Design of the shattered pellet injection system for ASDEX Upgrade.

A new shattered pellet injection system was designed and built to perform disruption mitigation experiments on ASDEX Upgrade. The system can inject pellets with diameters of 1, 2, 4, or 8 mm with variable lengths over a range of L/D ratios of ∼0.5-1.5. By using helium or deuterium as propellant gas, the pellets can be accelerated to speeds between 60 and 750 m/s. The velocity range slightly depends on the pellet mass. The injection system is capable of preparing three pellets in separate barrels at the same time. Once accelerated by the propellant gas pulse, the pellets travel through one of three parallel flight tubes. Each flight tube is separated into three sections with increasing diameters of 12, 14, and 16 mm. Two gaps between the sections allow for removal of the propellant gas by expansion into two separate expansions tanks (0.3 and 0.035 m3), pellet observation in the first gap and the torus gate valve in the second. Each flight tube end is equipped with an exchangeable shatter head with different shatter angles, square or circular cross-section, and different lengths. The gas preparation and control systems allow highly automated pellet generation for precision of the pellet composition and an excellent reproducibility of shattered pellet experiments.

[Management of a patient with diabetes mellitus after total pancreatectomy. Case report].

In modern diabetology, the most important condition for a personalized approach to patient management is to determine the type of diabetes mellitus. Particular attention is drawn to a large, but at the same time insufficiently studied group of patients with diabetes mellitus due to diseases of the pancreas or as a result of surgical interventions on the pancreas, in particular, patients who, for a number of vital indications, undergo total pancreatectomy and the mechanism of development of impaired glucose homeostasis have not been studied in these patients. To date, there are no specific algorithms for managing this category of patients. This clinical example emphasizes that the management of glycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus as a result of total pancreatectomy is an extremely difficult task that requires a multidisciplinary approach in the treatment of this category of patients, the participation of an endocrinologist at all stages of patient treatment.

DISEASES OF THE ORAL MUCOSA IN PATIENTS IN THE POST-COVID PERIOD.

The impact of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2) on the entire human body causes irreversible changes in all organs and systems. Complications in the form of chronic diseases require the treatment of clinicians in various fields of medicine. Dentists are faced with diseases of the oral mucosa in apparently healthy patients who are not predisposed to them but have undergone COVID-19. Purpose of the study - to assess the impact of the coronavirus infection (COVID-19) on the course of diseases of the oral mucosa. We examined 51 patients aged 20 to 75 who had undergone COVID-19 with various diseases of the oral mucosa. The study used clinical and laboratory methods. The features of the clinical course of certain diseases of the oral mucosa were revealed, the dynamics of the local immune defense of the oral cavity in the post-covid period was determined.

Regimes of ion dynamics in current sheets: The machine learning approach.

Current sheets are spatially localized almost-one-dimensional (1D) structures with intense plasma currents. They play a key role in storing the magnetic field energy and they separate different plasma populations in planetary magnetospheres, the solar wind, and the solar corona. Current sheets are primary regions for the magnetic field line reconnection responsible for plasma heating and charged particle acceleration. One of the most interesting and widely observed types of 1D current sheets is the rotational discontinuity, which can be force-free or include plasma compression. Theoretical models of such 1D current sheets are based on the assumption of adiabatic motion of ions, i.e., ion adiabatic invariants are conserved. We focus on three current sheet configurations, widely observed in the Earth magnetopause and magnetotail and in the near-Earth solar wind. The magnetic field in such current sheets is supported by currents carried by transient ions, which exist only when there is a sufficient number of invariants. In this paper, we apply a machine learning approach, AI Poincaré, to determine parametrical domains where adiabatic invariants are conserved. For all three current sheet configurations, these domains are quite narrow and do not cover the entire parametrical range of observed current sheets. We discuss possible interpretation of obtained results indicating that 1D current sheets are dynamical rather than static plasma equilibria.

Analyzing Nonequilibrium Quantum States through Snapshots with Artificial Neural Networks.

Current quantum simulation experiments are starting to explore nonequilibrium many-body dynamics in previously inaccessible regimes in terms of system sizes and timescales. Therefore, the question emerges as to which observables are best suited to study the dynamics in such quantum many-body systems. Using machine learning techniques, we investigate the dynamics and, in particular, the thermalization behavior of an interacting quantum system that undergoes a nonequilibrium phase transition from an ergodic to a many-body localized phase. We employ supervised and unsupervised training methods to distinguish nonequilibrium from equilibrium data, using the network performance as a probe for the thermalization behavior of the system. We test our methods with experimental snapshots of ultracold atoms taken with a quantum gas microscope. Our results provide a path to analyze highly entangled large-scale quantum states for system sizes where numerical calculations of conventional observables become challenging.

