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PURPOSE: To establish and validate a delta-radiomics-based model for predicting progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (LA-NPC) following induction chemotherapy (IC). METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 250 LA-NPC patients (training cohort: n = 145; validation cohort: n = 105) were enrolled. Radiomic features were extracted from MRI scans taken before and after IC, and changes in these features were calculated. Following feature selection, a delta-radiomics signature was constructed using LASSO-Cox regression analysis. A prognostic nomogram incorporating independent clinical indicators and the delta-radiomics signature was developed and assessed for calibration and discrimination. Risk stratification by the nomogram was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier methods. RESULTS: The delta-radiomics signature, consisting of 12 features, was independently associated with prognosis. The nomogram, integrating the delta-radiomics signature and clinical factors demonstrated excellent calibration and discrimination. The model achieved a Harrell's concordance index (C-index) of 0.848 in the training cohort and 0.820 in the validation cohort. Risk stratification identified two groups with significantly different PFS rates. The three-year PFS for high-risk patients who received concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) or radiotherapy plus adjuvant chemotherapy (RT+AC) after IC was significantly higher than for those who received RT alone, reaching statistical significance. In contrast, for low-risk patients, the three-year PFS after IC was slightly higher for those who received CCRT or RT+AC compared to those who received RT alone; however, this difference did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Our delta MRI-based radiomics model could be useful for predicting PFS and may guide subsequent treatment decisions after IC in LA-NPC.
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Quimioterapia de Indução , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Carcinoma Nasofaríngeo , Nomogramas , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Carcinoma Nasofaríngeo/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Nasofaríngeo/diagnóstico por imagem , Carcinoma Nasofaríngeo/patologia , Carcinoma Nasofaríngeo/terapia , Carcinoma Nasofaríngeo/mortalidade , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Quimioterapia de Indução/métodos , Adulto , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/patologia , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/terapia , Prognóstico , Idoso , Resultado do Tratamento , RadiômicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Empirical chemotherapy remains the standard of care in patients with unfavourable cancer of unknown primary (CUP). Gene-expression profiling assays have been developed to identify the tissue of origin in patients with CUP; however, their clinical benefit has not yet been demonstrated. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of site-specific therapy directed by a 90-gene expression assay compared with empirical chemotherapy in patients with CUP. METHODS: This randomised controlled trial was conducted at Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (Shanghai, China). We enrolled patients aged 18-75 years, with previously untreated CUP (histologically confirmed metastatic adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, poorly differentiated carcinoma, or poorly differentiated neoplasms) and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0-2, who were not amenable to local radical treatment. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) by the Pocock and Simon minimisation method to receive either site-specific therapy or empirical chemotherapy (taxane [175 mg/m2 by intravenous infusion on day 1] plus platinum [cisplatin 75 mg/m2 or carboplatin area under the curve 5 by intravenous infusion on day 1], or gemcitabine [1000 mg/m2 by intravenous infusion on days 1 and 8] plus platinum [same as above]). The minimisation factors were ECOG performance status and the extent of the disease. Clinicians and patients were not masked to interventions. The tumour origin in the site-specific therapy group was predicted by the 90-gene expression assay and treatments were administered accordingly. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival in the intention-to-treat population. The trial has been completed and the analysis is final. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03278600). FINDINGS: Between Sept 18, 2017, and March 18, 2021, 182 patients (105 [58%] male, 77 [42%] female) were randomly assigned to receive site-specific therapy (n=91) or empirical chemotherapy (n=91). The five most commonly predicted tissues of origin in the site-specific therapy group were gastro-oesophagus (14 [15%]), lung (12 [13%]), ovary (11 [12%]), cervix (11 [12%]), and breast (nine [10%]). At the data cutoff date (April 30, 2023), median follow-up was 33·3 months (IQR 30·4-51·0) for the site-specific therapy group and 30·9 months (27·6-35·5) for the empirical chemotherapy group. Median progression-free survival was significantly longer with site-specific therapy than with empirical chemotherapy (9·6 months [95% CI 8·4-11·9] vs 6·6 months [5·5-7·9]; unadjusted hazard ratio 0·68 [95% CI 0·49-0·93]; p=0·017). Among the 167 patients who started planned treatment, 46 (56%) of 82 patients in the site-specific therapy group and 52 (61%) of 85 patients in the empirical chemotherapy group had grade 3 or worse treatment-related adverse events; the most frequent of these in the site-specific therapy and empirical chemotherapy groups were decreased neutrophil count (36 [44%] vs 42 [49%]), decreased white blood cell count (17 [21%] vs 26 [31%]), and anaemia (ten [12%] vs nine [11%]). Treatment-related serious adverse events were reported in five (6%) patients in the site-specific therapy group and two (2%) in the empirical chemotherapy group. No treatment-related deaths were