[Analysis of the incidence and mortality of thyroid cancer in Shandong Province from 2012 to 2022 based on the age-period-cohort model].

Objective: To analyze the trend of incidence and mortality of thyroid cancer and estimate its age-period-cohort effect in Shandong Province from 2012 to 2022. Methods: The Joinpoint regression was used to analyze the trend of incidence and mortality of thyroid cancer and calculate the average annual percentage change (AAPC) based on the data on thyroid cancer from 2012 to 2022. The age-period-cohort model was used to analyze the age-effect, time-effect and cohort-effect of thyroid cancer risk in the population aged over 20 years. Results: From 2012 to 2022, the incidence of thyroid cancer in Shandong province showed a significant upward trend, with an AAPC of 21.68% (95%CI: 19.14%-24.27%, P<0.001). The incidence of females was higher than that of males, and the incidence of urban areas was higher than that of rural areas. The trend of thyroid cancer mortality was relatively stable with an AAPC of -3.04% (95%CI:-8.81%-3.09%, P=0.323). The age effect of incidence increased with age before 60 years old and decreased with age after 60 years old. The incidence peaked in the age group of 55-59. The period effect increased with time. The cohort effect showed that the cohort born before 1957 had a downward trend over time, while the cohort born after 1957 had an upward trend. Conclusion: The incidence of thyroid cancer in Shandong shows a rising trend from 2012 to 2022. Age is an important factor affecting the risk of thyroid cancer. The mortality of thyroid cancer remains stable.

[Role of Dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors in lung ischemia-reperfusion injury].

Lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (LIRI)is a common complication after lung transplantation and cardiopulmonary bypass. It is an important factor affecting the success rate of transplantation. Its specific pathogenesis has not yet been fully elucidated. It is very significant to find the targets and drugs for the prevention and treatment of LIRI in order to improving the utilization rate of "marginal donor lung" and the long-term survival rate of lung transplant patients. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4(DPP4) inhibitors are a class of oral hypoglycemic agents. Previous studies have shown that DPP4 inhibitors have a variety of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, immunomodulatory and other extrapancreatic functions. Recent studies have shown that DPP4 inhibitors may alleviate LIRI through various mechanisms, including inhibiting inflammatory responses, reducing oxidative stress, regulating blood glucose levels, and activating autophagy. This article reviewed the clinical and preclinical applications and mechanisms of DPP4 inhibitors in LIRI.

[Mortality level and tendency of road traffic injury in Shandong Province from 2012 to 2020].

Objective: To analyze the mortality level and tendency of road traffic injury in Shandong province from 2012 to 2020. Methods: Based on the data of road traffic deaths from the cause of death registration system in Shandong province from 2012 to 2020, the mortality rates of road traffic injury were calculated by sex, age, area, and injury type. The mortality was standardized based on the age structure of the Chinese population in the sixth Population Census in 2010. The annual percent change (APC) and average annual percent change (AAPC) of the mortalities and the standarized mortalities were calculated by using Joinpoint regression model, and the trends were also examined. Results: In 2020, the crude mortality of road traffic injury in Shandong Province was 15.58/100 000, and the standardized mortality was 12.90/100 000. From 2012 to 2020, the standardized mortality of road traffic injury in Shandong province showed a downward trend with AAPC of -5.4%. The standardized mortality of middle-south mountain areas, male and children aged 0-14 years in Shandong showed a significantly decreasing trend with AAPC of -6.8%, -6.1% and -6.0%, respectively. The standardized mortality of people aged 65 years and over did not decrease significantly, but the number of deaths increased significantly by 50.96% in 2020 (5 780 cases), compared with those in 2012 (3 829 cases). The standardized mortality of pedestrian and motorcyclists decreased significantly with AAPC of -7.5% and -6.7%, respectively. There was no significant change in the standardized mortality among people who rode motor vehicles or bicycles. Conclusion: From 2012 to 2020, the standardized mortality of road traffic injury in Shandong Province showed an obvious downward trend, but the standardized mortality of people aged 65 years and over did not decrease significantly. In the future, it is still necessary to take government-led, multi-sectoral collaboration, with a focus on comprehensive preventive measures, to further reduce road traffic injury mortality.

