Differentiating Thyroid Follicular Adenoma from Follicular Carcinoma via G-Protein Coupled Receptor-Associated Sorting Protein 1 (GASP-1).

Follicular neoplasms are classified as benign or malignant depending on the presence or absence of capsular and/or vascular invasion. Due to incomplete capsular penetration or equivocal vascular invasion, the evaluation of these features can be challenging using histologic examination. In the current study, we analyzed the involvement of G-protein coupled receptor-associated sorting protein 1 (GASP-1) in the development and progression of thyroid neoplasms. Affinity-purified anti-GASP-1 polyclonal antibodies were used for routine immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis. Thyroid tissue microarrays containing normal thyroid tissue, follicular adenoma, follicular carcinoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma, and anaplastic carcinoma were analyzed. We found that the level of GASP-1 expression can differentiate follicular adenoma from follicular carcinoma. When numerous cases were scored for GASP-1 expression by a board-certified pathologist, we found that GASP-1 expression is 7-fold higher in thyroid malignant neoplasms compared to normal thyroid tissue, and about 4-fold higher in follicular carcinoma compared to follicular adenoma. In follicular adenoma tissues, we observed the presence of many mini-glands that are enriched in GASP-1 and some mini-glands contain as few as three cells. GASP-1 IHC also possesses several advantages over the conventional H&E and can be used to identify early thyroid cancer and monitor cancer progression.

Trophic niche overlap between coyotes and gray foxes in a temperate forest in Durango, Mexico.

Resource partitioning, and especially dietary partitioning, is a mechanism that has been studied for several canid species as a means to understand competitive relationships and the ability of these species to coexist. Coyotes (Canis latrans) and gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) are two canid species that are widely distributed, in Mexico, and they are sympatric throughout most of their distribution range. However, trophic dynamic and overlap between them have not been thoroughly studied. In order to better understand their ecological relationship and potential competitive interactions, we studied the trophic niche overlap between both canids in a temperate forest of Durango, Mexico. The results are based on the analysis of 540 coyote and 307 gray fox feces collected in 2018. Both species consumed a similar range of food items, but the coyote consumed large species while the gray fox did not. For both species, the most frequently consumed food categories throughout the year and seasonally were fruit and wild mammals (mainly rodents and lagomorphs). Coyotes had higher trophic diversity in their annual diet (H' = 2.33) than gray foxes (H' = 1.80). When analyzing diets by season, trophic diversity of both species was higher in winter and spring and tended to decrease in summer and autumn. When comparing between species, this parameter differed significantly during all seasons except for summer. Trophic overlap throughout the year was high (R0 = 0.934), with seasonal variation between R0 = 0.821 (autumn) and R0 = 0.945 (spring). Both species based their diet on the most available food items throughout each season of the year, having high dietary overlap which likely can lead to intense exploitative competition processes. However, differences in trophic diversity caused by differential prey use can mitigate competitive interactions, allowing these different sized canid species to coexist in the study area.

Solvent-Assisted Fractionation of Oligomeric Cellulose and Reversible Transformation of Cellulose II and IV.

Oligomeric cellulose with an average degree of polymerization of 7.68 and a polydispersity of 1.04 has been fractionated using solution processes. Three fractions have been obtained through initial dissolution, subsequent crystallization, and solvent precipitation, respectively. The resulting oligocellulose fraction has an average degree of polymerization of 7.70 and a polydispersity of 1.01, respectively. Cellulose IV2 crystals form in the oligocellulose fraction, and reversibly transform to II and back to IV using simple solvents.

Effect of Carbon Chain Length, Ionic Strength, and pH on the In Vitro Release Kinetics of Cationic Drugs from Fatty-Acid-Loaded Contact Lenses.

This paper explores the use of fatty acids in silicone hydrogel contact lenses for extending the release duration of cationic drugs. Drug release kinetics was dependent on the carbon chain length of the fatty acid loaded in the lens, with 12-, 14- and 18-carbon chain length fatty acids increasing the uptake and the release duration of ketotifen fumarate (KTF) and tetracaine hydrochloride (THCL). Drug release kinetics from oleic acid-loaded lenses was evaluated in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) at different ionic strengths (I = 167, 500, 1665 mM); the release duration of KTF and THCL was decreased with increasing ionic strength of the release medium. Furthermore, the release of KTF and THCL in deionized water did not show a burst and was significantly slower compared to that in PBS. The release kinetics of KTF and THCL was significantly faster when the pH of the release medium was decreased from 7.4 towards 5.5 because of the decrease in the relative amounts of oleate anions in the lens mostly populated at the polymer-pore interfaces. The use of boundary charges at the polymer-pore interfaces of a contact lens to enhance drug partition and extend its release is further confirmed by loading cationic phytosphingosine in contact lenses to attract an anionic drug.