observed. INTERPRETATION: This single-centre randomised trial showed that site-specific therapy guided by the 90-gene expression assay could improve progression-free survival compared with empirical chemotherapy among patients with previously untreated CUP. Site-specific prediction by the 90-gene expression assay might provide more disease information and expand the therapeutic armamentarium in these patients. FUNDING: Clinical Research Plan of Shanghai Hospital Development Center, Program for Shanghai Outstanding Academic Leader, and Shanghai Anticancer Association SOAR PROJECT. TRANSLATION: For the Chinese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica , Neoplasias Primárias Desconhecidas , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Masculino , Feminino , Neoplasias Primárias Desconhecidas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Primárias Desconhecidas/genética , Neoplasias Primárias Desconhecidas/patologia , Neoplasias Primárias Desconhecidas/mortalidade , Idoso , Adulto , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Gencitabina , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Desoxicitidina/análogos & derivados , Desoxicitidina/administração & dosagem , Desoxicitidina/uso terapêutico , Cisplatino/administração & dosagem , Cisplatino/uso terapêutico , Carboplatina/administração & dosagem , China , Taxoides/administração & dosagem , Taxoides/uso terapêutico , Adulto Jovem , AdolescenteRESUMO
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy, toxicities, and potential role of larynx preservation of induction chemotherapy combined with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitor in locally advanced laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a single-arm phase II study. Patients with histopathologically confirmed, resectable locally advanced laryngeal/hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status 0-1 were eligible. Three cycles of induction chemotherapy (paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 d1, cisplatin 25 mg/m2 d1-3) combined with PD-1 inhibitor (toripalimab 240 mg d0) were administered. Response assessment was performed after induction chemoimmunotherapy using RECIST 1.1 criteria. Patients with a complete/partial response of the primary tumor received concurrent chemoradiation, followed by maintenance therapy of toripalimab. Otherwise, patients were referred to surgery, followed by adjuvant (chemo) radiation and maintenance therapy of toripalimab. The primary endpoint is a larynx preservation rate at 3 months postradiation. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients were enrolled. Most cases exhibited stage IV disease (81.5%), with T4 representing 37.0%. Five patients underwent pretreatment tracheostomy because of impaired larynx function. Overall response rate of induction chemoimmunotherapy was 85.2%. At 3 months postradiation, the larynx preservation rate was 88.9%. With a median follow-up of 18.7 months, the 1-year overall survival rate, progression-free survival rate, and larynx preservation rate were 84.7%, 77.6%, and 88.7%, respectively. When excluding those with pretreatment tracheostomy, the 1-year larynx preservation rate was 95.5%. Exploratory analysis revealed that relapse correlated with enrichment of RNA signature of hypoxia and M2 macrophage-associated genes. CONCLUSIONS: Induction toripalimab combined with chemotherapy provided encouraging activity, promising larynx preservation rate and acceptable toxicity in this cohort of extensively locally advanced laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer.
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Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço , Neoplasias Hipofaríngeas , Neoplasias Laríngeas , Laringe , Humanos , Neoplasias Hipofaríngeas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Hipofaríngeas/patologia , Preservação de Órgãos , Neoplasias Laríngeas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Laríngeas/patologia , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/efeitos adversos , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Fluoruracila , Laringectomia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/patologia , Laringe/patologia , Cisplatino , Quimioterapia de Indução , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço/patologia , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/patologia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: To evaluate the prognostic value of plasma Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA level post-induction chemotherapy (IC) for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). METHODS: A total of 893 newly diagnosed NPC patients treated with IC were retrospectively reviewed. The recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) was performed to construct a risk stratification model. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was applied to determine the optimal cut-off value of post-IC EBV DNA. RESULTS: Post-IC EBV DNA levels and overall stage were independent predictors for distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), overall survival (OS), and progression-free survival (PFS). The RPA model base on post-IC EBV DNA and overall stage categorized the patients into three distinct risk groups: RPA I (low-risk: stage II-III and post-IC EBV DNA < 200 copies/mL), RPA II (median-risk: stage II-III and post-IC EBV DNA ≥ 200 copies/mL, or stage IVA and post-IC EBV DNA < 200 copies/mL), and RPA III (high-risk: stage IVA and post-IC EBV DNA ≥ 200 copies/mL), with 3-year PFS of 91.1%, 82.6%, and 60.2%, respectively (p < 0.001). The DMFS and OS rates in different RPA groups were also distinct. The RPA model showed better risk discrimination than either the overall stage or post-RT EBV DNA alone. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma EBV DNA level post-IC was a robust prognostic biomarker for NPC. We developed an RPA model that provides improved risk discrimination over the 8th edition of the TNM staging system by integrating the post-IC EBV DNA level and the overall stage.
