Impact of Treatment with Antioxidants as an Adjuvant to Standard Therapy in Patients with Septic Shock: Analysis of the Correlation between Cytokine Storm and Oxidative Stress and Therapeutic Effects.

Cellular homeostasis is lost or becomes dysfunctional during septic shock due to the activation of the inflammatory response and the deregulation of oxidative stress. Antioxidant therapy administered alongside standard treatment could restore this lost homeostasis. We included 131 patients with septic shock who were treated with standard treatment and vitamin C (Vit C), vitamin E (Vit E), N-acetylcysteine (NAC), or melatonin (MT), in a randomized trial. Organ damage quantified by Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, and we determined levels of Interleukins (IL) IL1ß, Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), Transforming growth factor B (TGFß), IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, and Interferon-γ (IFNγ). The SOFA score decreased in patients treated with Vit C, NAC, and MT. Patients treated with MT had statistically significantly reduced of IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and IL-10 levels. Lipid peroxidation, Nitrates and nitrites (NO3- and NO2-), glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase decreased after treatment with Vit C, Vit E, NAC, and MT. The levels of thiols recovered with the use of Vit E, and all patients treated with antioxidants maintained their selenium levels, in contrast with controls (p = 0.04). The findings regarding oxidative stress markers and cytokines after treatment with antioxidants allow us to consider to future the combined use of antioxidants in a randomized clinical trial with a larger sample to demonstrate the reproducibility of these beneficial effects.

Two murine models of sepsis: immunopathological differences between the sexes-possible role of TGFß1 in female resistance to endotoxemia.

Endotoxic shock (ExSh) and cecal ligature and puncture (CLP) are models that induce sepsis. In this work, we investigated early immunologic and histopathologic changes induced by ExSh or CLP models in female and male mice. Remarkable results showed that females supported twice the LD100 of LPS for males, CLP survival and CFU counts were similar between genders, high circulating LPS levels in ExSh mice and low levels of IgM anti-LPS in males. In the serum of ExSh males, TNF and IL-6 increased in the first 6 h, in CLP males at 12 h. In the liver of ExSh mice, TNF increased at 1.5 and 12 h, IL-1 at 6 h. TGFß1 increased in females throughout the study and at 12 h in males. In CLP mice, IL-6 decreased at 12 h, TGFß1 increased at 6-12 h in males and at 12 h in females. In the lungs of ExSh males, IL-1ß increased at 1.5-6 h and TGFß1 at 12 h; in females, TNF decrease at 6 h and TGFß1 increased from 6 h; in CLP females, TNF and IL-1ß decreased at 12 h and 1.5 h, respectively, and TGFß1 increased from 6 h; in males, TGFß1 increased at 12 h. In the livers of ExSh mice, signs of inflammation were more common in males; in the CLP groups, inflammation was similar but less pronounced. ExSh females had leucocytes with TGFß1. The lungs of ExSh males showed patches of hyaline membranes and some areas of inflammatory cells, similar but fewer and smaller lesions were seen in male mice with CLP. In ExSh females, injuries were less extent than in males, similar pulmonary lesions were seen in female mice with CLP. ExSh males had lower levels of TGFß1 than females, and even lower levels were seen in CLP males. We conclude that the ExSh was the most lethal model in males, associated with high levels of free LPS, low IgM anti-LPS, exacerbated inflammation and target organ injury, while females showed early TGFß1 production in the lungs and less tissue damage. We didn't see any differences between CLP mice.

Mononuclear cells from patients with rhupus are influenced by TNF in their production of gp130/sIL-6Rb and APRIL.