Association between Postmortem Kidney Biopsy Findings and Acute Kidney Injury from Patients with SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19).

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: AKI in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with higher morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to identify the kidney histopathologic characteristics of deceased patients with diagnosis of COVID-19 and evaluate the association between biopsy findings and clinical variables, including AKI severity. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: Our multicenter, observational study of deceased patients with COVID-19 in three third-level centers in Mexico City evaluated postmortem kidney biopsy by light and electron microscopy analysis in all cases. Descriptive and association statistics were performed between the clinical and histologic variables. RESULTS: A total of 85 patients were included. Median age was 57 (49-66) years, 69% were men, body mass index was 29 (26-35) kg/m2, 51% had history of diabetes, 46% had history of hypertension, 98% received anticoagulation, 66% were on steroids, and 35% received at least one potential nephrotoxic medication. Severe AKI was present in 54% of patients. Biopsy findings included FSGS in 29%, diabetic nephropathy in 27%, and arteriosclerosis in 81%. Acute tubular injury grades 2-3 were observed in 49%. Histopathologic characteristics were not associated with severe AKI; however, pigment casts on the biopsy were associated with significantly lower probability of kidney function recovery (odds ratio, 0.07; 95% confidence interval, 0.01 to 0.77). The use of aminoglycosides/colistin, levels of C-reactive protein and serum albumin, previous use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers, antivirals, nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs, and anticoagulants were associated with specific histopathologic findings. CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of chronic comorbidities was found on kidney biopsies. Nonrecovery from severe AKI was associated with the presence of pigmented casts. Inflammatory markers and medications were associated with specific histopathologic findings in patients dying from COVID-19.

Evaluation of commercial soft contact lenses for ocular drug delivery: A review.

Soft contact lenses have generated growing interest in ocular drug delivery due to their potential to enhance drug bioavailability in ocular tissues. Commercially available soft contact lenses offer several advantages for ocular drug delivery as they are manufactured on a large scale, which guarantees the availability of a consistent and reproducible product, and their favorable safety profile is well-established through broad clinical use. Here we review the rationale for using commercially available soft contact lenses for ocular drug delivery; summarize the evolution of the materials used in contact lens fabrication; and explore various methods used to improve the drug release characteristics and its tissue penetration. While significant progress has been made, several issues still require further attention for the commercial launch of a viable drug-eluting contact lens product, including control of initial burst release, shelf-life stability, and drug loss during processing or storage.

Hydrogel-based ocular drug delivery systems for hydrophobic drugs.

Conventional ophthalmic dosage forms such as eye drops pose a significant challenge because physiological barriers and clearance mechanisms limit ocular bioavailability. Hydrogels are promising therapeutic materials for ocular drug delivery because of their high biocompatibility and their ability to hold and release therapeutic agents. Even though they are generally associated with the delivery of hydrophilic drugs, several approaches have been developed to integrate hydrophobic ophthalmic drugs into hydrogels. Because of the limitations associated with the traditional topical eye drop delivery of hydrophobic drugs, hydrogel-based systems represent a viable alternative for controlled ocular drug delivery. This review presents an overview on the ophthalmic applications of hydrogels for the delivery of hydrophobic drugs, with special focus on diseases occurring in the anterior segment of the eye. We summarize the key hydrogels for incorporation and delivery of hydrophobic drugs, including soft contact lenses (SCLs), stimuli-responsive hydrogels, cyclodextrin-based polymeric hydrogels, and nanoparticle-loaded hydrogels. The strategies of integrating hydrophobic drugs into hydrogels as discussed in this review provide significant potential in ocular therapeutics.

Extended delivery of cationic drugs from contact lenses loaded with unsaturated fatty acids.