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Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas , Humanos , Carcinoma Nasofaríngeo/patologia , Prognóstico , Herpesvirus Humano 4/genética , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/complicações , Quimioterapia de Indução , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/patologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , DNA Viral , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is currently rising in incidence; however, a noninvasive approach to predicting HPV status that strongly correlates with p16 expression is lacking. This study aimed to develop a radiomics model based on multisequence magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of primary tumor (PT) and lymph node (LN)-fused imaging features for the prediction of p16 status in OPSCC. Methods: In this retrospective study, 141 patients (comprising 116 patients in the training cohort and 25 patients in the testing cohort) with histopathologically confirmed (OPSCC) were enrolled consecutively from Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital between January 2011 and December 2020. HPV status was determined by p16 immunohistochemistry analysis. A total of 2092 radiomics features were initially computed and extracted from the 3D-segmented PT and largest LN based on contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging (CE-T1WI) and T2-weighted imaging (T2WI). A support vector machine classifier was employed to build the machine learning-based classification models dependent on p16 status. The models were validated in the testing cohort. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was computed to assess the performance of each model. This diagnostic study was not registered on the clinical trial platform. Results: In the testing cohort, fusion models yielded better performance (AUC) compared with models based on a sole PT/LN [CE-T1WI: 0.80 (95% CI: 0.55-0.94) vs. 0.71 (95% CI: 0.47-0.88)/0.73 (95% CI: 0.48-0.90); T2WI: 0.74 (95% CI: 0.51-0.95) vs. 0.64 (95% CI: 0.38-0.85)/0.71 (95% CI: 0.48-0.88)]. Models based on multisequence imaging outperformed single CE-T1WI/T2WI models [PT: 0.74 (95% CI: 0.46-0.91) vs. 0.71 (95% CI: 0.47-0.88)/0.64 (95% CI: 0.38-0.85); LN: 0.78 (95% CI: 0.55-0.75) vs. 0.73 (95% CI: 0.48-0.90)/0.71 (95% CI: 0.48-0.88)]. Finally, the PT-LN fusion model based on multisequencing yielded the best classification performance with the highest AUC value of 0.91 (95% CI: 0.72-0.98) for the prediction of p16 expression. The differences between the performance of the final model and the other 8 models were significant (all P values <0.05). Conclusions: The results demonstrated that (I) the PT-LN fusion radiomics models improved the classification performance of the sole use of PT or LN for the prediction of p16 status, (II) the radiomics models based on multisequences outperformed the single-sequence models in the prediction of p16 status, and (III) the PT-LN fusion model based on multisequence MRI radiomics features could serve as a noninvasive method for acquiring the molecular information of patients with OPSCC, potentially assisting oncologists with their clinical decision-making.
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Radiotherapy is the most predominant treatment strategy for lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) patients, but radioresistance is the major obstacle to therapy effectiveness. The mechanisms and regulators of LUSC radioresistance remain unclear. Here, lactotransferrin (LTF) is found to be significantly upregulated in radioresistant LUSC cell lines (H226R and H1703R) and clinical samples and promotes radioresistance of LUSC both in vitro and in vivo. Comprehensive enrichment analyses suggested that LTF potentially modulates autophagy in LUSC. Interestingly, the level of autophagy was raised in the radioresistant cells, and suppression of autophagy sensitized LUSC to irradiation. Functional experiments showed that LTF deficiency inhibits cellular autophagy through the AMPK pathway, ultimately leading to radiosensitization. Mechanistically, LTF can directly interact with AMPK to facilitate its phosphorylation and activate autophagy signaling. Moreover, NEAT1 functions as a ceRNA that targets miR-214-5p resulting in an increased LTF expression. Intriguingly, SP2, a transcription factor regulated by AMPK, induced NEAT1 expression by directly binding to its promoter region and thus forming a LTF/AMPK/SP2/NEAT1/miR-214-5p feedback loop. Our work reveals for the first time that LTF induces radioresistance by promoting autophagy and enhancing its self-expression via forming a positive feedback loop, suggesting that LTF is an appealing radiosensitization target for treating LUSC.
