Surveillance of sand flies (Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) from Mexico: Altitudinal and climatic patterns after historical and new geographic records in endemic areas of leishmaniasis.

This study updates knowledge on historical geographic distribution of sand fly species through identifying altitudinal and bioclimatic patterns in leishmaniasis endemic areas in Mexico. We analyze and identify sand fly specimens obtained through national efforts by the Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE, Mexico), collected between 1995 and 2001, 2008-2012, and 2017-2023, and add bibliographic information (427 additional records). After a principal components analysis of WorldClim variables and altitudinal ranges, variables that better explain the distribution of sand fly species were chosen (BIO6, BIO12, and BIO16, explaining 72 % of variation). A total of 1,187 specimens of 22 species were retrieved from eight states, providing 29 new municipalities and 48 new localities, being Lutzomyia cruciata, Micropygomyia chiapanensis, and Psathyromyia shannoni the most common species. We presented new historical records of distribution for sand fly species from Morelos (3), Oaxaca (7) and Tabasco (1). The 82.7 % of sand fly species analyzed were distributed in areas with altitudinal ranges below 420 m. The anthropophilic species Psathyromyia shannoni, and Lutzomyia cruciata showed the greatest variability regarding altitudinal range, and climatic preferences, while several wild species showed abiotic preferences. It is likely that the effect of urbanization and climate change generate new beneficial biotopes for the proliferation of the vector sand fly species. Complementary studies that consider seasonality, vegetation types, and change in land use could provide new information to better understand the spread of vector-borne diseases.

Comparison of APIStrip passive sampling with conventional sample techniques for the control of acaricide residues in honey bee hives.

Western honey bees are very sensitive bioindicators for studying environmental conditions, hence frequently included in many investigations. However, it is very common in both research studies and health surveillance programs to sample different components of the colony, including adult bees, brood and their food reserves. These practices are undoubtedly aggressive for the colony as a whole, and may affect its normal functioning and even compromise its viability. APIStrip-based passive sampling allows long-term monitoring of residues without affecting the colony in any way. In this study, we compared the effectiveness in the control of acaricide residues by using passive and conventional sampling, where the residue levels of the acaricides coumaphos, tau-fluvalinate and amitraz were evaluated. Conventional and APIStrip-based sampling differ in methods for evaluating bee exposure to residues. APIStrip is less invasive than conventional sampling, offers more efficient measurement of environmental contaminants, and can be stored at room temperature, saving costs and minimizing operator error.

Acceptance by Honey Bees of Wax Decontaminated through an Extraction Process with Methanol.

Honey bees face serious threats. These include the presence of the Varroa destructor mite in hives, which requires the use of acaricides to control. The constant recycling of old wax exacerbates the problem, and results in the accumulation of residues in the beeswax, which is a problem for the viability of the colony. The same happens with the accumulation of phytosanitary residues. In a previous study, we implemented an efficient wax decontamination method using a batch methanol extraction method. The present study evaluates the acceptance of the decontaminated wax by the bees for comb building, brood, honey and pollen containment. The results show a slight delay in the start of comb building and small changes were observed in the pharmacopoeia of the decontaminated wax compared to the original commercial wax. The slight delay in the acceptance of the decontaminated wax could be due to the loss of some components, such as honey residues, which usually appear in the wax. The addition of bee-attractive substances to the manufacturing process could help to mitigate the delay. The results suggest that the use of decontaminated wax is a good alternative to reduce the concentration of residues in hives.

Coumaphos residue transfer to honey bee brood (Apis mellifera) in realistic scenarios.

Coumaphos is a veterinary treatment administered for the control of Varroa destructor in honey bee colonies. The detection of its residues, however, has been frequently reported in beeswax. This study is pioneer to investigate whether the honey bee brood is exposed to coumaphos via contact or by ingestion of food resources due to a residue transfer inside the bee hive. This field study addresses two scenarios: 1) after its administration according to the posology using strips inside the bee hives and, 2) placing contaminated wax containing coumaphos at 10 mg/Kg into the bee hives (simulating the use of recycled wax). In bee bread, the average concentrations of residues (mean ± s.d.) were 246.66 ± 772.29 ng/g and 192.55 ± 320.19 ng/g in scenario 1 and 2, respectively. In honey, residue concentration was 1.98 ± 5.41 ng/g and 1.93 ± 6.59 ng/g. In scenario 2, exposure has led to residue detection in all larval stages at concentrations ranging from 51.93 to 383.42 ng/g (larvae), 42.20-58.54 ng/g (prepupae), 18.35-26.24 ng/g (pupae) to 21.92-35.92 ng/g (born bee). This study shows that there is a high risk for the bee brood (larvae) by ingestion of bee bread when the residue concentration is >251.31 ng/g. Residue levels in larvae or in prepupae >42.20 ng/g give rise to a moderate risk.