This paper describes the use of surface-active anionic unsaturated fatty acids in commercial contact lenses to extend drug release duration and regulate delivery dosage. We studied the effect of oleic acid on the in vitro release kinetics of three cationic drugs, and two anionic drugs from silicone hydrogel contact lenses. The release duration of the cationic drugs: tetracaine hydrochloride, bupivacaine hydrochloride, and ketotifen fumarate was significantly extended from less than a day to more than a month because of the presence of oleic acid in the contact lenses. With a simple change in the fatty acid loading media, we could duplicate a similar efficacy by loading oleic acid in conventional non-silicone hydrogel contact lenses. The fitted effective diffusivity values of the three cationic drugs significantly decrease when the oleic acid weight % in the lenses is increased. By using two other unsaturated fatty acids, linoleic and α-linolenic acid, the release duration of ketotifen fumarate was also significantly extended in silicone hydrogel contact lenses. In contrast, the release of two anionic drugs, diclofenac sodium and flurbiprofen sodium, was accelerated for oleic acid modified lenses. These results show the dominating impact of coupling charge interactions between the drug and the fatty acid carrier molecules to precisely adjust delivery rate and dosage from a contact lens.

Double-bellied medial rectus muscle in a patient with Down syndrome and congenital esotropia.

A 13-year-old male with Down syndrome, pseudophakic secondary to congenital cataract presented with esotropia. During bilateral medial rectus recession, a unilateral two-bellied right medial rectus was identified and recessed successfully with complete resolution of the deviation. Clinicians facing a two-bellied medial rectus can consider continuing with their surgical plan.

Formation of Drug-Participating Catanionic Aggregates for Extended Delivery of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs from Contact Lenses.

This paper focuses on extending drug release duration from contact lenses by incorporating catanionic aggregates. The aggregates consist of a long-chain cationic surfactant, i.e., cetalkonium chloride (CKC), and an oppositely charged anti-inflammatory amphiphilic drug. We studied three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) drugs with different octanol-water partition coefficients; diclofenac sodium (DFNa), flurbiprofen sodium (FBNa), and naproxen sodium (NPNa). Confirmation of catanionic aggregate formation in solution was determined by steady and dynamic shear rheology measurements. We observed the increased viscosity, shear thinning, and viscoelastic behavior characteristic of wormlike micelles; the rheological data are reasonably well described using a Maxwellian fluid model with a single relaxation time. In vitro release experiments demonstrated that the extension in the drug release time is dependent on the ability of a drug to form viscoelastic catanionic aggregates. Such aggregates retard the diffusive transport of drug molecules from the contact lenses. Our study revealed that the release kinetics depends on the CKC concentration and the alkyl chain length of the cationic surfactant. We demonstrated that more hydrophobic drugs such as diclofenac sodium show a more extended release than less hydrophobic drugs such as naproxen sodium.

Enhanced vector surveillance to control arbovirus epidemics in Colombia.

In the wake of the Zika epidemic, there has been intensified interest in the surveillance and control of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, yet many existing surveillance systems could benefit from improvements. Vector control programs are often directed by national governments, but are carried out at the local level, resulting in the discounting of spatial heterogeneities in ecology and epidemiology. Furthermore, entomological and epidemiological data are often collected by separate governmental entities, which can slow vector control responses to outbreaks. Colombia has adopted several approaches to address these issues. First, a web-based, georeferenced Aedes surveillance system called SIVIEN AEDES was developed to allow field entomologists to record vector abundance and insecticide resistance data. Second, autocidal gravid oviposition (AGO) traps are deployed as an alternative way to measure vector abundance. Third, data collected by SIVIEN AEDES are used to develop mathematical models predicting Ae. aegypti abundance down to a city block, thus allowing public health authorities to target interventions to specific neighborhoods within cities. Finally, insecticide resistance is monitored through bioassays and molecular testing in 15 high-priority cities, providing a comprehensive basis to inform decisions about insecticide use in different regions. The next step will be to synchronize SIVIEN AEDES data together with epidemiological and climatic data to improve the understanding of the drivers of local variations in arbovirus transmission dynamics. By integrating these surveillance data, health authorities will be better equipped to develop tailored and timely solutions to control and prevent Aedes-borne arbovirus outbreaks.