[Analysis of dental care provided to the adult population with infectious diseases in in-patient departments]. / Analiz vidov i ob"emov stomatologicheskoi pomoshchi, okazyvaemoi vzroslomu naseleniyu s infektsionnymi boleznyami v usloviyakh statsionara.

The purpose of the study was to analyze the types and volumes of treatment and prophylactic services provided to the adult population with infectious diseases in the dental office of a multidisciplinary hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The types and volumes of dental care provided to the adult population with infectious diseases in a multidisciplinary hospital have been analyzed. RESULTS: The study showed that dentists use 49 types of services when treating adults with infectious diseases, which corresponds to 29.88% of the compulsory medical insurance classifier in Moscow. Provided services can be conditionally divided into 4 groups: consultation, diagnostic, preventive and medicinal manipulations. The share of consulting services corresponds to 18.16±0.41% of the total volume of services provided; on average patients made 320.8 visits to the dentist's doctors per year, which corresponds to 2.38 visits for each patient. The proportion of medicinal manipulations, diagnostic and preventive services corresponds to 68.64±0.49%, 7.02±0.27% and 6.17±0.26%, respectively. Services related to the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the oral mucosa and salivary glands dominate with 69.3%, on average 5.51 services are provided per visit. CONCLUSION: The compulsory medical insurance program for the city of Moscow should provide services for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of dental diseases, provided by doctors specializing in «dentistry¼, for patients with infectious diseases who are undergoing treatment in inpatient conditions.

The Oral Mucosa Status and the Correlation between the Functional Parameters and the Level of Nitric Oxide Metabolites in Saliva among Patients with GERD.

The study involved 91 patients (48 women and 43 men), aged from 18 to 70 years with GERD. All patients underwent the clinical dental examination according to a single scheme including general clinical manifestations (nausea, single vomiting, belching, heartburn, pain in the epigastrium and around the navel, and poor appetite) and dental manifestations of GERD. The objective assessment of the dental status of the examined patients included the measurement of the functional parameters of the mixed saliva, buffer capacity (BC) of saliva, and the detection of the nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) content in saliva from the right parotid salivary gland ("SRPSG") and in blood serum using the indirect method based on the determination of the stable metabolites: nitrates and nitrites using the Griess reaction. It was established that salivation rate among patients with GERD with the prevailing of ACR and SACR was at the lower limit of normal values (0.32 + 0.19 ml/min), and the salivation rate among patients with the prevailing of SALCR was low (0.10 + 0.04 ml/min). The BC of saliva among patients with the prevailing of ACR and SACR was high (9.07 + 1.23 mmol eq/l and 9.40 + 1.71 mmol eq/l, respectively) and was reduced among patients with the prevailing of SALCR (7.63 + 0.18 mmol eq/l). The NOx level in SRPSG among patients with GERD was increased (especially in Group 3 (20.93 + 11.23 umol/l)). The direct correlation between the indicators of sialometry, the level of the BC of saliva, and the NOx level in SRPSG were established during the study.

[Diagnosis, follow-up, and treatment policy making in patients with acute pancreatitis (CT and MRI evidence)].

The paper deals with the use of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis, followup, and treatment policy making in patients with severe acute severe pancreatitis with manifestations as pancreatic necrosis, fluid collections (exudate accumulations in peripancreatic and retroperitoneal spaces), as well as that complicated by infection, abscess, and pseudocysts. The results of examining 502 patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) with different complications, who had been treated at the S.P. Botkin City Clinical Hospital in 2007 to 2010, were used to analyze the data of the study, to detail tactics in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with AP, by using bolus contrast-enhanced CT in combination with MRI, which allows one to reveal the nature and severity of the disease with a high accuracy, to make its prognosis, and to determine the effective procedure of treatment. Substantiation of the imperfection of the 1992 Atlanta classification and its specifying Balthazar classification figures high in the paper.

[Food behavior of consumers (for example, Chelyabinsk)].

Sociological poll of inhabitants of Chelyabinsk concerning a balanced diet was conducted. Every second chelyabinets needs change of the food, but thus has for this purpose no sufficient money resources. Deficiency in a food of animal protein, the majority of vitamins, macro- and microelements and saturation of a diet by carbohydrates and fats was shown. It was established that the products of mass consumption: bakery, dairy, meat,fat-and-oil products and sweets can be considered as potential products for enrichment, oriented for low-and middle-income countries primarily.