[Intraseasonal variation of the association between cold temperature and mortality risk in Shandong Province].

Objective: To explore the intraseasonal variation in mortality risk from cold temperature exposure in Shandong Province. Methods: Mortality data in Shandong province from 2013 to 2018 were collected from the cause of death surveillance system of Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The basic information mainly included the date of death, age, gender, education level, cause of death, home address, etc. The daily meteorological data from China Meteorological Data Network mainly included the grid coordinate data of 0.01°×0.01° latitude and longitude, such as daily average temperature (℃) and daily average relative humidity (%). The cold season was from November to February. The first two months were the early cold season and the last two months were the late cold season. The extreme cold temperature was defined as the 10th percentile of the temperature range of cold season. Time-stratified case crossover design with distributed lag non-linear model analyzed the association between temperature and mortality and the association between extreme low temperature and mortality in different lag days in the cold season, and compared the intraseasonal differences between early (November-December) and late (January-February) cold season. Results: The temperature ranged from -17.3 ℃ to 18.6 ℃ in Shandong Province during the cold season from 2013 to 2018, and the P10 (extreme low temperature) was -13.7 ℃. The average daily temperature in the early cold season was (3.63±4.66) ℃. The temperature in the late cold season was (-0.09±3.70) ℃. The average daily relative humidity was (63.89±14.75) % in the early cold season and (62.27±14.19) % in the late cold season. This study included 1 473 300 deaths in the cold season in Shandong Province between 2013 and 2018. There were 824 601 (55.97%) males and 349 824 (23.75%) cases aged<65 years. There were 803 691 (54.55%) deaths due to circulatory diseases and 140 415 (9.53%) deaths due to respiratory diseases. The results of DLNM showed that the cumulative OR of extreme low temperature in the four months of cold season was 1.74 (95%CI: 1.63, 1.86) with the optimal temperature of 18.6 ℃ as the reference. The cumulative OR values of early and late cold season were 1.50 (95%CI: 1.32, 1.71) and 2.56 (95%CI: 2.12, 3.09), respectively (P<0.001). The lag effect lasted for 12 d. Conclusion: There is an intraseasonal variation of the association between cold temperature and mortality risk in Shandong Province. The mortality risk related to cold temperature in the late cold season is higher than that in the early cold season.

[Cancer survival during 2012-2018 in cancer registries of Shandong Province].

Objective: To analyze the 5-year cancer relative survival rate in cancer registries of Shandong Province during 2012-2018. Methods: 399 072 new cancer cases were collected in 23 cancer registries in Shandong Province during 2012-2018. All malignant tumors (C00-C97, D45-D47), benign central nervous system tumors (D32-D33), and central nervous system tumors (D42-D43) were registered according to the 10th revision of international classification of diseases (ICD). The survival of cancer patients was obtained by passive and active follow-up. The follow-up date was December 31, 2020. The diagnostic years were divided into three periods: 2012-2014, 2015-2017 and 2018-2020. The 5-year cancer survival rates were calculated by cohort approach, period analysis and hybrid approach, and the survival status of different sex, urban and rural areas, cancer species and age groups were analyzed. Results: The age of 399 072 new cancer cases was (63.5±13.7) years old, with 57.77% (230 538 cases) about male and 32.89% (131 247 cases) from urban. During 2012-2014, 2015-2017 and 2018-2020, the 5-year cancer survival rates in Shandong Province were 32.3%, 34.7% and 40.2%, respectively. In 2018-2020, the first five cancers with survival rates were thyroid cancer (86.0%), breast cancer (78.2%), testicular cancer (75.7%), bladder cancer (70.3%) and uterine cancer (69.2%), and the last five cancers with survival rates were pancreatic cancer (15.5%), liver cancer (16.8%), gallbladder cancer (19.6%), bone cancer (22.7%) and lung cancer (24.4%). The 5-year survival rate for cancer of women (47.8%) was higher than that of men (33.8%), and the rate of urban areas (45.7%) was higher than that of rural areas (37.3%) during 2018-2020. The first five cancers in men were thyroid (87.1%), testicular (75.7%), bladder (70.9%), kidney (65.6%) and prostate (62.8%) cancers, and the last five cancers were pancreatic (14.3%), liver (16.8%), gallbladder (18.2%), bone (19.9%) and lung (21.7%) cancers. The first five cancers in women were thyroid (85.5%), breast (78.0%), uterine (69.2%), bladder (68.8%) and kidney (66.8%) cancers, and the last five cancers were liver (17.2%), pancreatic (17.2%), gallbladder (22.0%), bone (27.2%) and lung (29.1%) cancers. Conclusion: The 5-year cancer survival rate in Shandong Province was on the rise from 2012 to 2018, and the survival rates of different cancers were different.