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Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Neoplasias Pulmonares , MicroRNAs , Humanos , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/genética , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/metabolismo , MicroRNAs/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Retroalimentação , Lactoferrina/metabolismo , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/radioterapia , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/genética , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/radioterapia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/radioterapia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Autofagia/genética , Pulmão/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUNDS: Despite publication of international guidelines, there are notable controversial points of clinical target volume (CTV) delineation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Recently, scholars proposed a novel way of delineation of CTV in NPC-individualization of CTV delineation based on T classification and spread patterns, which yielded excellent long-term local control with limited late toxicities. The aim of this study was to clarify the anatomic patterns and pathways of local recurrence of NPC and provide a clinical reference for the delineation of CTV. METHODS: A total of 869 patients with non-metastatic NPC were treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) at our institution between 2009 and 2010. Among the 57 cases of local/locoregional recurrence, 52 cases with traceable radiotherapy plans and magnetic resonance imaging at the time of the first diagnosis of recurrence were included. Anatomical structures and gross tumor volume of local recurrence were contoured. The incidence of relapse of each anatomic structure, route of local recurrence, and their correlation were analyzed. RESULTS: Locally advanced disease had a significantly increased risk of recurrence in the posterior nasal cavity and a trend towards higher risk of recurrence in the clivus, lateral pterygoid muscle, and hypoglossal canal. Based on the incidence of local recurrence, we constructed a high-risk map for the early and locally advanced stages. Local recurrences were classified into five routes, where anterior extension accounted for the majority (30.8%), and caudal tumor extension pathway had the lowest incidence (5.8%). There was a significant correlation between the local recurrences of neural foramina and neighboring anatomical structures along each pathway. All cases relapsed at unilateral cavernous sinus, most at the same side of primary tumor. Based on our findings, we proposed some suggestions on delineations of CTV, based on T classification and local extension pattern. CONCLUSIONS: Local recurrence of NPC varied according to T classification, followed a stepwise pattern, spread via neural foramina, and recurred at ipsilateral cavernous sinus. This provides meaningful clinical evidence for delineation of CTV, especially individualized delineation.
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Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas , Radioterapia de Intensidade Modulada , Humanos , Carcinoma Nasofaríngeo/radioterapia , Carcinoma Nasofaríngeo/patologia , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/radioterapia , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/patologia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/patologia , Planejamento da Radioterapia Assistida por Computador/métodos , Estadiamento de NeoplasiasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The role of induction chemotherapy (IC) in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) remains controversial. Its interpretation can be confounded by heterogeneity in chemosensitivity and human papillomavirus (HPV) status. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic impact of IC response in HPV-positive and -negative OPSCC. METHODS: Patients with OPSCC who underwent IC and concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) were retrospectively analyzed. Radiologic response to IC by ≥50% was defined as IC-sensitive (IC-s), while lesser response was deemed as IC-resistant (IC-r). Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were compared between subgroups. RESULTS: A total of 51 HPV-positive and 57 HPV-negative patients were included. IC-s patients accounted for 55.6%, 62.7%, and 49.1% in the entire cohort, HPV-positive, and HPV-negative subgroup, respectively. Compared with IC-r subgroup, IC-s was associated with better clinical outcomes either in the entire cohort (3y-PFS 91.7%vs.43.7%, P < 0.001; 3y-OS 98.3% vs. 67.4%, P = 0.002), the HPV-positive subgroup (3-year PFS 94.7% vs. 47.9%, P < 0.001; 3-year OS 100% vs. 73.5%, P = 0.055) or the HPV-negative subgroup (3-year PFS 88.2% vs. 40.9%, P = 0.001; 3-year OS 96.4% vs. 63.1%, P = 0.026). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that response to IC represents an independent prognosticator for 3-year PFS (HR, 0.088; 95% CI, 0.027-0.289; P < 0.001) and 3-year OS (HR, 0.100; 95% CI, 0.021-0.477; P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Response to IC exerts a critical predictive effect on prognosis of both HPV-positive and -negative OPSCC. Personalized treatment strategy based on IC response is worthy of further exploration in the future.