OBJECTIVE: Rhupus is a rare disease that shares characteristics of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). While several studies have explored the clinical and immunological profiles of patients with rhupus, the underlying cause of the disease remains unknown due to its complex pathogenesis. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) in the production of inflammatory molecules by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with rhupus. METHODS: The study involved five healthy controls, seven patients with rhupus and seven patients with SLE. PBMCs were obtained from each participant and stimulated with recombinant human TNF for 24 hours. The levels of various molecules secreted by the cells, such as cytokines and chemokines, were measured using immunobead-based assays on xMAP technology. RESULTS: The production levels of some molecules were higher in TNF-stimulated PBMCs from patients with rhupus and SLE than in unstimulated cells. In addition, the levels of certain molecules, including gp130/sIL-6Rb, a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), interferon-ß, matrix metalloproteinase-3 and interleukin (IL)-12, were higher in PBMCs from patients with rhupus even without TNF stimulation. Similarly, the levels of gp130/sIL-6Rb and APRIL were higher in TNF-stimulated PBMCs from patients with rhupus than in healthy controls. These results were further validated against patients with RA using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the spontaneous production of molecules by cells from patients with rhupus may contribute to the development of the disease, and that TNF may play a role in this process by regulating the secretion of gp130/sIL-6Rb and APRIL.

Diagnostic Performance of Serum MicroRNAs for ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction in the Emergency Department.

Prompt diagnosis of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is essential for initiating timely treatment. MicroRNAs have recently emerged as biomarkers in cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the discriminatory capacity of serum microRNAs in identifying an ischemic origin in patients presenting with chest discomfort to the Emergency Department. The study included 98 participants (78 with STEMI and 20 with nonischemic chest discomfort). Significant differences in the expression levels of miR-133b, miR-126, and miR-155 (but not miR-1, miR-208, and miR-208b) were observed between groups. miR-133b and miR-155 exhibited 97% and 93% sensitivity in identifying STEMI patients, respectively. miR-126 demonstrated a specificity of 90% in identifying STEMI patients. No significant associations were found between microRNAs and occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). However, patients with MACE had higher levels of interleukin (IL)-15, IL-21, IFN-γ-induced protein-10, and N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide compared to non-MACE patients. Overall, there were significant associations among the expression levels of microRNAs. However, microRNAs did not demonstrate associations with either inflammatory markers or cardiovascular risk scores. This study highlights the potential of microRNAs, particularly miR-133b and miR-126, as diagnostic biomarkers for distinguishing patients with STEMI from those presenting with nonischemic chest discomfort to the Emergency Department.

The molecular profile of the inflammatory process differs among various neurodevelopmental disorders with or without cognitive component: A hypothesis of persistent systemic dysfunction and hyper-resolution.

Introduction: Challenges of diverse origin in childhood can alter the growth and development of the central nervous system, affecting structures and functions. As a consequence of the damage suffered during the perinatal period, long periods of dysfunctionality may occur, such as regulatory disorders, which may result in remaining in a process of low-grade inflammation. We previously found that perinatal risks and neurological signs are associated with long-term changes in circulating concentrations of molecules of the inflammatory process, findings that are consistent with the postulate that long periods of dysfunction may condition long-lasting low-grade inflammation or parainflammation. The aim of this study was to assess whether different expressions of neurological disorders show variations in their inflammatory molecule profiles or whether there is a common pattern. Methods: We included screening for (a) caregiver-perceived risk detection of regulatory disturbances, using the DeGangi instrument; (b) dysautonomia or asymmetries, through neurodevelopmental assessments; (c) cognitive developmental disturbances (using the Bailey instrument). We assessed protein molecules on a multiplex system, and lipid molecules by ELISA. Results: We found a similar, although not identical, pattern of cytokine profiles with the presence of risk of regulatory disturbances, dysautonomia and asymmetries; but an opposite inflammatory profile was associated with cognitive impairment. Discussion: Our results suggest that there are diverse, probably limited, molecular footprints associated with impaired function, and that these footprints may depend on the response requirements necessary to adjust to the altered internal environment. Here we propose a theoretical model that suggests possible scenarios for inflammatory outcomes associated with chronic challenges.