[Spatio-temporal trend of female breast cancer mortality in Shandong Province from 1970 to 2013].

The mortality of female breast cancer in Shandong Province has increased since the 1970. The differential decomposition analysis found that the slight decline in the crude mortality of breast cancer among women was entirely due to non-demographic factors during the 1970-1990, and the significant increase in the crude mortality was due to a combination of demographic and non-demographic factors since the 1990. The contribution rate of demographic factor has gradually increased from 53.5% in 2004-2005 to 59.5% in 2011-2013, while that of non-demographic factor has decreased from 46.5% to 40.5%. The women aged 45-64 years old were the major population of female breast cancer deaths, accounting for 40%-60% of total breast cancer deaths in different times, and then the mortality in female aged 55-64 years old increased rapidly, with increases of 52.12%, 115.19% and 29.01% in 2011-2013 over the 1970-1974, 1990-1992 and 2004-2005, respectively (Z=-7.342,P<0.001). Compared with 1970-1974, the age-standardized mortality rate of rural women increased by 41.86% in 2011-2013 (Z=-17.933, P<0.001), and that of urban women increased by 18.62% in 2011-2013 (Z=-25.642, P<0.001). The age-standardized mortality rate of breast cancer in urban women was higher than that in rural women in different times (all P<0.05). The spatial scan analysis found that eastern Shandong Province was found to be a sustained high-risk area for death, and other high-risk areas were transferred from north to southwest of Shandong between 1970 and 2013.

[Analysis of the trend and spatial clustering of gastric cancer deaths in Shandong Province from 1970 to 2013].

Objective: To investigate the distribution characteristics and trends of mortality and spatial aggregation of gastric cancer in Shandong Province from 1970 to 2013. Methods: The mortality data of gastric cancer from 1970 to 1974, 1990 to 1992 and 2004 to 2005 were collected from the first, second and third retrospective sampling survey of causes of death in Shandong Province, respectively. The mortality data of gastric cancer from 2011 to 2013 were collected from the all-cause surveillance data of Shandong Province. The crude mortality rate and age-standardized mortality rate were used to describe the death level of gastric cancer. The age-standardized mortality rate of Shandong Province was calculated based on Segi's world standard population, and the age-standardized mortality rate of counties (cities and districts) was calculated based on the Chinese population in 1964.The factors influencing the difference of gastric cancer mortality in different periods were decomposed by using the method of differential decomposition of mortality, and the contributions of population and non-population factors in different periods were estimated.Using ArcGIS 10.2 software, the death level of gastric cancer in different counties (cities and districts) in Shandong province from 1970 to 1974 and 2011 to 2013 were visualized. DeoDa 1.12 software was used for global and local spatial autocorrelation analysis. Results: The crude death rate and age-standardized death rate of gastric cancer in Shandong province increased firstly and then decreased during 1970-2013, and the crude death rate of gastric cancer increased from 18.33/100 000 in 1970-1974 to 28.51/100 000 in 2011-2013. Segi's age-standardized mortality rate for gastric cancer decreased from 20.94 per 100 000 in 1970-1974 to 18.17 per 100 000 in 2011-2013.From 1990 to 1992, from 2004 to 2005 and from 2011 to 2013, the contribution value of non-population factors to the increase of crude gc mortality was 95.59%, 48.45% and -20.57%, respectively, showing a continuous downward trend. The Moran's I index of crude mortality of gastric cancer in Shandong province from 1970 to 1974 and from 2011 to 2013 were 0.77 and 0.57, respectively, and the Moran's I index of age-normalized mortality was 0.75 and 0.44, respectively. Local autocorrelation analysis showed that there were 31 and 19 high aged-mortality areas of gastric cancer in 1970-1974 and 2011-2013 respectively, and 7 overlapping counties (cities and districts), 6 of which were located in Jiaodong area. Conclusion: The crude mortality and age-standardized mortality of gastric cancer in Shandong province increased first and then decreased from 1970 to 2013, and the distribution of gastric cancer mortality had obvious spatial aggregation and changed with time.

