CRISPR/Cas9-based application for cancer therapy: Challenges and solutions for non-viral delivery.

CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing is a promising therapeutic technique, which makes precise and rapid gene editing technology possible on account of its high sensitivity and efficiency. CRISPR/Cas9 system has been proved to able to effectively disrupt and modify genes, which shows great potential for cancer treatment. Current researches proves that virus vectors are capable of effectively delivering the CRISPR/Cas9 system, but immunogenicity and carcinogenicity caused by virus transmission still trigger serious consequences. Therefore, the greatest challenge of CRISPR/Cas9 for cancer therapy lies on how to deliver it to the target tumor site safely and effectively. Non-viral delivery systems with specific targeting, high loading capacity, and low immune toxicity are more suitable than viral vectors, which limited by uncontrollable side effects. Their medical advances and applications have been widely concerned. Herein, we present the molecule mechanism and different construction strategies of CRISPR/Cas9 system for editing genes at the beginning of this research. Subsequently, several common CRISPR/Cas9 non-viral deliveries for cancer treatment are introduced. Lastly, based on the main factors limiting the delivery efficiency of non-viral vectors proposed in the existing researches and literature, we summarize and discuss the main methods to solve these limitations in the existing tumor treatment system, aiming to introduce further optimization and innovation of the CRISPR/Cas9 non-viral delivery system suitable for cancer treatment.

Effects of nursing based on Orem's self-care model on self-care efficacy, quality of life and adverse emotions in patients with advanced lung cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of nursing based on Orem's self-care model on self-care efficacy, quality of life (QOL) and adverse emotions of patients with advanced lung cancer (ALC) receiving chemotherapy. METHODS: A total of 71 patients with ALC aged 50-70 years, from our hospital were selected as the study subjects and divided into the control group (CNG, n = 35) and the experimental group (EXG, n = 36) using the random number table method. The CNG was treated with conventional chemotherapy combined with conventional nursing, while the EXG was treated with conventional chemotherapy combined with nursing based on Orem's self-care model. The effects on self-care efficacy, QOL and adverse emotions in the two groups were observed before and after nursing. The General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) was scored in both groups. The patients' body, physiology, psychology, society and health were scored using the QOL questionnaire for Chinese cancer patients receiving chemotherapy (QLQ-CCC). The self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale (SDS) in the two groups were scored using the Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA) and Hamilton depression scale (HAMD). RESULTS: The GSES scores in the EXG were remarkably higher than those in the CNG after intervention (P < 0.05). After intervention, the scores of the patients' body, physiology, psychology, society and health in the EXG were higher than those in the CNG (P < 0.05). The scores of SAS and SDS in the EXG were lower than those in the CNG (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Nursing based on Orem's self-care model can effectively improve the self-care efficacy and QOL, adverse emotions (e.g., anxiety and depression), and degree of pain of patients with ALC receiving chemotherapy. Therefore, it has a positive clinical significance.