Tras la epidemia del Zika, se ha intensificado el interés en vigilar y controlar los vectores de arbovirus Aedes aegypti y Aedes albopictus. Aun así, muchos de los sistemas existentes de vigilancia necesitan mejorar. En general son los gobiernos nacionales los que dirigen los programas de control de vectores, aunque estos programas se llevan a cabo a nivel local, por lo que no se tiene en cuenta la heterogeneidad del lugar en cuanto a las características ecológicas y epidemiológicas. Además, normalmente los datos entomológicos y epidemiológicos son recopilados por entidades gubernamentales distintas, lo que puede ralentizar el control de vectores durante un brote. Colombia ha puesto en marcha varias iniciativas para abordar estas cuestiones. La primera es un sistema en línea de geolocación del mosquito Aedes, llamado SIVIEN AEDES, para que los entomólogos de campo puedan registrar la abundancia de los mosquitos vectores y recoger datos sobre la resistencia a los insecticidas. La segunda es la implantación de ovitrampas autocidales para hembras grávidas (AGO, por su sigla en inglés), que son una manera alternativa de medir la abundancia de vectores. La tercera iniciativa es utilizar los datos recogidos por el sistema SIVIEN AEDES para elaborar modelos matemáticos que predigan la abundancia del A. aegypti hasta incluso en una cuadra de ciudad, de manera que las autoridades de salud pública puedan dirigir las intervenciones a vecindarios específicos dentro de las ciudades. Por último, Colombia está vigilando en quince ciudades prioritarias la resistencia a los insecticidas mediante ensayos biológicos y análisis moleculares, de esta forma se genera una base de datos exhaustiva sobre la que fundamentar las decisiones acerca del uso de insecticidas en las diferentes regiones. El paso siguiente será sincronizar los datos recopilados por el sistema SIVIEN AEDES con datos epidemiológicos y climáticos para poder entender mejor cómo se originan las variaciones locales en la dinámica de transmisión de los arbovirus. Al integrar estos datos de vigilancia, las autoridades sanitarias estarán mejor equipadas para encontrar soluciones oportunas y adecuadas para la situación específica, a fin de controlar y prevenir los brotes de arbovirus transmitidos por el Aedes.

Depois da epidemia de zika, intensificou-se o interesse na vigilância e controle dos vetores arbovirais Aedes aegypti e Aedes albopictus, mas muitos dos sistemas de vigilância existentes poderiam ser aprimorados. Muitos programas de controle de vetores são dirigidos pelos governos nacionais, mas implementados no âmbito local, o que leva à desconsideração de heterogeneidades espaciais em aspectos ecológicos e epidemiológicos. Além disso, é comum que dados entomológicos e epidemiológicos sejam coletados por agências governamentais separadas, o que pode desacelerar o controle de vetores em resposta aos surtos. A Colômbia adotou vários enfoques para abordar esses problemas. Primeiro, um sistema de vigilância de Aedes georreferenciado e baseado na Internet, chamado SIVIEN AEDES, foi desenvolvido para permitir aos entomólogos de campo registrar a abundância de vetores e a resistência aos inseticidas. Segundo, ovitrampas letais para fêmeas grávidas estão sendo mobilizadas como maneira alternativa de medir a abundância vetorial. Terceiro, os dados coletados pelo SIVIEN AEDES estão sendo utilizados para desenvolver modelos matemáticos para prever a abundância do Ae. aegypti até o nível de quadra/quarteirão, permitindo assim às autoridades de saúde pública direcionar intervenções para bairros específicos em cada município. Finalmente, a resistência aos inseticidas é monitorada através de ensaios biológicos e testes moleculares em 15 cidades de alta prioridade, o que proporciona uma base abrangente para subsidiar decisões sobre o uso de inseticida em diferentes regiões. O próximo passo será sincronizar os dados do SIVIEN AEDES com dados epidemiológicos e climáticos para melhorar a compreensão dos fatores que impulsionam variações locais na dinâmica da transmissão arboviral. Ao integrar esses dados de vigilância, as autoridades de saúde estarão mais bem equipadas para desenvolver soluções personalizadas e oportunas para controlar e prevenir os surtos de arbovírus transmitidos por mosquitos do gênero Aedes.

Effect of a Cationic Surfactant on Microemulsion Globules and Drug Release from Hydrogel Contact Lenses.

The present study evaluates the in vitro release of diclofenac sodium (DFNa) from contact lenses based on poly-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (pHEMA) hydrogels containing an embedded microemulsion to extend release duration. The oil (ethyl butyrate)-in-water microemulsion systems are prepared with two non-ionic surfactants, Brij 97 or Tween 80, together with a long-alkyl chain cationic surfactant, cetalkonium chloride (CKC). Without CKC, Brij 97 or Tween 80-based microemulsions showed average droplet sizes of 12 nm and 18 nm, respectively. The addition of CKC decreased the average droplet sizes to 2-5 nm for both non-ionic surfactants. Such significant reduction in the average droplet size corresponds to an increase in the DFNa release duration as revealed by the in vitro experiments. Contact lens characterization showed that important properties such as optical transparency and water content of Brij 97-based contact lenses with cationic microemulsions was excellent. However, the optical transparency of the corresponding Tween 80 based contact lenses was unsatisfactory. The results indicate that cationic microemulsion-laden contact lenses can benefit from combinatory effects of microemulsions and cationic surfactant at low CKC weight percentage, e.g., with the release of 70% of the drug in 45, 10, and 7 h for B97-CKC-0.45%, CKC-0.45%, and control lenses, respectively. However, the microemulsion effect on extending DFNa release became negligible at the highest CKC weight percentage (1.8%).