[Spatial clustering analysis and trend of liver cancer death rate in Shandong province, 1970-2013].

Objective: To explore the spatial clustering and trend of liver cancer mortality in different counties of Shandong province from 1970 to 2013, and provide scientific basis for the development of liver cancer prevention and control plan. Methods: Cancer mortality data were obtained from Shandong Death Registration System and three national death cause surveys in China. Mortality rate and age adjusted mortality rate were used to describe the trend of liver cancer in different years. Difference decomposing method was applied to estimate the contribution of demographic and non-demographic factors to the change of mortality. Software ArcGIS 10.2 was used for spatial analysis, and software SaTScan 9.4 was used for spatial clustering analysis on liver cancer mortality. Results: From 2011 to 2013, the crude mortality rate of liver cancer (29.89/100 000) in Shandong increased by 208.00% and 35.37% respectively compared with that during 1970-1974 (9.72/100 000) and 1990-1992 (22.08/100 000) and was similar to that during 2004-2005 (30.44/100 000). While age standardized mortality rate (ASMR) increased first and then decreased. The ASMR during 2011-2013 (12.62/100 000) increased by 60.97% compared with that during 1970-1974 and decreased by 22.38% and 21.81% compared with that during 1990-1992 and 2004-2005, respectively. According to the difference decomposition analysis on liver cancer mortality in different years, the contribution of population factors to the liver cancer mortality rate increased from 3.38% during 1990-1992 to 29.36% during 2004-2005 and 46.16% during 2011-2013. However, the contribution of non-population factors to the increase of liver cancer mortality decreased. According to the spatial distribution of liver cancer mortality, the crude mortality rate of liver cancer in different counties were quite different, ranging from 9.33/100 000 to 65.33/100 000. Using the spatial scanning statistical software to analyze the spatial clustering of liver cancer mortality, multi areas with high mortality rate of liver cancer were found, and they were mainly distributed in Jiaodong peninsula from 2011 to 2013, covering 20 counties (cities, districts) in Qingdao, Yantai and Weihai. The risk of liver cancer mortality in this area was 1.54 times higher than that in other areas. The spatial clustering distribution of liver cancer mortality during 1970-1974 was significantly different from that during 2011-2013, the areas with high mortality rate during 1970-1974 were mainly distributed in central and western Shandong. Conclusions: There were significant temporal and spatial distribution changes in the mortality rate of liver cancer in Shandong from 1970 to 2013. According to these trends and their geographical and spatial distribution, we should further explore the risk factors of liver cancer, and formulate feasible and area specific prevention and control measures for liver cancer.