Randomized Clinical Trial of Antioxidant Therapy Patients with Septic Shock and Organ Dysfunction in the ICU: SOFA Score Reduction by Improvement of the Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant System.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Here, we assess the effect of adjuvant antioxidant therapies in septic shock patients with organ dysfunction and their effect on the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems. METHODS: Randomized clinical trial run between 2018 and 2022. One hundred and thirty-one patients with septic shock were included in five groups with 25, 27, 24, 26 and 29 patients each. Group 1 received vitamin C (Vit C), Group 2 vitamin E (Vit E), Group 3 n-acetylcysteine (NAC), Group 4 melatonin (MT) and group 5 no treatment. All antioxidants were administered orally or through a nasogastric tube for 5 days as an adjuvant to standard therapy. RESULTS: All patients had multiple organ failure (MOF) and low Vit C levels. Vit C therapy decreased CRP, PCT and NO3-/NO2- but increased Vit C levels. The SOFA score decreased with MT in 75%, Vit C 63% and NAC 50% vs. controls 33% (p = 0.0001, p = 0.03 and p = 0.001 respectively). MT diminished lipid peroxidation (LPO) (p = 0.01) and improved total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (p = 0.04). Vit E increased thiol levels (p = 0.02) and tended to decrease LPO (p = 0.06). Selenium levels were decreased in the control group (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Antioxidants used as an adjuvant therapy in the standard treatment of septic shock decrease MOF and oxidative stress markers. They increase the TAC and thiols, and maintain selenium levels.

Anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies are associated with aberrant inflammatory circuits in patients with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases.

INTRODUCTION: Anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies are markers for several systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARD). OBJECTIVE: To assess whether anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies are related to abnormalities in inflammatory circuits. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of consecutive outpatients with SARD. Anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies and serum amyloid A protein were measured by ELISA; panels for 18 cytokines and nine chemokines were analyzed on a Luminex reading platform, while high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and complement were measured by nephelometry. RESULTS: Among 167 included patients, 143 had systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 16 had primary Sjögren's syndrome and eight had systemic sclerosis; 41 (24%) were positive for anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies. Patients with anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies had higher serum levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, GM-CSF, IL-21, IL-22, hs-CRP and chemokines CCL4, CXCL8, CXCL10 and CXCL12, but lower levels of complement C4. Anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibody titers were positively correlated with IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-21, IL-22, CXCL10, and hs-CRP, and negatively with complements C3 and C4. When only SLE patients were included, no association was identified between anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies and disease activity or organ-specific involvement. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies are associated with aberrant cytokine circuits and elevated levels of angiogenic molecules and neutrophil and monocyte chemoattractants, which suggests an active role for these antibodies in SARD.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los anticuerpos anti-Ro52/TRIM21 son marcadores de varias enfermedades reumáticas autoinmunes sistémicas (ERAS). OBJETIVO: Evaluar si los anticuerpos anti-Ro52/TRIM21 están relacionados con anomalías en los circuitos inflamatorios. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal de pacientes consecutivos y ambulatorios con ERAS. Los anticuerpos anti-Ro52/TRIM21 y la proteína amiloide sérica se midieron mediante ELISA; los paneles para 18 citocinas y nueve quimiocinas se analizaron en una plataforma de lectura Luminex; la proteína C reactiva (hs-CRP) y el complemento se midieron mediante nefelometría. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 167 pacientes, 143 con lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES), 16 con síndrome de Sjögren primario y ocho con esclerosis sistémica; 41 fueron positivos para anticuerpos anti-Ro52/TRIM21 (24 %). Los pacientes con anticuerpos anti-Ro52/TRIM21 tuvieron niveles séricos más altos de IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, GM-CSF, IL-21, IL-22, hs-CRP y quimiocinas CCL4, CXCL8, CXCL10 y CXCL12; y más bajos de complemento C4. Los títulos de anticuerpos anti-Ro52/TRIM21 correlacionaron positivamente con IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-21, IL-22, CXCL10 y hs-CRP; y negativamente con complemento C3 y C4. Al incluir solo LES, no se identificó asociación entre los anticuerpos anti-Ro52/TRIM21 y la actividad de la enfermedad o la afectación específica de órganos. CONCLUSIONES: Los anticuerpos anti-Ro52/TRIM21 se asocian a circuitos aberrantes de citocinas y niveles elevados de moléculas angiogénicas y quimioatrayentes de neutrófilos y monocitos, lo que sugiere un papel activo de esos anticuerpos en las ERAS.

