic in this respect; 6. Stigmatization, build upon items that perceive mental illness as a cause of shame. The Public Aggressiveness Concept Questionnaire, a self-rated instrument was also applied in the study. This questionnaire evaluates the perception of aggressiveness after reviewing a standardized clinical vignette of a patient with an active paranoid schizophrenia. The reviewer is asked to answer questions regarding the identification of aggressive conduct in the vignette, including the presence and intensity of verbal and physical violence. In another section, the way symptoms could be controlled is evaluated. Additional questions are included in the final section of the questionnaire aimed to evaluate concepts such as if the reviewer considers that the person in the vignette has a mental illness, what causes might originate this condition, and if he or she perceives the subject as socially dangerous. Data analysis was carried utilizing the SPSS, version 17.0, statistical program. Categorical variables description was done with rates and percentages; continuous variables were analyzed with means and standard deviation.

Introducción El temor y el rechazo han sido las principales actitudes negativas hacia las personas con trastornos mentales graves como la esquizofrenia. Éstas surgen de la percepción pública de que los pacientes no tienen control sobre su comportamiento y son agresivos, violentos y/o peligrosos; tienen un impacto directo en las personas que padecen esquizofrenia y sus familiares, y aun cuando podría esperarse lo contrario, diversos estudios han mostrado que los profesionales de la salud en general, y de la salud mental en lo particular, muestran actitudes negativas hacia los pacientes con esquizofrenia. Diversos estudios internacionales han demostrado que las campañas dirigidas a incrementar la alfabetización en salud mental (ASM) son efectivas para modificar las actitudes negativas hacia las personas con trastornos mentales. Sin embargo, las necesidades de ASM pueden tener variaciones locales, por lo que resulta necesario conocer las actitudes hacia la enfermedad mental y los factores asociados a las mismas en las poblaciones blanco a las que se dirigirán las campañas antiestigma en una región particular. En esta dirección, el objetivo principal del presente estudio fue comparar las actitudes de mujeres estudiantes de psicología hacia las personas con trastornos mentales graves de acuerdo a la agresividad y peligrosidad percibida de un paciente con esquizofrenia. Adicionalmente, las actitudes hacia las personas con trastornos mentales graves así como las variables relacionadas con la alfabetización en salud mental se comparan entre las mujeres que cursaban la primera mitad de la licenciatura en psicología y aquellas que cursaban la segunda mitad. Método Se incluyó un total de 110 mujeres con una edad promedio de 21.6±1.7 años, estudiantes de la licenciatura en psicología de una universidad de la zona metropolitana de la Ciudad de México que aceptaron participar en el estudio de forma voluntaria y anónima. El 59.1% (n=65) se encontraba cursando la primera mitad de la licenciatura (del 1° al 5° semestre) y el 40.9% (n=45) restante, la segunda mitad (del 6° al 10° semestre). El total de la muestra completó la Escala de Opiniones sobre la Enfermedad Mental en Población Mexicana (OMI-M) para determinar las actitudes hacia las personas con trastornos mentales graves, así como el Cuestionario de Concepto Público de Agresividad (CPA), que valora el concepto público de agresividad del paciente con esquizofrenia con base en la presentación de una viñeta clínica de un paciente con esquizofrenia paranoide. Resultados El 95.5% (n=105) de las estudiantes reconocieron la presencia de una enfermedad mental en la viñeta clínica. No obstante, tan sólo el 70.9% (n=78) consideró las intervenciones psiquiátricas como las más adecuadas para el control de los síntomas. El 59.1 % (n=65) de las estudiantes consideró que el sujeto descrito en la viñeta podría ser agresivo de alguna forma y tan sólo 12.7% (n=14) lo calificó como peligroso para la sociedad. Las estudiantes que percibieron agresivo al paciente de la viñeta mostraron mayores puntajes en las áreas de restricción, predicción pesimista y en la puntuación total del OMI-M. De forma similar, aquellas que consideraron peligroso al paciente tuvieron mayores actitudes negativas en términos de separatismo, estereotipos y puntuación total del OMI-M. No se encontraron diferencias en las variables de alfabetización en salud mental (reconocimiento de la enfermedad, causas atribuibles y tratamiento sugerido), ni en la percepción de agresión y peligrosidad, ni en cuanto a las diferentes áreas evaluadas por el OMI-M entre alumnas que cursaban la primera mitad de la licenciatura en psicología y aquellas que cursaban la segunda mitad. Discusión Un alto porcentaje de estudiantes de psicología consideró agresivo al paciente descrito en la viñeta, y tal como se esperaba, esta concepción se relacionó con mayores actitudes negativas, tales como mayor nivel de restricción y de predicción pesimista. Adicionalmente, la percepción de la persona con enfermedad mental como alguien con capacidades limitadas y comportamiento extraño parece promover la distancia social. Tanto la percepción de agresión como la de peligrosidad y las actitudes negativas asociadas en esta muestra nos hablan del poco entendimiento que pudieran tener los estudiantes de psicología en relación con las experiencias vividas por los pacientes. Aun cuando nuestros resultados no pueden ser generalizados al total de los estudiantes de psicología del país, es posible sugerir la inclusión al currículo educativo de información clara y objetiva sobre aspectos psicosociales de la enfermedad -estigma y actitudes hacia la enfermedad- y no sólo aspectos teóricos sobre la fisiopatología del trastorno y características sintomáticas del padecimiento; así como el contacto regular, tanto hospitalario como comunitario, con los pacientes.

Insertion and 3-year follow-up experience of 372 etonogestrel subdermal contraceptive implants by family physicians in Granada, Spain.

BACKGROUND: User profile, continuation rate, reasons for discontinuation, problems during insertion and removal, and effectiveness of an etonogestrel subdermal contraceptive implant (ESCI) were assessed. STUDY DESIGN: A follow-up of 372 women 3 years after insertion of an ESCI performed by family physicians in Granada, Spain, by means of consultations, examination of medical records and telephone interviews. RESULTS: Data were available for 356 (95.7%) women. The average age was 27.2 years, and 159 (42.7%) were nulliparous. Continuation rates were 91.0% at 1 year, 74.7% at 2 years and 65.1% at 2 years and 9 months. The main reasons for discontinuation were excessive bleeding (44, 12.4%), wish to become pregnant (44, 12.4%) and side effects not related to menstruation (21, 5.9%). However, 141 (39.6%) received a second implant when the first one expired. No pregnancy occurred in 893.4 women-years. CONCLUSIONS: Family physicians can achieve excellent results with the ESCI. It should be included in the range of contraceptives offered by primary care physicians.