Enhanced vector surveillance to control arbovirus epidemics in Colombia

[ABSTRACT]. In the wake of the Zika epidemic, there has been intensified interest in the surveillance and control of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, yet many existing surveillance systems could benefit from improvements. Vector control programs are often directed by national governments, but are carried out at the local level, resulting in the discounting of spatial heterogeneities in ecology and epidemiology. Furthermore, entomological and epidemiological data are often collected by separate governmental entities, which can slow vector control responses to outbreaks. Colombia has adopted several approaches to address these issues. First, a web-based, georeferenced Aedes surveillance system called SIVIEN AEDES was developed to allow field entomologists to record vector abundance and insecticide resistance data. Second, autocidal gravid oviposition (AGO) traps are deployed as an alternative way to measure vector abundance. Third, data collected by SIVIEN AEDES are used to develop mathematical models predicting Ae. aegypti abundance down to a city block, thus allowing public health authorities to target interventions to specific neighborhoods within cities. Finally, insecticide resistance is monitored through bioassays and molecular testing in 15 high-priority cities, providing a comprehensive basis to inform decisions about insecticide use in different regions. The next step will be to synchronize SIVIEN AEDES data together with epidemiological and climatic data to improve the understanding of the drivers of local variations in arbovirus transmission dynamics. By integrating these surveillance data, health authorities will be better equipped to develop tailored and timely solutions to control and prevent Aedes-borne arbovirus outbreaks.

[RESUMEN]. Tras la epidemia del Zika, se ha intensificado el interés en vigilar y controlar los vectores de arbovirus Aedes aegypti y Aedes albopictus. Aun así, muchos de los sistemas existentes de vigilancia necesitan mejorar. En general son los gobiernos nacionales los que dirigen los programas de control de vectores, aunque estos programas se llevan a cabo a nivel local, por lo que no se tiene en cuenta la heterogeneidad del lugar en cuanto a las características ecológicas y epidemiológicas. Además, normalmente los datos entomológicos y epidemiológicos son recopilados por entidades gubernamentales distintas, lo que puede ralentizar el control de vectores durante un brote. Colombia ha puesto en marcha varias iniciativas para abordar estas cuestiones. La primera es un sistema en línea de geolocación del mosquito Aedes, llamado SIVIEN AEDES, para que los entomólogos de campo puedan registrar la abundancia de los mosquitos vectores y recoger datos sobre la resistencia a los insecticidas. La segunda es la implantación de ovitrampas autocidales para hembras grávidas (AGO, por su sigla en inglés), que son una manera alternativa de medir la abundancia de vectores. La tercera iniciativa es utilizar los datos recogidos por el sistema SIVIEN AEDES para elaborar modelos matemáticos que predigan la abundancia del A. aegypti hasta incluso en una cuadra de ciudad, de manera que las autoridades de salud pública puedan dirigir las intervenciones a vecindarios específicos dentro de las ciudades. Por último, Colombia está vigilando en quince ciudades prioritarias la resistencia a los insecticidas mediante ensayos biológicos y análisis moleculares, de esta forma se genera una base de datos exhaustiva sobre la que fundamentar las decisiones acerca del uso de insecticidas en las diferentes regiones. El paso siguiente será sincronizar los datos recopilados por el sistema SIVIEN AEDES con datos epidemiológicos y climáticos para poder entender mejor cómo se originan las variaciones locales en la dinámica de transmisión de los arbovirus. Al integrar estos datos de vigilancia, las autoridades sanitarias estarán mejor equipadas para encontrar soluciones oportunas y adecuadas para la situación específica, a fin de controlar y prevenir los brotes de arbovirus transmitidos por el Aedes.