Circular RNA circ-MTO1 serves as a novel potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for gallbladder cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Primary gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is one of the most common biliary malignancies in the gastrointestinal tract. In this work, we examined the roles of circular-mitochondrial translation optimization 1 (circ-MTO1) in GBC tissues and patient plasma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Circ-MTO1 expression in GBC tissues and patient plasma was evaluated by quantitative Real Time-PCR (qRT-PCR). The relationships between circ-MTO1 expression and the pathological characteristics of GBC were analyzed. Kaplan-Meier survival curve was applied to calculate overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in GBC patients with different circ-MTO1 expression. The univariate COX regression curve analysis method was employed to analyze the potential relationships between high circ-MTO1 expression and OS and PFS. At last, we assessed the diagnostic value of the circ-MTO1 level in GBC patient plasma. RESULTS: Circ-MTO1 expression was significantly upregulated in tumor tissues and plasma in GBC patients. In addition, circ-MTO1 expression was associated with clinical-pathological characteristics in GBC. High circ-MTO1 expression served as an independent prognostic factor for poor OS and PFS in GBC patients. Moreover, upregulated plasma circ-MTO1 level was significantly associated with tumor development. CONCLUSIONS: Circ-MTO1 is a potential early diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for patients with gallbladder cancer. Thus, our present work might provide a new understanding of the diagnosis and treatment of GBC.

[Etiology and clinical features of primary adrenal insufficiency].

Objective: To summarize the etiology of primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) and analyze its clinical features. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed in the Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital from October 1981 to June 2019. Patients with PAI as the first symptom were enrolled. The etiology of PAI was analyzed and the clinical characteristics was also summarized. Results: A total of 131 patients with PAI were enrolled, including 87 males and 44 females (57 adolescents, and 74 adults). The age ranged from 0 to 73 years. The primary cause of PAI in adolescents was genetic defects (52.6%, 30/57), in which congenital adrenal dysplasia caused by DAX1 gene deficiency accounted for 50.0% (15/30), followed by autoimmunity (22.8%, 13/57). The primary cause of adult PAI was infection (58.1%, 43/74), of which tuberculosis accounted for the majority (93.0%, 40/43), and autoimmune adrenalitis accounted for 19.0% (14/74). Compared with the tuberculosis group, female patients were more common, and the onset age was younger, the plasma cortisol, serum sodium, fasting blood glucose, creatinine and aldosterone were lower (all P<0.05), and serum potassium and renin levels were higher in the autoimmune adrenalitis group (both P<0.05). Conclusions: In the current study, the proportion of PAI caused by infection in the adult group was higher than that in the adolescent group. The most common cause of adult PAI was tuberculosis infection. The most common cause of childhood PAI was genetic defects. Autoimmune damage to the adrenal glands may be more severe than tuberculosis infection.

[Trend of mortality and decomposition on malignant tumors in Shandong province, 1970-2013].

Objective: To describe the mortality trend of major malignant tumors in Shandong province, from 1970 to 2013. Methods: Data related to cancer mortality were obtained from the Shandong Death Registration System and three nationwide retrospective cause-of-death surveys. Trends of overall mortality and major causes of death were described using the indicators as: mortality rates and age-standardized mortality rates, through comparing the three large-scale mortality surveys in Shandong province. Difference decomposing method was applied to estimate the contribution of demographic and non-demographic factors for the change of mortality. Results: From 1970 to 2013, the crude mortality rate of malignant tumors in Shandong was increasing. The age standard mortality rate was increasing and then decreasing. The composition of cancer deaths in the all-cause-deaths was seen increasing and then decreasing as well. Both demographic and non-demographic factors contributed to the increase of crude cancer mortality rate. With the gradual increase of the proportion of population, its role exceeded the non-demographic factors. The age-standardized mortality rate of malignant tumors in 2011-2013 was lower than that in 2004-2005. Lung cancer mortality rose from the fifth to the first place, with an increase of 6.81 times from 1970-1974 to 2011-2013. Ranking of gastric cancer mortality dropped from first to the third place, with esophageal cancer dropped from second to the fourth. After adjusted by China's standard population in 1964, the mortality rate of lung cancer was still rapidly increasing, but the age-standardized mortality rates of esophageal cancer was gradually decreasing. The crude and age-standardized mortality rates of cervical cancer showed a rapid downward trend, reduced 87.00% and 93.00% respectively from 1970-1974 to 2011-2013. Conclusions: Malignant tumors were still major threats to the residents of Shandong province. The changing trend of different malignant tumors presented an inconsistent nature which called for different intervention strategies be carried out, accordingly.