Los anticuerpos anti-Ro52/TRIM21 están asociados a circuitos inflamatorios aberrantes en pacientes con enfermedades reumáticas autoinmunes sistémicas / Anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies are associated with aberrant inflammatory circuits in patients with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases

Resumen Introducción: Los anticuerpos anti-Ro52/TRIM21 son marcadores de varias enfermedades reumáticas autoinmunes sistémicas (ERAS). Objetivo: Evaluar si los anticuerpos anti-Ro52/TRIM21 están relacionados con anomalías en los circuitos inflamatorios. Métodos: Estudio transversal de pacientes consecutivos y ambulatorios con ERAS. Los anticuerpos anti-Ro52/TRIM21 y la proteína amiloide sérica se midieron mediante ELISA; los paneles para 18 citocinas y nueve quimiocinas se analizaron en una plataforma de lectura Luminex; la proteína C reactiva (hs-CRP) y el complemento se midieron mediante nefelometría. Resultados: Se incluyeron 167 pacientes, 143 con lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES), 16 con síndrome de Sjögren primario y ocho con esclerosis sistémica; 41 fueron positivos para anticuerpos anti-Ro52/TRIM21 (24 %). Los pacientes con anticuerpos anti-Ro52/TRIM21 tuvieron niveles séricos más altos de IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, GM-CSF, IL-21, IL-22, hs-CRP y quimiocinas CCL4, CXCL8, CXCL10 y CXCL12; y más bajos de complemento C4. Los títulos de anticuerpos anti-Ro52/TRIM21 correlacionaron positivamente con IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-21, IL-22, CXCL10 y hs-CRP; y negativamente con complemento C3 y C4. Al incluir solo LES, no se identificó asociación entre los anticuerpos anti-Ro52/TRIM21 y la actividad de la enfermedad o la afectación específica de órganos. Conclusiones: Los anticuerpos anti-Ro52/TRIM21 se asocian a circuitos aberrantes de citocinas y niveles elevados de moléculas angiogénicas y quimioatrayentes de neutrófilos y monocitos, lo que sugiere un papel activo de esos anticuerpos en las ERAS.

Abstract Introduction: Anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies are markers for several systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARD). Objective: To assess whether anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies are related to abnormalities in inflammatory circuits. Methods: Cross-sectional study of consecutive outpatients with SARD. Anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies and serum amyloid A protein were measured by ELISA; panels for 18 cytokines and nine chemokines were analyzed on a Luminex reading platform, while high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and complement were measured by nephelometry. Results: Among 167 included patients, 143 had systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 16 had primary Sjögren's syndrome and eight had systemic sclerosis; 41 (24%) were positive for anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies. Patients with anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies had higher serum levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, GM-CSF, IL-21, IL-22, hs-CRP and chemokines CCL4, CXCL8, CXCL10 and CXCL12, but lower levels of complement C4. Anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibody titers were positively correlated with IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-21, IL-22, CXCL10, and hs-CRP, and negatively with complement C3 and C4. When only SLE patients were included, no association was identified between anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies and disease activity or organ-specific involvement. Conclusions: Anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies are associated with aberrant cytokine circuits and elevated levels of angiogenic molecules and neutrophil and monocyte chemoattractants, which suggests an active role for these antibodies in SARD.

Deodorized Garlic Decreases Oxidative Stress Caused by Lipopolysaccharide in Rat Heart through Hydrogen Sulfide: Preliminary Findings.

