Interactions among stress, behavioral inhibition, and delta-beta coupling predict adolescent anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic brought about unprecedented changes and uncertainty to the daily lives of youth. The range of adjustment in light of a near-universal experience of COVID restrictions highlights the importance of identifying factors that may render some individuals more susceptible to heightened levels of anxiety during stressful life events than others. Two risk factors to consider are temperamental behavioral inhibition (BI) and difficulties in emotion regulation (ER). As such, the current paper focused on BI examined prior to COVID, because of its developmental link to anxiety and ER, as difficulties may be associated with differences in anxiety. We examined a neurocognitive marker of ER processes, delta-beta coupling (DBC). The current paper had two goals: (1) to examine BI in relation to COVID-related worry and social anxiety experienced during the pandemic, and (2) to explore the role of individual differences in early DBC in the relationship between BI and anxiety outcomes 6 months apart during COVID-19 (n = 86; T1 Mage  = 15.95, SD = 1.73; T6 Mage  = 16.43, SD = 1.73). We found support for the moderating role of DBC in the relationship between BI levels and social anxiety disorder (SAD) symptom severity during the pandemic. Here, high BI was predictive of increased SAD symptom levels in adolescents with stronger DBC.

Examining transactional associations between maternal internalizing symptoms, infant negative emotionality, and infant respiratory sinus arrhythmia.

The current study examined transactional associations between maternal internalizing symptoms, infant negative emotionality, and infant resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). We used data from the Longitudinal Attention and Temperament Study (N = 217) to examine the associations between maternal internalizing symptoms, infant negative emotionality, and infant resting RSA from 4-months to 18-months using a random-intercepts cross-lagged panel model. We found that mothers with higher average internalizing symptoms have infants with higher levels of resting RSA. However, there were no stable, between-individual differences in infant negative emotionality across time. Additionally, we found significant negative within-dyad cross-lagged associations from maternal internalizing symptoms to subsequent measures of infant negative emotionality, as well as a significant negative cross-lagged association from maternal internalizing symptoms to child resting RSA after 12-months of age. Lastly, we find evidence for infant-directed effects of negative emotionality and resting RSA to maternal internalizing symptoms. Results highlight the complex, bidirectional associations in maternal-infant dyads during the first two years of life, and the importance of considering the co-development of infant reactivity and regulatory processes in the context of maternal internalizing symptoms.

The time course of reactivity to social acceptance and rejection feedback: An examination of event-related potentials and behavioral measures in a peer interaction task.

Measurement of social processes is of interest across areas of research. Event-related potentials (ERPs) measured using electroencephalography (EEG) offer high temporal resolution, but little work has leveraged this strength to characterize the time course of social feedback processing. The present study aimed to replicate and extend previous research by systematically identifying the temporal dynamics of responses to both social acceptance and rejection feedback relative to neutral feedback, examining internal consistency of ERPs, and exploring correspondence with behavioral measures elicited during a peer interaction task. Emerging adults (N = 118) completed a computerized peer interaction task in which they made decisions to accept or reject peers and received rejection, acceptance, and neutral feedback while EEG data were recorded. Principal component analysis was used to derive temporally and spatially distinct ERP components sensitive to positive and negative social feedback. Participant voting patterns and post-task liking ratings for computer-controlled peers were also examined. Replicating prior work, components consistent with N1, P2, reward positivity (RewP), and P3 emerged, but distinct patterns of modulation by acceptance and rejection relative to neutral feedback were observed. Most components showed acceptable internal consistency. Sensitivity to peer feedback assessed through participant voting patterns and liking ratings for peers was correlated with RewP and P3 components. Results highlight the complexity of social feedback processing observable in a computerized peer interaction task and offer promising neural and behavioral measures that can be used to examine individual differences in sensitivity to both social acceptance and rejection feedback.

A longitudinal neuroimaging dataset on language processing in children ages 5, 7, and 9 years old.

This dataset examines language development with a longitudinal design and includes diffusion- and T1-weighted structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), task-based functional MRI (fMRI), and a battery of psycho-educational assessments and parental questionnaires. We collected data from 5.5-6.5-year-old children (ses-5) and followed them up when they were 7-8 years old (ses-7) and then again at 8.5-10 years old (ses-9). To increase the sample size at the older time points, another cohort of 7-8-year-old children (ses-7) were recruited and followed up when they were 8.5-10 years old (ses-9). In total, 322 children who completed at least one structural and functional scan were included. Children performed four fMRI tasks consisting of two word-level tasks examining phonological and semantic processing and two sentence-level tasks investigating semantic and syntactic processing. The MRI data is valuable for examining changes over time in interactive specialization due to the use of multiple imaging modalities and tasks in this longitudinal design. In addition, the extensive psycho-educational assessments and questionnaires provide opportunities to explore brain-behavior and brain-environment associations.