Assessment of fish health status in the Pechora River: effects of contamination.

The present study aimed to assess the ecological situation in the Pechora River Basin (east part of Sub-Arctic Russia) using histopathologies of fish and to relate fish health to environmental quality. This paper reports histopathological alterations of fish kidney, liver, and gills and their association with chemical contamination of the Pechora River. A variety of histopathological changes was found. Differences between studied species and sites of the Pechora River with regard to the type, prevalence, and severity of lesions were studied. The types of the lesions indicated that fish respond to both direct toxicant effects of contaminated water and sediment, and secondary stress effects caused by factors such as parasitism. The structural modifications found in this study are a result of acute damage associated with short-term exposure as much as chronic response due to long-term pollution.

[Synthesis of spyropyran derivatives of retinal and study of their interaction with bacterioopsin from Halobacterium salinarum].

The synthesis of retinal analogue series that contain a spyropyran moiety instead of a trimethylcyclohexene ring was proposed. The process of the retinal analogue interaction with bacterioopsin from apomembranes of Halobacterium salinarum and the spectral properties of the newly formed pigments were studied. The English version of the paper: Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry, 2008, vol. 34, no. 2; see also http://www.maik.ru.

[Methods of medical and surgical correction of atherosclerotic aorto-arterial pathology in management of malignant neoplasms].

The article deals with 6 -year experience of the Centre of Oncoangiosurgery of the Chelyabinsk Regional Oncological Dispensary in treatment of patients with concomitant malignant neoplasms and atherosclerotic lesions to the aorta and arteries. The authors analyze therapeutic outcomes in a total of 158 patients. Of these, 81 patients were subjected to surgical correction of the blood flow. The presence of a clinically significant atherosclerotic lesion of the aorta and peripheral arteries in a patient should not be interpreted as an absolute or relative contraindication to contraindication combined treatment of the tumour concerned. In the majority of cases, atherosclerotic occlusion of femoral and tibial arteries was treated conservatively, using <>. In manifestation of an atherosclerotic lesion to the carotid arteries, aorta and iliac arteries, surgical correction of the blood flow was used more often. Usually, vascular reconstruction was carried out first. Simultaneous interventions were performed in 16 patients; three patients died. The technique of operations on the aorta and arteries was traditional, while for revascularization in peripheral lesions to the arteries of the limbs more frequently compromising methods were used (sympathectomy, profundoplasty, local endarterectomy) on the background of prostaglandin E1 infusions.

[Therapy of cancer patients with concurrent critical atherosclerosis of the aorta and peripheral arteries]. / Lechenie bol'nykh so zlokachestvennymi novoobrazovaniiami i ateroskleroticheskoi patologiei aorty i perifericheskikh arterii.

The results are presented of 5-year experience with therapy of concurrent neoplasia and atherosclerotic lesions of the aorta and peripheral arteries gained at the Center for Oncosurgery, Regional Oncological Dispensary, Chelyabinsk. The analysis was concerned with the treatment received by 118 patients, irrespective of tumor stage or localization: surgical correction of blood flow was carried out in 60. Clinically significant atherosclerotic lesions of the aorta and peripheral arteries in a cancer patient should not be regarded as absolute or relative contraindication for combined treatment. Atherosclerotic occlusion of the femoral or shin arteries was managed conservatively in most cases (p<0.05). In cases of similar lesions of the carotid arteries and aortal aneurysm, surgical correction of blood flow was mostly used.

[To the role of computed tomography in the algorithm of diagnosis of lung cancer]. / K voprosu o roli komp'iuternoi tomografii v algoritme diagnostiki raka legkogo.

The paper summarizes the results of examination of 100 patients with malignant tumors of the lung. The results of X-ray study, linear tomography, and computed tomography (CT) used in the examination of patients with lung cancer were compared by using as an indicator the following parameters: to make diagnosis of lung cancer, to reveal mediastinal intergrowths, to detect enlarged lymph nodes, pulmonary metastases, and pleural lesions, to obtain information on tumor spread into the chest, to reveal growths into the vascular walls. To evaluate the efficiency of the techniques in solving the above diagnostic tasks, a statistical analysis including the estimation of their accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity was made. Recommendations for examination of patients with lung cancer were drawn up for therapeutic institutions of different types.

Synthesis and properties of bacteriorhodopsin analogs containing electron-density labels in the chromophore moiety.