Housing Insecurity and Mental Health: the Effect of Housing Tenure and the Coexistence of Life Insecurities.

While the adverse effects of housing insecurity on mental health are known, much less is known about the modifiers underlying these effects. The aim of this study was to analyze the mental health of people with housing insecurity by housing tenure and considering the coexistence of other life insecurities (energy poverty and food insecurity). We conducted a cross-sectional study through a survey performed in all people attending the Platform for People Affected by Mortgages or the Alliance against Energy Poverty of Barcelona for the first time between June 2017 and December 2019 and who reported housing insecurity. The dependent variables were the risk of poor mental health, self-reported anxiety and/or depression, and the use of psychotropic drugs. We fitted age-adjusted robust Poisson regression models for each dependent variable and estimated adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR). The study included 256 women and 104 men. The prevalence of poor mental health was 89% in women and 85.3% in men, which was much higher than that in the general population of Barcelona (19.5% and 14.5%, respectively). Among women, mental health was worse in those living in a squat (aPR 1.16; 95% CI: 1.02-1.31) and in those with food insecurity (aPR 1.11; 95% CI: 1.01-1.21). The number of coexisting insecurities showed a gradient effect (3 insecurities: aPR 1.21; 95% CI: 1.01-1.45). Among men, the results showed no clear pattern. Poor mental health was highly prevalent in people with housing insecurity and was exacerbated by the coexistence of life insecurities. Public policymakers should consider the complexity of persons with housing insecurity.

Aquatic beetle diversity from Volcán Tacaná, Mexico: altitudinal distribution pattern and biogeographical affinity of the fauna.

Results of an aquatic beetle survey at Volcán Tacaná, Mexico, are presented with five altitudinal levels in a monthly sampling regime, aiming to estimate both diversity and altitudinal distribution patterns of the aquatic beetle fauna. The first list of aquatic beetle species from this mountain is presented, comprising 40 species in 32 genera and nine families, with four species recorded for the first time from Mexico and six recorded for the first time from Chiapas. The aquatic beetle fauna is characterized by Elmidae with 20 species, Dytiscidae with eleven species, Dryopidae with three, and Epimetopidae, Hydraenidae, Hydrophilidae, Gyrinidae, Lutrochidae, and Noteridae with one species each. The species composition through the sampled altitudinal gradient (670-1,776 m) was not homogeneous, with the elmid genera Macrelmis, Heterelmis, Microcylloepus, and Austrolimnius present at all levels, while Hexanchorus, Neoelmis, and Onychelmis were present at levels 1-3 (673-1,214 m); dytiscids were mostly present at levels 4 and 5 (1,619-1,776 m), and dryopids were present only at levels 1-3. A Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity supports a general partition between altitudinal levels 1-3 and levels 4 + 5.

Oportunidades perdidas en el diagnóstico de la infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana en la Comunidad de Aragón. Importancia del diagnóstico tardío / Missed opportunities in the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection in the Region of Aragon. Late diagnosis importance

Introducción: El diagnóstico tardío (DT) de la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) (linfocitos CD4<350/μl al diagnóstico de la enfermedad) empeora el pronóstico de los afectados y aumenta las probabilidades de transmisión. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar la prevalencia de DT, identificar las oportunidades diagnósticas perdidas (ODP) y averiguar el nivel asistencial donde se produjeron. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, observacional, descriptivo de la población diagnosticada de infección por VIH/sida en el periodo 2011-2015 en Aragón. Se identificaron las ODP durante los 3 años previos al diagnóstico de la enfermedad en todos los niveles asistenciales, así como la frecuentación asistencial. Se analizaron las condiciones indicadoras (CI) que generaron más ODP, según las últimas recomendaciones para el diagnóstico precoz del VIH en el medio sanitario. Resultados: Se analizaron 435 nuevos casos de VIH/sida. El 45,1% fueron diagnosticados en Atención Primaria (AP). El 49,4% presentaron criterios de DT y el 61,1% se contagiaron vía heterosexual. La mayor parte de ODP (68,5%) se dieron en AP. Las CI que generaron más ODP fueron la dermatitis seborreica/exantema (19,4%) y la fiebre sin causa aparente (10,3%). Sin embargo, las CI que se asociaron a mayor DT fueron la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad y la pérdida de peso injustificada. Conclusión: En Aragón, la prevalencia de DT es elevada, la principal vía de transmisión es la heterosexual y la mayor parte de las CI pasan desapercibidas en AP. La difusión de las guías actuales para solicitar una prueba de VIH orientada por CI y el screening VIH en todo preoperatorio es una medida eficaz para disminuir el DT