[Analysis of mortality and probability of premature death caused by four main non-communicable diseases in Shandong Province, 2015].

Based on the data from Shandong Province death registration system in 2015, the mortality rate was adjusted by the results of underreporting rate investigation, and the probability of premature death of non-communicable diseases was calculated by life table method. A total of 728 287 deaths caused by four main non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, malignant tumor, diabetes, and chronic respiratory disease, accounting for 85.83% of the total death in 2015. The death of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and malignant tumor accounted for 50.90% and 25.69% respectively. The probability of premature death was 17.84%. The probability in males was higher than that in females (23.12% vs 12.25%). The highest probability of premature death in urban was cancer, but in rural was cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The probability increased from the East areas to the West. The highest probability reached at 21.50% in the Western underdeveloped areas, and the lowest probability was in Dongying City (14.84%) and Weihai City (14.94%) in the coastal areas.

[Efficacy of medium dose dexamethasone androgen suppression test in the diagnosis of female hyperandrogenism].

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic value of medium dose dexamethasone androgen suppression tests (DAST) in female hyperandrogenism. Methods: DAST results were retrospectively analyzed in 85 cases of women with hyperandrogenism including 55 cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), 10 cases of testosterone-producing tumors and 20 cases of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) between January 1984 and December 2017 in Peking Union Medical College Hospital. The suppression rate of testosterone and 17 hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) were evaluated. The cut-off point of suppression rates were calculated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve in the differential diagnosis of CAH and non-CAH causes. Results: The 1-day medium dose DAST was performed simultaneously in 41 cases of CAH patients and the 5-days medium dose DAST was performed simultaneously in 19 cases of CAH patients. The results indicated that the average suppression rate of testosterone were 77.9% and 91.3% (P<0.001) and the average suppression rate of 17OHP was 95.2% and 97.0%, respectively (P=0.220). In patients (41 cases of CAH, 10 cases of testosterone producing tumor and 20 cases of PCOS) with 1-day DAST, the optimal testosterone suppression rate was 61.2% (the sensitivity and specificity was 87.8% and 96.7%, respectively) and the optimal 17OHP suppression rate was 87.1% (the sensitivity and specificity was 95.1% and 93.3%, respectively) in the identification of CAH and non-CAH cases. There is no clinical significance between the testosterone and 17OHP suppression rate in the differential diagnosis of CAH and non-CAH cases. Conclusions: There was no difference in the suppression rate of 17OHP between the 1-day and 5-days DAST in CAH cases. The sensitivity of suppression rate of 17OHP is equal in the differential diagnosis of hyperandrogenism. One-day approach DAST could be used as functional test for the diagnosis of the etilology of hyperandrogenism (CAH or non-CAH).

[Diagnostic value of protein markers in plasma exosomes of lung squamous cell carcinoma].