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Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço , Neoplasias Orofaríngeas , Infecções por Papillomavirus , Humanos , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/tratamento farmacológico , Quimioterapia de Indução , Estudos Retrospectivos , Neoplasias Orofaríngeas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Orofaríngeas/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço , Prognóstico , Quimiorradioterapia , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/complicaçõesRESUMO
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-driven oropharyngeal carcinoma (OPSCC) is distinct from tobacco- or alcohol-associated OPSCC and has a unique immune landscape. Studies have supported the heterogeneity of T cells, accompanied by a broad repertoire of T-cell responses, within tumors driven by HPV infection. However, the phenotype and function of these HPV-related T cells remain unclear. Using a combination of single-cell RNA sequencing, flow cytometry, pharmacologic inhibition, and immunofluorescence staining, we explored the prognostic implication of HPV-related T cells and further validated our findings in two independent cohorts. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) within OPSCC displayed a spectrum of transcriptional signatures. Among which, we identified CD161 receptor, encoded by KLRB1, as a potential marker to distinguish the CTL subsets in HPV-positive OPSCC with a divergent evolutionary trajectory. In-depth analysis revealed that CD161+ CTLs exhibited a more robust immune response over the CD161- counterparts and a T cell-inflamed phenotype that could be further reinvigorated by immune-checkpoint blockade. Despite the high expression of exhaustion markers, reinforcement of CD161+ CTL reactivity was expected to boost immune responses, considering their functional reversibility. We further confirmed that the high level of intratumoral CD161+ CTLs associated with a favorable treatment response and prolonged overall survival. Therefore, our research not only provides an insight into the immune landscape of HPV-driven OPSCC but also sheds light on a special subset of CTLs with prognostic and therapeutic significance.
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Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Neoplasias Orofaríngeas , Infecções por Papillomavirus , Humanos , Papillomavirus Humano , Prognóstico , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/patologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: To review our long-term clinical experience, analyze the failure patterns, and give suggestions for target volume delineation of carcinoma showing thymus-like differentiation (CASTLE) treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). METHODS: From April 2008 to May 2019, 30 patients with CASTLE treated by postoperative or radical IMRT in our center were retrospectively reviewed. A total dose of 56-60 Gy in 28-30 fractions was prescribed to patients without residual disease and 66 Gy in 33 fractions for patients with residual or unresectable disease. Survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Treatment-related toxicities were graded by National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria (NCI-CTC) version 4.0. RESULTS: Among the 30 patients, 12 (40%) received partial resection or biopsy. Lateral lymph node metastasis was observed in 7 (23.3%) patients. During follow-up, regional lymph node recurrence occurred in 2 patients and distant metastasis in 5 patients. With a median follow-up time of 63.5 months, the 5-year local recurrence-free survival (LRFS), regional recurrence-free survival (RRFS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) rates were 100, 88.9, 78.9, 93.1 and 78.9%, respectively. For patients with no lateral neck node metastasis, prophylactic radiotherapy for lateral neck nodal regions failed to improve RRFS (p = 0.381) and OS (p = 0.153). CONCLUSION: Distant metastasis was the major failure pattern for CASTLE after surgery and IMRT. For patients with no lateral neck node metastasis, the omission of irradiation for lateral neck nodal regions seems to be safe and feasible.
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Carcinoma , Radioterapia de Intensidade Modulada , Humanos , Radioterapia de Intensidade Modulada/efeitos adversos , Radioterapia de Intensidade Modulada/métodos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Carcinoma/patologia , Planejamento da Radioterapia Assistida por Computador/métodos , Metástase Linfática/radioterapiaRESUMO
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has a 10-15% recurrence rate, while no long term or durable treatment options are currently available. Single-cell profiling in recurrent NPC (rNPC) may aid in designing effective anticancer therapies, including immunotherapies. For the first time, we profiled the transcriptomes of â¼60,000 cells from four primary NPC and two rNPC cases to provide deeper insights into the dynamic changes in rNPC within radiation fields. Heterogeneity of both immune cells (T, natural killer, B, and myeloid cells) and tumor cells was characterized. Recurrent samples showed increased infiltration of regulatory T cells in a highly immunosuppressive state and CD8+ T cells in a highly cytotoxic and dysfunctional state. Enrichment of M2-polarized macrophages and LAMP3+ dendritic cells conferred enhanced immune suppression to rNPC. Furthermore, malignant cells showed enhanced immune-related features, such as antigen presentation. Elevated regulatory T cell levels were associated with a worse prognosis, with certain receptor-ligand communication pairs identified in rNPC. Even with relatively limited samples, our study provides important clues to complement the exploitation of rNPC immune environment and will help advance targeted immunotherapy of rNPC.