Introduction: Late Diagnosis (LD) of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection (CD4 lymphocytes <350/μl at diagnosis of the disease), deteriorates the condition of those affected and increases the probability of transmission. The objective of the present study was to analyse the prevalence of LD, to identify missed diagnostic opportunities (MDO) and to find out which level of the health care delivery system they took place. Methods: Retrospective, observational and descriptive study of the population diagnosed with infection of HIV/AIDS in the period 2011-2015 in Aragon. MDO were identified during the 3 years prior to diagnosis of the disease in all levels of the health care delivery system as well as frequentation of consultations. The indicator conditions (IC) that generated more MDO were analysed according to the latest recommendations for early diagnosis of HIV in the health care setting. Results: 435 newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS cases were analysed. 45.1% were diagnosed in Primary Healthcare (PH). 49.4% presented criteria of LD and 61.1% were infected through heterosexual contact. The majority of MDO (68.5%) were given in PH. The IC that generated the most MDO were seborrheic dermatitis/exanthema (19.4%) and fever of unknown origin (10.3%). However, the IC that were associated with higher LD were pneumonia acquired in the community and unjustified weight loss. Conclusion: In Aragon, prevalence of LD is high, the main route of infection is heterosexual and most of MDO go unnoticed in PH. The dissemination of current guidelines for requesting IC guided HIV testing and HIV screening across the preoperative period will result in an effective measure to decrease the LD

Missed opportunities in the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection in the Region of Aragon. Late diagnosis importance. / Oportunidades perdidas en el diagnóstico de la infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana en la Comunidad de Aragón. Importancia del diagnóstico tardío.

INTRODUCTION: Late Diagnosis (LD) of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection (CD4 lymphocytes <350/µl at diagnosis of the disease), deteriorates the condition of those affected and increases the probability of transmission. The objective of the present study was to analyse the prevalence of LD, to identify missed diagnostic opportunities (MDO) and to find out which level of the health care delivery system they took place. METHODS: Retrospective, observational and descriptive study of the population diagnosed with infection of HIV/AIDS in the period 2011-2015 in Aragon. MDO were identified during the 3 years prior to diagnosis of the disease in all levels of the health care delivery system as well as frequentation of consultations. The indicator conditions (IC) that generated more MDO were analysed according to the latest recommendations for early diagnosis of HIV in the health care setting. RESULTS: 435 newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS cases were analysed. 45.1% were diagnosed in Primary Healthcare (PH). 49.4% presented criteria of LD and 61.1% were infected through heterosexual contact. The majority of MDO (68.5%) were given in PH. The IC that generated the most MDO were seborrheic dermatitis/exanthema (19.4%) and fever of unknown origin (10.3%). However, the IC that were associated with higher LD were pneumonia acquired in the community and unjustified weight loss. CONCLUSION: In Aragon, prevalence of LD is high, the main route of infection is heterosexual and most of MDO go unnoticed in PH. The dissemination of current guidelines for requesting IC guided HIV testing and HIV screening across the preoperative period will result in an effective measure to decrease the LD.

Diarrea crónica: definición, clasificación y diagnóstico / Chronic diarrhoea: definition, classification and diagnosis

La diarrea crónica es un síntoma de presentación frecuente, tanto en las consultas de medicina de familia como en las de digestivo. Se estima que >5% de la población sufre diarrea crónica y que cerca del 40% de estos sujetos son mayores de 60 años. El clínico se enfrenta con frecuencia a la necesidad de decidir cuál es el mejor enfoque diagnóstico de estos pacientes y elegir entre las múltiples pruebas diagnósticas existentes. En 2014 la Societat Catalana de Digestologia creó un grupo de trabajo con el objetivo principal de crear algoritmos diagnósticos en base a la práctica clínica y evaluar las pruebas diagnósticas disponibles y la evidencia científica para su utilización. Para clasificar la evidencia científica y la fuerza de las recomendaciones se utilizó el sistema GRADE. Se han establecido 28 recomendaciones y 6 algoritmos diagnósticos. Se describen los criterios de derivación desde medicina primaria a digestivo de un paciente con diarrea crónica

Chronic diarrhoea is a common presenting symptom in both primary care medicine and in specialized gastroenterology clinics. It is estimated that >5% of the population has chronic diarrhoea and nearly 40% of these patients are older than 60 years. Clinicians often need to select the best diagnostic approach to these patients and choose between the multiple diagnostic tests available. In 2014 the Catalan Society of Gastroenterology formed a working group with the main objective of creating diagnostic algorithms based on clinical practice and to evaluate diagnostic tests and the scientific evidence available for their use. The GRADE system was used to classify scientific evidence and strength of recommendations. The consensus document contains 28 recommendations and 6 diagnostic algorithms. The document also describes criteria for referral from primary to specialized care

[Chronic diarrhoea: Definition, classification and diagnosis]. / Diarrea crónica: definición, clasificación y diagnóstico.