A neuroimaging dataset on response inhibition and selective attention in adults and children with and without ADHD.

In this article we describe the dataset titled "Response inhibition and selective attention in adults and children with and without ADHD" which is publicly available on OpenNeuro.org. This dataset is comprised of neuroimaging and standardized cognitive assessment scores from 11 adults, 12 children diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and 15 age matched children without ADHD. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data were collected while participants completed selective attention and response inhibition tasks designed and balanced for within or cross-task comparisons. Previous research utilizing this dataset has yet to explore associations between brain function and cognitive assessment scores or differences in neural processes across stimuli features making this dataset valuable for its future contributions to the field as well as replication of prior findings.

A neuroimaging dataset of deductive reasoning in school-aged children.

Here we describe "Brain development of deductive reasoning" a pediatric neuroimaging dataset freely available on OpenNeuro.org. This dataset includes neuroimaging and standardized assessment data from 56 participants aged 8.47-15 years. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data were collected while participants completed both set-inclusion and linear-order deductive reasoning tasks. A subset of participants (n=45) returned two years later for follow-up standardized assessment testing allowing for future research to investigate individual change in cognitive and academic skill. Previous research on this dataset has not examined the relation of skill and demographic measures to the neural basis of reasoning. Moreover, these studies have not examined the relation of the neural basis of reasoning to that of arithmetic or differences between children and adults in the neural basis of reasoning. Therefore, there are many opportunities to extend the research in the published reports on this data.

A neuroimaging dataset on working memory and reward processing in children with and without ADHD.

This article describes the public neuroimaging dataset entitled "Working Memory and Reward in Children with and without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)" available on OpenNeuro.org. This dataset uses functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while participants complete 8 n-back tasks designed to explore working memory, monetary reward, and feedback processing in typically developing children and children diagnosed with ADHD. In addition, this dataset includes longitudinal scores from a battery of standardized measures of cognitive ability, ADHD symptoms, and reading skill. Neuroimaging and standardized testing data were collected from 79 children, aged 8.6-12.0, of which 35 had a formal diagnosis of ADHD at session T1. 48 children returned two years later to complete standardized testing at session T2. Although some work has been published on the spatial working memory task, future research could investigate the verbal working memory and longitudinal data which are unexplored. In addition, this dataset is accompanied by an adult dataset, including 24 participants completing the same tasks entitled, "Working Memory and Reward in Adults" and available on OpenNeuro.org.

A neuroimaging dataset on orthographic, phonological and semantic word processing in school-aged children.

Here we describe the public neuroimaging and behavioral dataset entitled "Cross-Sectional Multidomain Lexical Processing" available on the OpenNeuro project (https://openneuro.org). This dataset explores the neural mechanisms and development of lexical processing through task based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of rhyming, spelling, and semantic judgement tasks in both the auditory and visual modalities. Each task employed varying degrees of trial difficulty, including conflicting versus non-conflicting orthography-phonology pairs (e.g. harm - warm, wall - tall) in the rhyming and spelling tasks as well as high versus low word pair association in the semantic tasks (e.g. dog - cat, dish - plate). In addition, this dataset contains scores from a battery of standardized psychoeducational assessments allowing for future analyses of brain-behavior relations. Data were collected from a cross-sectional sample of 91 typically developing children aged 8.7- to 15.5- years old. The cross-sectional design employed in this dataset as well as the inclusion of multiple measures of lexical processing in varying difficulties and modalities allows for multiple avenues of future research on reading development.

A longitudinal neuroimaging dataset on multisensory lexical processing in school-aged children.

Here we describe the open access dataset entitled "Longitudinal Brain Correlates of Multisensory Lexical Processing in Children" hosted on OpenNeuro.org. This dataset examines reading development through a longitudinal multimodal neuroimaging and behavioral approach, including diffusion-weighted and T1-weighted structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), task based functional MRI, and a battery of psycho-educational assessments and parental questionnaires. Neuroimaging, psycho-educational testing, and functional task behavioral data were collected from 188 typically developing children when they were approximately 10.5 years old (session T1). Seventy children returned approximately 2.5 years later (session T2), of which all completed longitudinal follow-ups of psycho-educational testing, and 49 completed neuroimaging and functional tasks. At session T1 participants completed auditory, visual, and audio-visual word and pseudo-word rhyming judgment tasks in the scanner. At session T2 participants completed visual word and pseudo-word rhyming judgement tasks in the scanner.