Objective: To investigate the tumor-associated protein molecules carried by plasma exosomes of patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma before treatment and analyze their value as clinical markers. Methods: Exosomes from 2 patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma before treatment and 2 healthy controls were collected by ultracentrifugation. Proteomics was applied to analyze the protein expression profiles of exosomes. Candidate molecules were verified in another 30 exosomes samples from lung squamous cell carcinoma and healthy controls using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Electron microscopy and particle-counting assay showed that high-quality exosomes were collected. The number of exosomes distributed from 45 to 135 nm in 2 cases of lung cancer patients were 7.89×10(11)/ml and 9.71×10(11)/ml, respectively, significantly higher than 2.76×10(11)/ml and 1.41×10(11)/ml in healthy controls. Proteomic analysis showed that proteins of exosomes in lung squamous cell carcinoma patients were very different from those of healthy controls, and some proteins are related to important functions in tumor progression. 14-3-3ζ from exosomes was selected and further verified as a marker, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was 0.68. The sensitivity and specificity of 14-3-3 ζ from exosomes were 60.0% and 80.0%, respectively, suggested that it could be used as a diagnostic marker for lung squamous cell carcinoma. Conclusion: The exosome counts in plasma and the protein molecules from exosomes, such as 14-3-3ζ, are closely related to the tumorigenesis, which can be used to assist clinical diagnosis of lung squamous cell carcinoma patients.

[The localization diagnosis of patients with adrenocorticotropic hormone-dependent Cushing's syndrome in adolescence].

Objective: To elucidate the clinical characteristics and localization diagnosis of patients with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-dependent Cushing's syndrome (CS) in adolescence. Methods: The clinical data, laboratory examination and localization diagnosis from 35 patients aged less than 18 years old with adolescent CS who were treated at Peking Union Medical College Hospital between January 1990 and March 2012 were analyzed. Results: There were 29 cases of Cushing's disease (CD) and 6 cases of ectopic ACTH syndrome (EAS). Compared to patients with EAS, those with CD were older at diagnosis[(15.2±2.7) vs (12.8±4.4) years], and had longer disease course[(1.9±1.5) vs (0.7±0.3) years]and higher serum potassium[(3.8±0.6) vs (2.5±0.7) mmol/L], however the plasma ACTH level[(15.4±14.9) vs (42.5±22.7) pmol/L]was lower (all P<0.05). If the cut-off of the ratio of 24-hour urine free cortisol (24 h UFC) after low-dose dexamethasone suppression test (LDDST) to before LDDST was 0.65, the sensibility to diagnose CD was 70.8%, and the specificity was 100%. If the cut-off of the 24 h UFC ratio after high-dose dexamethasone suppression test (HDDST) to before HDDST was 0.54, the sensibility to diagnose CD was 91.7%, and the specificity was 100%. If the cut-off of the plasma ACTH ratio of inferior petrosal vein[bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling (BIPSS)]to peripheral vein was 2, only 6 CD patients (6/8) met it. Conclusion: The study suggested that HDDST was more meaningful in the localization diagnosis of patients with ACTH-dependent CS in adolescence.

Ideal cardiovascular health status and its association with socioeconomic factors in Chinese adults in Shandong, China.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. In 2010, a goal released by the American Heart Association (AHA) Committee focused on the primary reduction in cardiovascular risk. METHODS: Data collected from 7683 men and 7667 women aged 18-69 years were analyzed. The distribution of ideal cardiovascular health metrics based on 7 cardiovascular disease risk factors or health behaviors in according to the definition of AHA was evaluated among the subjects. The association of the socioeconomic factors on the prevalence of meeting 5 or more ideal cardiovascular health metrics was estimated by logistic regression analysis, and a chi-square test for categorical variables and the general linear model (GLM) procedure for continuous variables were used to compare differences in prevalence and in means among genders. RESULTS: Seven of 15350 participants (0.05 %) met all 7 cardiovascular health metrics. The women had a higher proportion of meeting 5 or more ideal health metrics compared with men (32.67 VS.14.27 %). The subjects with a higher education and income level had a higher proportion of meeting 5 or more ideal health metrics than the subjects with a lower education and income level. A comparison between subjects with meeting 5 or more ideal cardiovascular health metrics with subjects meeting 4 or fewer ideal cardiovascular health metrics reveals that adjusted odds ratio [OR, 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI)] was 1.42 (0.95, 2.21) in men and 2.59 (1.74, 3.87) in women for higher education and income, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of meeting all 7 cardiovascular health metrics was low in the adult population. Women, young subjects, and those with higher levels of education or income tend to have a greater number of the ideal cardiovascular health metrics. Higher socioeconomic status was associated with an increasing prevalence of meeting 5 or more cardiovascular health metrics in women but not in men. It's urgent to develop comprehensive population-based interventions to improve the cardiovascular risk factors in Shandong Province in China.

[Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in adults in Shandong province, 2013].

Objective: To understand the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in adults in Shandong province in 2013. Methods: Adults aged ≥18 were selected through multistage clustering sampling in 19 counties and districts in Shandong province. Design-based methods were adopted to analyze the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension among local residents. Results: A total of 11 270 adults aged 18-69 years were surveyed, the prevalence of hypertension was 27.9% (31.4% in males, 24.3% in females) in Shandong province. The awareness rate of hypertension was 37.4% (34.7% in males, 41.0% in females), and the treatment rate of hypertension was 26.6% (23.4% in males, 30.7% in females). The treatment control rate of hypertension was 26.7% (28.3% in males, 25.1% in females) and the control rate of hypertension was 7.1% (6.6% in males, 7.7% in females). Conclusions: The prevalence of hypertension was high, but the awareness rate of hypertension, the treatment rate and the control rate of hypertension were low in adults in Shandong province. It is necessary to strengthen the health education about hypertension in young population, the prevention and control of hypertension in old population and those with low education level, the standardized management of hypertension cases and the reduction of risk factors for hypertension.

[Comparison of efficacy between the serum cortisol and 24 hour urine free cortisol in combined dexamethasone suppression test in the diagnosis of Cushing syndrome].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the sensitivity and specificity between the 24 hour urine free cortisol (24 h UFC) and serum cortisol in dexamethasone suppression test (DST) in the diagnosis of Cushing syndrome (CS). METHODS: Combined low dose DST (LDDST) and high dose DST (HDDST) were carried out in 67 cases of CS with surgically confirmed cases in recent 3 years(from January 2011 to November 2015). The serum cortisol and 24 h UFC were collected simultaneously for each subject and the sensitivity and specificity of serum cortisol and 24 h UFC were compared. RESULTS: There were Cushing disease (CD) group (n=53), ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) syndrome group (n=7) and ACTH-independent Cushing syndrome group (n=7) according to the etiology of hypercorticordism.There were no significant differences among 3 groups in gender and age.The sensitivity of serum cortisol of different cut off points(50, 110, 140 nmol/L and 50% of control)after LDDST was 97.01%, 86.57%, 83.58% and 70.15% respectively.Meanwhile, the sensitivity of cutoff point of 24 h UFC <32 nmol in combined LDDST was 92.54% in the diagnosis of Cushing syndrome.There was no significant differences in two groups between serum cortisol <110 nmol/L and 24 h UFC <32 nmol.However, the sensitivity of serum cortisol <50 nmol/L was significantly higher than 24 h UFC<32 nmol (P<0.05). Furthermore, in combined HDDST, if the suppression rate was ≥50%, the sensitivity of serum cortisol and 24 h UFC in differentiating the etiology of Cushing disease was 60.38% and 90.57%, and the specificity was 91.43% and 96.00% respectively.There were significant differences between serum cortisol and 24 h UFC in both of sensitivity and specificity (both P<0.05). In addition, if the suppression rate of 24 h UFC in HDDST was adjusted to 60.85% according to receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, it could have the best levels of sensitivity (92.6%) with the specificity of 85.7%. If the suppression rate of serum cortisol was adjusted to 61.53% in HDDST according to ROC curve, it could have the best sensitivity (64.8%) with the specificity of 78.6% accordingly. CONCLUSION: In combined LDDST, the serum cortisol <50 nmol/L had a higher sensitivity than the 24 h UFC<32 nmol when they were used as the criteria in determining the diagnosis of CS.In HDDST, the sensitivity and specificity of suppression rate of 24 h UFC ≥50% were better than serum cortisol to differentiate the etiology of CS.