Exploring the diversity and composition of soil microbial communities in different soybean-maize management systems.

Soybean-maize are cultivated in different management systems, such as no-tillage and pastures, which presents potential to add organic residues, and it can potentially impacts the soil microbial community present in these systems. Thus, this study aimed to examine the effects of different soybean-maize management practices on the diversity and composition of soil microbial communities. Specifically, 16 S rRNA amplicon sequencing was used to investigate whether the use of pasture species in a fallowing system influences microbial communities in a soybean-maize rotation system, as compared to conventional tillage and no-tillage systems. The results indicate that the inclusion of the pasture species Urochloa brizantha in soybean-maize management systems leads to distinct responses within the soil microbial community. It was found that different soybean-maize management systems, particularly those with U. brizantha, affected the microbial community, likely due to the management applied to this pasture species. The system with 3 years of fallowing before soybean-maize showed the lowest microbial richness (∼2000 operational taxonomic units) and diversity index (∼6.0). Proteobacteria (∼30%), Acidobacteria (∼15%), and Verrucomicrobia (∼10%) were found to be the most abundant phyla in the soil under tropical native vegetation, while soils under cropland had an increased abundance of Firmicutes (∼30% to ∼50%) and Actinobacteria (∼30% to ∼35%). To summarize, this study identified the impacts of various soybean-maize management practices on the soil microbial community and emphasized the advantages of adding U. brizantha as a fallow species.

Dinâmica, qualidade, produção e custo de produção de forragem da mistura aveia preta e azevém anual adubada com diferentes fontes de nitrogênio / Dynamics, quality, production and production cost of oats and ryegrass mixture fertilized with different sources of nitrogen

O experimento foi conduzido na Depressão Central do Rio Grande do Sul, de 21/04 a 02/06/94 (estabelecimento da pastagem) até 11/06/94 (período de utilização), com o objetivo de avaliar a dinâmica, a produção, a qualidade de forragem e o custo de produção da pastagem de aveia preta mais azevém, em pastejo contínuo, fertilizada com diferentes fontes de nitrogênio (uréia e sulfato de amônio) em cobertura. A mistura foi semeada de forma direta e adubada com 200kg/ha da fórmula 05-30-15. O nível de nitrogênio em cobertura foi de 200kg/ha para ambas as fontes, sendo parceladas em três aplicações. A fonte de nitrogênio não afetou, significativamente, a taxa de acumulação diária de matéria seca (MS) (38,7 e 36,1kg/ha de MS/dia), a produção total de forragem (7.410 e 6.618kg/ha de MS) e a qualidade da forragem. A porcentagem de MS foi de 18,26 e 18,47 por cento, o teor de proteína bruta, de 22,14 e 22,69 por cento e a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria orgânica, de 57,85 e 57,04 por cento para uréia (U) e sulfato de amônio (SA), respectivamente. O custo total/ha da pastagem foi de R$295,70 e R$379,40; o N representando 36,08 e 50,20 por cento, para uréia e sulfato de amônio, respectivamente. O custo/quilograma de MS produzida foi de R$0,039 e R$0,057 para pastagem em que foi utilizado a uréia e o sulfato de amônio, respectivamente. Conclui-se que, em pastagem de gramíneas anuais de inverno, a escolha da fonte de N deve ser baseada no custo/kg de N.

The experiment was conducted at the "Depressão Central do Rio Grande do Sul", from 04/21 to 06/02/94 (establishment of the pasture) until 11/06/94 (grazing period), with the objective to evaluate the dynamics, production, quality and the production cost of forage of the pasture of oat and ryegrass mixture, in continuous grazing, fertilized with different sources of nitrogen (urea or ammonium sulphate) applied as top dressing. The mixture was row-seeded (no-tilled) and fertilized with 200kg (05-30-15). Each source of nitrogen provided 200 kg/ha, divided in three applications. The source of nitrogen did not affect the daily dry matter (DM) accumulation rate (38.7 vs 36.1kg/ha/day of DM), the total forage production (7.410 vs 6.618kg of DM/ha) and forage quality. The percentage of DM was 18.26 vs 18.47 percent, crude protein content was 22.14 vs 22.69 percent and the in vitro organic matter digestibility was 57.85 vs 57.04 percent for urea and ammonium sulphate, respectively. The total cost of the pasture was of R$295.70 and R$379.40, of which nitrogen fertilizer represented 36.08 and 50.20 percent, for urea and ammonium sulfate, respectively. It can be concluded that for winter grass pastures, the choice of the source of nitrogen should be based on the cost/kg of N.