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Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Humanos , Carcinoma Nasofaríngeo/genética , Carcinoma Nasofaríngeo/patologia , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/genética , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/patologia , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/terapia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/genética , Análise de Sequência de RNA , Microambiente Tumoral/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: We aim to assess the prognostic ability of three common lymph node-based staging algorithms, namely, the number of positive lymph nodes (pN), the lymph node ratio (LNR), and log odds of positive lymph nodes (LODDS) in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). METHODS: A total of 3902 ESCC patients treated at 10 Chinese institutions between 2003 and 2013 were included, along with 2465 patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. The prognostic ability of the aforementioned algorithms was evaluated using time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (tdROC) curves, R 2, Harrell's concordance index (C-index), and the likelihood ratio chi-square score. The primary outcomes included cancer-specific survival (CSS), overall survival (OS), and CSS with a competing risk of death by non-ESCC causes. RESULTS: LODDS had better prognostic performance than pN or LNR in both continuous and stratified patterns. In the multicenter cohort, the multivariate analysis showed that the model based on LODDS classification was superior to the others in predictive accuracy and discriminatory capacity. Two nomograms integrating LODDS classification and other clinicopathological risk factors associated with OS as well as cancer-specific mortality were constructed and validated in the SEER database. Finally, a novel TNLODDS classification which incorporates the LODDS classification was built and categorized patients in to three new stages. CONCLUSION: Among the three lymph node-based staging algorithms, LODDS demonstrated the highest discriminative capacity and prognostic accuracy for ESCC patients. The nomograms and novel TNLODDS classification based on LODDS classification could serve as precise evaluation tools to assist clinicians in estimating the survival time of individual patients and improving clinical outcomes postoperatively in the future.
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BACKGROUND: Squamous cell cancers in the hypopharynx (HP) and cervical esophagus (CE) are different diseases with different staging systems and treatment approaches. Pharyngoesophageal junction (PEJ) tumor involves both the hypopharynx and the cervical esophagus simultaneously, but few reports focused on PEJ tumors. This study aimed to clarify clinical characteristics and the treatment approaches of PEJ tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 222 patients with squamous cell carcinoma in the HP, PEJ, and CE were collected between January 2008 and June 2018 in Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center. We compared different lymph node metastatic patterns of three diseases above and the survival of different tumor locations, different lymph node metastasis, and different radiotherapy approaches. RESULTS: For HP, PEJ, and CE cancer, the upper and middle cervical lymph node metastatic rates were 85.7%, 47.1%, and 5.8%, respectively; the lower cervical lymph node metastatic rates were 36.7%, 42.9%, and 35.0%, respectively; and the mediastinal lymph node metastatic rates were 2.0%, 72.9%, and 80.6%, respectively. The 3-year overall survival rates were 69.5% in the HP group, 52.0% in the PEJ group, and 69.6% in the CE group (p = 0.024). No survival differences were found between the involved-field-irradiation and elective-node-irradiation subgroups among PEJ tumors (p = 0.717 for OS and p = 0.454 for PFS, respectively). CONCLUSION: HP cancers had a high prevalence in all cervical lymph node metastases, while CE cancers had a lower prevalence in the cervical and mediastinal lymph node metastases. PEJ cancer had the combined metastatic patterns of both HP and CE cancers. Involved field irradiation was feasible in chemoradiotherapy for PEJ cancers.
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Background: According to the lung cancer staging project, T2b (>5-7 cm) and T3 (>7 cm) non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) should be reclassified into T3 and T4 groups. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of surgery alone or surgery plus adjuvant radiation (SART) on survival of node-negative patients with NSCLC >5 cm. Methods: We identified 4557 N0 patients with NSCLC >5 cm in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database from 2004 to 2014. Overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were compared among patients who underwent surgery alone and SART. The proportional hazards model was applied to evaluate multiple prognostic factors. Results: 1,042 and 525 patients who underwent surgery alone and SART, respectively were enrolled after propensity-score matching. OS and CSS favored surgery alone rather than SART. Multivariate analysis showed that the number of lymph nodes examined more than six was associated with better OS and CSS for NSCLC >5 cm, especially in patients treated with surgery alone. Lobectomy should be recommended as the primary option for NSCLC >5 to 7 cm, whereas its superiority was not significant over sublobectomy for NSCLC >7 cm. Conclusion: Surgery alone should be recommended as the first choice for patients with NSCLC >5 cm. The number of examined lymph nodes should be more than six in patients with NSCLC >5 cm, especially for those who undergo surgery alone. For patients with NSCLC >7 cm who could not tolerate lobectomy, sublobectomy might be an alternative surgical procedure.
