Assuntos
Terapia Comportamental/métodos , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/prevenção & controle , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/métodos , Prevenção do Hábito de Fumar , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Seasonal animals use different strategies to reduce energy expenditure in the face of reduced seasonal food availability. For example, the ground squirrel enters a hibernation state with reduced metabolism, hypothermia and suppressed central nervous system activity, whereas the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) employs daily bouts of torpor associated with reduced body temperature and energy expenditure. Studies in the hibernating ground squirrel implicate an increase in histamine synthesis and histamine H(3) receptor expression in the brain as a central mechanism governing hibernation. In the present study, we demonstrate an up-regulation of H(3) receptors in several brain nuclei in the Djungarian hamster during bouts of daily torpor, a shallow form of hypothermia, suggesting that histaminergic pathways may play a general role in maintaining low body temperature and torpor state in mammals. These regions include the arcuate nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and tuberomammillary nucleus. Interestingly, expression of the mRNA for orexins, a group of neuropeptides that increase wakefulness, remains unchanged during the arousal from daily torpor, suggesting that this classic 'arousal' pathway is not involved in the transition from a hypothermic to the euthermic state.
Assuntos
Hibernação/fisiologia , Neuropeptídeos/biossíntese , Receptores Histamínicos H3/biossíntese , Animais , Nível de Alerta/fisiologia , Temperatura Corporal/fisiologia , Cricetinae , Hibridização In Situ , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular , Masculino , Orexinas , Phodopus , Fotoperíodo , RNA Mensageiro/biossíntese , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Receptores Histamínicos H3/genéticaRESUMO
The UKCC's Scope of Professional Practice document opened up major opportunities for nurses, but many have problems relating its principles to their everyday practice. This article describes how workshops were held in a large teaching trust to raise nurses' awareness of the document.