Chronic diarrhoea is a common presenting symptom in both primary care medicine and in specialized gastroenterology clinics. It is estimated that >5% of the population has chronic diarrhoea and nearly 40% of these patients are older than 60 years. Clinicians often need to select the best diagnostic approach to these patients and choose between the multiple diagnostic tests available. In 2014 the Catalan Society of Gastroenterology formed a working group with the main objective of creating diagnostic algorithms based on clinical practice and to evaluate diagnostic tests and the scientific evidence available for their use. The GRADE system was used to classify scientific evidence and strength of recommendations. The consensus document contains 28 recommendations and 6 diagnostic algorithms. The document also describes criteria for referral from primary to specialized care.

Cambios persistentes en conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre sexualidad en adolescentes y jóvenes escolarizados de cuatro municipios de Santander - Colombia / Persistent changes in knowledge, attitudes and practices related to sexuality in adolescents and young students from four municipalities in Santander - Colombia

Introducción: La educación para la sexualidad hace parte del compromiso de formación integral de las instituciones educativas en Colombia; por eso evaluar características de estos procesos educativos y buscar asociación con cambios en conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas en adolescentes y jóvenes, aporta información para reorientar y enriquecer estrategias y programas en este campo. Metodología: Estudio observacional de corte longitudinal analítico en adolescentes y jóvenes entre 12 y 19 años quienes recibieron un proceso de educación para la sexualidad y tres mediciones de conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas mediante encuesta, previo consentimiento informado. La última medición se hizo dos años después del proceso educativo inicial. En el análisis se buscó la asociación de variables mediante coeficiente de correlación de Spearman, la t de Student o chi cuadrado dependiendo del tipo y características de las variables. Resultados: Grupos de 244, 111 y 139 estudiantes participaron en las mediciones. En conocimientos se encontró diferencia significativa por sexo a favor de las mujeres y mejores conocimientos en el grupo que ha tenido relaciones sexuales, en tanto que las actitudes fueron mejores entre quienes no las han tenido; así mismo se encontró correlación entre actitudes y prácticas. Las técnicas didácticas con significancia estadística fueron el cine-foro para conocimientos y el taller para actitudes. Y como agente educativo solo mostró diferencia el personal de bienestar estudiantil para trabajar las actitudes. Conclusiones: Es necesario continuar desarrollando investigación sobre los procesos de educación para la sexualidad, pues la efectividad del trabajo educativo observado en la persistencia e integralidad de cambios en conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas aún deja muchos interrogantes. Salud UIS 2012; 44 (2):21-33.

Introduction: The education for sexuality is part of the commitment to integral formation made by educative institutions in Colombia; therefore, the evaluation of these features of the educative processes and the search of association with changes in knowledge, attitudes and practices among adolescents and youngsters provide information to guide and enrich strategies and programs in this field. Methodology: Observational and analytical longitudinal study among adolescents and youngsters with age between 12 and 19 years who received an educational process for sexuality and three measures tests of their knowledge, attitudes and practices were taken throughout a inquest, with a previous informed consent. The last measurement was done two years later from the initial educative process. In the analysis the association of variables was sought out using the Spearman correlation coefficient, the Student's T distribution or chi squared test depending on the type and characteristics of the variables. Results: groups of 244, 111 and 139 students participated in the measuring. In terms of their knowledge a significant difference was found between genders favoring women and the group who has had sexual intercourse; in contrast, the attitudes were best between those who have not had it. Likewise, it was found that there was a correlation between attitudes and practices. The didactic techniques with a statistical significance were the movie forum for knowledge and the workshop for attitudes. As educative agent the students welfare staff was the only that showed a difference when working with attitudes. Conclusions: Since the effectiveness of the educative training observed in the persistence and integrality of changes in knowledge, attitudes and practices still leaves many questions, it is necessary to continue the development of research about the processes of education for sexuality. Salud UIS 2012; 44 (2):21-33.