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PURPOSE: To determine the optimal threshold of examined lymph node (ELN) number from cervical lymph node dissection for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Further to compare the prognostic value of multiple lymph node classification systems and to determine the most suitable scheme to predict survival. METHODS: A total of 20991 HNSCC patients were included. Odds ratios (ORs) for negative-to-positive node stage migration and hazard ratios (HRs) for survival were fitted using the LOWESS smoother. Structural breakpoints were determined by the Chow test. The R square, C-index, likelihood ratio, and Akaike information criterion (AIC) were used to compare the prognostic abilities among AJCC N stage, number of positive lymph nodes (pN), positive lymph node ratio (LNR) and log odds of positive lymph nodes (LODDS) stages. RESULTS: A minimal threshold ELN number of fifteen had the discriminatory capacities for both stage migration and survival. LODDS stages had the highest R square value (0.208), C-index (0.736) and likelihood ratio (2467) and the smallest AIC value (65874). LODDS stages also showed prognostic value in estimating patients with AJCC N0 stage. A novel staging system was proposed and showed good prognostic performance when stratified by different primary sites. CONCLUSION: Fifteen lymph nodes should be examined for HNSCC patients. LODDS stage allows better prognostic stratification, especially in N0 stage. The proposed staging system may serve as precise evaluation tools to estimate postoperative prognoses.
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Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/cirurgia , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/patologia , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/cirurgia , Excisão de Linfonodo , Metástase Linfática/patologia , Adulto , Idoso , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/mortalidade , Feminino , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/mortalidade , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gradação de Tumores , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Prognóstico , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is a systemic inflammatory response characterized by the overexpression of inflammatory genes. Controlling CRS is essential for improving the therapeutic effects of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) engineered T cells. However, current treatment options are limited given the complexity of cytokine interactions so it is important to seek a mild strategy with broad-spectrum inhibition to overcome this challenge. METHODS: Using THZ1, a covalent inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7), we demonstrated the transcriptional suppression of inflammatory genes in activated macrophages. RNA sequencing and ChIP sequencing were conducted to identify the key target genes of the inflammatory response. Pathogen- and CAR T cell-induced CRS models were also established to assess the efficacy and safety of targeting CDK7. RESULTS: CDK7 blockade attenuated cytokine release, mitigated hyperinflammatory states and rescued mice from lethal CRS. Targeting CDK7 preferentially suppressed a set of inflammatory genes, of which STAT1 and IL1 were the key targets associated with super enhancers. Furthermore, we confirmed the potent efficacy of THZ1 in alleviating the CRS induced by CAR T cell infusion without causing tissue injury or impairing antitumor effects. CONCLUSIONS: Our work indicates the CDK7-dependent transcription addiction of inflammatory genes. Targeting CDK7 is a promising strategy for treating CRS by inhibiting multiple cytokines.