A method for synthesis of retinal analogs labeled with electron-density groups is suggested. The interaction of these polyene compounds with bacterioopsin in apomembrane of Halobacterium salinarum was tested. A retinal analog containing a crown-ether receptor group is able to interact readily with bacterioopsin giving rise to rapid formation of a pigment with absorption maximum at 460 nm. This pigment is capable of undergoing cyclic photoconversion. The crown-bacteriorhodopsin photocycle is extremely slow and its quantum efficiency is very low (approximately 3% of that in native bacteriorhodopsin). This photocycle includes an M-like intermediate with a differential absorption maximum at 380 nm. A retinal analog in which the beta-ionone ring is replaced by ferrocene moiety forms a stable chromoprotein with the main absorption band at 483 nm and a shoulder near 590-610 nm.

Impact of airborne pollution on the drainage area of subarctic lakes and fish.

Within the period from 1989 to 1993, the impact of heavy metals and acid oxides on lakes, more than 100 km distant from the nearest source of pollution (enterprises of the copper-nickel industry), has been investigated. On the basis of complex investigations (chemical composition of snowpack and lake sediments, state of fish organisms and populations), it was discovered that there is intensive precipitation of heavy metals and acid oxides within the catchment of the lake Kochejavr. The catchment is characterized by a natural buffer capacity to neutralize acid precipitation. Active accumulation of heavy metals is observed in lake sediments. Metal accumulation causes subtoxic effects on the lake fish. The levels of precipitation of nickel and copper of 0.9 mg/m2 per year over long periods was found to be dangerous for biological systems of freshwater catchments.

Early cardiac rupture following streptokinase in patients with acute myocardial infarction: retrospective cohort study.

AIM: To assess the incidence and timing of cardiac rupture following streptokinase (SK) administration in acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS: We analyzed retrospectively the clinical sheets of AMI patients treated at the Coronary Care Unit in University Hospital Split, Croatia, between January 1, 1996, and December 31, 1998. We selected the patients who died after SK administration (1.5 million U in a 30 min iv. infusion), with a discharge diagnosis of "AMI" and "cardiac tamponade - ventricular rupture". AMI was defined by typical chest pain, ECG, and/or enzymatic changes. Echo or autopsy verified diagnosis of cardiac tamponade and/or rupture, as well as pericardial effusion and/or free-wall rupture. RESULTS: Out of 726 AMI patients, 136 (18.7%) were treated with SK, and 6 had cardiac rupture (4 men and 2 women; 4.4%). Autopsy revealed that 1 patient had ischemic and 2 had transmural hemorrhagic AMI. Three out of 6 patients died 2-4, and 3 died 5-7 hours after SK administration. Six patients who died from cardiac rupture (mean age 72.3+/-9.0) were significantly older than AMI survivors treated with SK (121 patients, mean age 60.5+/-12.0 years, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: In case of unexplained clinical deterioration in AMI patients over 70 during the first hours after SK administration, cardiac tamponade due to a free-wall rupture should be suspected. SK administration in patients with AMI over 70 years should be a selective and not a routine treatment.

[Puncture-drainage treatment of pancreatic postnecrotic pseudocysts]. / Punktsionno-dreniruiushchii sposob lecheniia nesformirovannykh postnekroticheskikh kist podzheludochnoi zhelezy.

From 1989 to 1998 we treated 94 patients with pancreatic pseudocysts. 55 patients underwent laparotomy (external drainage of the cyst, sequestrectomy). 14.5% patients of this group presented with postoperative complications, mean hospital stay was 36 days. During 1997-1998 we performed US-controlled punctures and drainage in 37 patients with pancreatic pseudocysts. This method was efficient in 83.7% of the cases without sequesters in the cystic cavity. Use of this method allowed to decrease the percentage of complications and lethality rate, and reduce the mean hospital stay by 47.2%.

[A comparative analysis of the laparotomy and puncture-drainage methods of treatment in unformed postnecrotic cysts of the pancreas]. / Sravnitel'nyi analiz laparotomnogo i punktsionno-dreniruiushchego sposobov lecheniia pri nesformirovannykh postnekroticheskikh kistakh podzheludochnoi zhelezy.

The authors share their experiences with treatment of 94 patients with unformed pancreatic cysts. In 55 of them the laparotomy method of treatment (external drainage, sequestrectomy) was used after which in 14.5% of the cases postoperative complications developed, and the average time of staying at the hospital was 36 bed-days. In 1997-1998 the puncture-drainage method under USI control was used in 37 patients with the disease in question. It proved to be effective in 83.7% of the patients with the absence of large sequesters in the cyst cavities. This method allowed the number of complications and lethality to be decreased, the period of staying at the hospital being 47.2% shorter.