[RESUMO]. Depois da epidemia de zika, intensificou-se o interesse na vigilância e controle dos vetores arbovirais Aedes aegypti e Aedes albopictus, mas muitos dos sistemas de vigilância existentes poderiam ser aprimorados. Muitos programas de controle de vetores são dirigidos pelos governos nacionais, mas implementados no âmbito local, o que leva à desconsideração de heterogeneidades espaciais em aspectos ecológicos e epidemiológicos. Além disso, é comum que dados entomológicos e epidemiológicos sejam coletados por agências governamentais separadas, o que pode desacelerar o controle de vetores em resposta aos surtos. A Colômbia adotou vários enfoques para abordar esses problemas. Primeiro, um sistema de vigilância de Aedes georreferenciado e baseado na Internet, chamado SIVIEN AEDES, foi desenvolvido para permitir aos entomólogos de campo registrar a abundância de vetores e a resistência aos inseticidas. Segundo, ovitrampas letais para fêmeas grávidas estão sendo mobilizadas como maneira alternativa de medir a abundância vetorial. Terceiro, os dados coletados pelo SIVIEN AEDES estão sendo utilizados para desenvolver modelos matemáticos para prever a abundância do Ae. aegypti até o nível de quadra/quarteirão, permitindo assim às autoridades de saúde pública direcionar intervenções para bairros específicos em cada município. Finalmente, a resistência aos inseticidas é monitorada através de ensaios biológicos e testes moleculares em 15 cidades de alta prioridade, o que proporciona uma base abrangente para subsidiar decisões sobre o uso de inseticida em diferentes regiões. O próximo passo será sincronizar os dados do SIVIEN AEDES com dados epidemiológicos e climáticos para melhorar a compreensão dos fatores que impulsionam variações locais na dinâmica da transmissão arboviral. Ao integrar esses dados de vigilância, as autoridades de saúde estarão mais bem equipadas para desenvolver soluções personalizadas e oportunas para controlar e prevenir os surtos de arbovírus transmitidos por mosquitos do gênero Aedes.

Extended delivery of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs through contact lenses loaded with Vitamin E and cationic surfactants.

The purpose of this study is to extend drug release from ACUVUE Oasys® and ACUVUE TruEye® silicone hydrogel contact lenses by incorporation of vitamin E in conjunction with a cationic surfactant. In ACUVUE Oasys® and ACUVUE TruEye®, the release of ketorolac tromethamine and flurbiprofen sodium is extended from hours to several days for 11% and 21% vitamin E, (weight of vitamin E / weight of dry lens) but with a considerable reduction in the amount of drug released. Cetalkonium chloride and stearylamine increased the drug loading capacity which was otherwise compromised by the addition of vitamin E in the contact lenses. In the case of diclofenac sodium, a sustained release over 150 h for both contact lenses can be achieved. It was found that the release-time-increase factor due to vitamin E has a linear dependence with the octanol-water partition coefficient of the drug in ACUVUE Oasys®. The results in this study show that contact lenses loaded with vitamin E in conjunction with cationic surfactants achieved sustained release of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) within the therapeutic window.

Reconstrucción post traumática del compartimento anterior del miembro inferior con colgajo libre micro quirúrgico muscular de gran dorsal: Reporte de un caso / Post traumatic reconstruction of the anterior compartment of the lower leg with free latissimus dorsi muscle flap: A case report

El colgajo libre de dorsal ancho ha sido utilizado ampliamente para la reconstrucción de lesiones complejas de miembros inferiores. En el Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza las lesiones post traumáticas de miembros inferiores han sido reconstruidas con colgajos loco regionales o de pierna cruzada. Se presenta el primer caso de un colgajo libre micro vascular con gran dorsal realizado en nuestra institución por el autor principal para la reconstrucción de una lesión compleja de pierna con exposición total de la tibia utilizando los vasos peroneos en su porción distal para la anastomosis micro vascular. Mostramos el planeamiento pre operatorio, el procedimiento y complicaciones.

Latissimus dorsi free flap has been used widely for lower extremity reconstruction. In Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza post traumatic lower extremity wounds have been reconstructed using loco regional flaps or crossed leg flaps. We present the first case of a free latissimus dorsi free flap performed in our institution by the main author for the reconstruction of a leg wound with full tibia exposure using the distal peroneal vessels for microvascular anastomosis. We present the pre operative planning, the procedure and complications.

Particle-particle interactions between layered double hydroxide nanoparticles.

Changes in chemical properties of nanoscale particles include quantum size effect, changes in the cell parameters and lattice symmetry, and surface and interface effects. In the case of layered double hydroxides (LDHs), surface and interface effects dominate for nanoparticles of MgAl LDHs. Using TEM micrographs of nanoparticle-sized LDHs, we have found that the increased number of surface atoms relative to the internal atoms increases the surface-to-surface interparticle attractions. As a result, nanosize LDH particles are able to form continuous oriented films that adhere well to a polar substrate.