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Quinases Ciclina-Dependentes/metabolismo , Síndrome da Liberação de Citocina/etiologia , Elementos Facilitadores Genéticos/genética , Imunoterapia Adotiva/efeitos adversos , Inflamação/genética , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Quinases Ciclina-Dependentes/antagonistas & inibidores , Feminino , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Inflamação/patologia , Lipopolissacarídeos , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Modelos Biológicos , Fenilenodiaminas/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , RNA Polimerase II/metabolismo , Transcrição Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Quinase Ativadora de Quinase Dependente de CiclinaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Compared with Occident's data, the incidence of Human papillomavirus (HPV)-driven oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCCs) had been reported as relatively low in Mainland China. The objective of this study was to report the integrated prevalence of HPV and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and further evaluate the different behaviors of HPV-positive and -negative OPSCCs in eastern China. METHODS: In a cohort of 170 nonmetastatic OPSCCs treated from January 2007 to July 2019, p16 protein expression, HPV genotypes, and Epstein-Barr virus-encoded RNA (EBER) were determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH). The clinical and pathologic findings were further collected and analyzed to comprehensively reveal the behaviors of Chinese OPSCCs. RESULTS: Out of the 170 tumor tissues evaluated, 57.6% (98) samples had positive p16 expressions. A total of 65.1% (99/152) samples had positive HPV genotypes, besides HPV16 (92/152), HPV11, 18, 33, 53, and 58 were also detected. The positive rate of EBER was 7.2% (9/124), and the co-infection rate of EBV/HPV was 4.0%. Related to the unequal distributions of p16 expression, HPV-related tumors arisen from tonsillar and non-tonsillar accounted for 68.8% (75/109) and 37.7% (23/61) of their cases, respectively (P < .001). With a median follow-up time of 13.1 months, significant survival advantages of HPV-related OSPCC were observed; 1-year OS, PFS, RFS, and MFS were 83.2% vs 96.7% (P < .001), 71.6% vs 96.2% (P < .001), 77.7% vs 96.2% (P = .002), and 90.4% vs 100.0% (P = .024) in p16-negative and -positive cases, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The relative percent of HPV-positive OPSCCs in this study is close to the positive rate in many Western countries and a strong predilection was discovered for the tonsillar. The EBV infection and co-infection of HPV/EBV were largely low. The prognosis of HPV-positive OSPCCs was more favorable than its negative counterpart.
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Coinfecção , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/epidemiologia , Herpesvirus Humano 4/genética , Papillomaviridae/genética , Infecções por Papillomavirus/virologia , RNA Viral/genética , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço/virologia , Neoplasias Tonsilares/virologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Biomarcadores Tumorais/análise , China/epidemiologia , Inibidor p16 de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina/análise , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/diagnóstico , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/virologia , Feminino , Genótipo , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infecções por Papillomavirus/diagnóstico , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Prognóstico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço/diagnóstico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço/epidemiologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço/terapia , Neoplasias Tonsilares/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Tonsilares/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Tonsilares/terapia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The purpose was to investigate the prognosis of patients with synchronous and metachronous squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (HNSCC) and esophagus (ESCC), and to evaluate the prognostic factors of these patients. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed on 70 patients with synchronous and metachronous HNSCC and ESCC treated in our institution from January 2005 to December 2016. Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazard model were used to evaluate overall survival (OS) and determine the prognostic factors associated with survival outcomes. RESULTS: The 1-, 2- and 3-year OS rates were 77.1%, 57.1% and 37.1% with the median survival time for 33.5 months. The univariate analysis results revealed that the patients with early-stage of ESCC, metachronous cancer, and receiving surgery for both cancer had better OS (P=0.003; P=0.035; P=0.002). The multivariate analysis showed that the clinical stage of ESCC and receiving surgery for both cancer or not were the independent prognostic factors for OS. CONCLUSIONS: The multidisciplinary treatment outcome is acceptable, especially for patients with early clinical stage ESCC and with chance to receiving surgery for both cancer.
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BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the differences in lower cranial nerve (LCN) complications predicted by the normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) model between Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) and reduced-volume intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) planning for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) radiotherapy. METHODS: A total of fifty patients with NPC were divided into two groups according to T-stages of T1-2 and T3-4, and the LCNs of each patient were contoured on CT simulation images. The targets were contoured based on the RTOG 0225 clinical trial and a working committee for clinical stage NPC in China in 2010. The NTCP differences in LCNs between the two plans were calculated. RESULTS: The LCN volume of the 50 patients was 10.07 cc. The Dmax and Dmean of LCNs in RTOG plans were significantly larger than those in reduced-volume plans (7,453 vs. 7,401 cGy, 6,740 vs. 6,436 cGy, P=0.004, 0.000), and these values were lower in the T1-2 group than in the T3-4 group (7,390 vs. 7,464 cGy, 6,442 vs. 6,733 cGy, P=0.019, 0.000). NTCP in RTOG plans was significantly higher than that in reduced-volume plans (59.98% vs. 51.62%, P=0.000), among which NTCP was significantly lower in the T1-2 group than in the T3-4 group (51.72% vs. 59.88%, P=0.002). There were strong correlations of NTCP with Dmean and irradiation volume for more than 6,600 cGy (R=0.847, P=0.000; R=0.841, P=0.000). CONCLUSIONS: the clinical T-stage, a high Dmean and a large irradiation volume are important factors in predicting LCN complications. Of the two most common IMRT guidance plans in China, the LCN NTCP based on the reduced-volume plan is significantly lower than that based on the RTOG plan.