Deodorized garlic (DG) may favor the activity of the antioxidant enzymes and promote the synthesis of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The objective was to test if DG favors an increase in H2S and if it decreases the oxidative stress caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rat hearts. A total of 24 rats were divided into 4 groups: Group 1 control (C), Group 2 LPS, Group 3 DG, and Group 4 LPS plus DG. The cardiac mechanical performance (CMP), coronary vascular resistance (CVR), and oxidative stress markers, such as total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione (GSH), selenium (Se), lipid peroxidation (LPO), thiols, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and the activities and expressions of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), cystathionine synthetase (CBS), cystathionine γ-lyase (CTH), iNOS, and eNOS-p, were analyzed in the heart. Infarct zones in the cardiac tissue were present (p = 0.01). The CMP and CVR decreased and increased (p ≤ 0.05), TAC, GSH, H2S, NO, thiols, and GST activity (p ≤ 0.01) decreased, and LPO and iNOS increased (p ≤ 0.05). The activities and expressions of TrxR, GPx, eNOS-p, CTH, and CBS (p ≤ 0.05) decreased with the LPS treatment; however, DG normalized this effect. DG treatment decreases heart damage caused by LPS through the cross-talk between the H2S and NO systems.

The prognostic importance of the angiotensin II/angiotensin-(1-7) ratio in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

BACKGROUND: Information about angiotensin II (Ang II), angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and Ang-(1-7) levels in patients with COVID-19 is scarce. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the Ang II-ACE2-Ang-(1-7) axis in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection to understand its role in pathogenesis and prognosis. METHODS: Patients greater than 18 years diagnosed with COVID-19, based on clinical findings and positive RT-PCR test, who required hospitalization and treatment were included. We compared Ang II, aldosterone, Ang-(1-7), and Ang-(1-9) concentrations and ACE2 concentration and activity between COVID-19 patients and historic controls. We compared baseline demographics, laboratory results (enzyme, peptide, and inflammatory marker levels), and outcome (patients who survived versus those who died). RESULTS: Serum from 74 patients [age: 58 (48-67.2) years; 68% men] with moderate (20%) or severe (80%) COVID-19 were analyzed. During 13 (10-21) days of hospitalization, 25 patients died from COVID-19 and 49 patients survived. Compared with controls, Ang II concentration was higher and Ang-(1-7) concentration was lower, despite significantly higher ACE2 activity in patients. Ang II concentration was higher and Ang-(1-7) concentration was lower in patients who died. The Ang II/Ang-(1-7) ratio was significantly higher in patients who died. In multivariate analysis, Ang II/Ang-(1-7) ratio greater than 3.45 (OR = 5.87) and lymphocyte count ⩽0.65 × 103/µl (OR = 8.43) were independent predictors of mortality from COVID-19. CONCLUSION: In patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, imbalance in the Ang II-ACE2-Ang-(1-7) axis may reflect deleterious effects of Ang II and may indicate a worse outcome.

Elevated Levels of Soluble CD147 are Associated with Hyperinflammation and Disease Severity in COVID-19: A Proof-of-Concept Clinical Study.

To evaluate soluble CD147 levels in COVID-19 and identify whether these are associated with hyperinflammation and disease severity. One-hundred and nine COVID-19 patients and 72 healthy blood donors were studied. Levels of CD147, matrix metalloproteases (MMP) and inflammatory markers were measured on hospital arrival, while the need for mechanical ventilation and the occurrence of death during hospitalization were recorded. CD147 levels were higher in COVID-19 (1.6, 1.0-2.3 vs 1.3, 1.0-1.6 ng/ml; P = 0.003) than controls. MMP-2 (9.2, 4.5-12.9 vs 4.2, 3.7-4.6 ng/ml; P < 0.001), MMP-3 (1.1, 0.9-1.3 vs 0.9, 0.7-1.0 ng/ml; P < 0.001) and MMP-9 (0.9, 0.5-1.2 vs 0.4, 0.2-0.6 ng/ml; P < 0.001) were also higher in COVID-19, while MMP-1 (0.6, 0-1.4 vs 0.6, 0.3-0.7 ng/ml; P = 0.711) was not different. Significant correlations were found between CD147 and MMP-2 (ρ = 0.34), MMP-3 (ρ = 0.21), interleukin 6 (ρ = 0.21), and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (ρ = 0.26). Furthermore, CD147 levels were higher in patients who required mechanical ventilation (1.8, 1.4-2.4 vs 1.2, 0.8-1.9 ng/ml; P < 0.001) and in those who ultimately died (1.9, 1.4-2.7 vs 1.4, 0.9-1.9 ng/ml; P = 0.009). CD147 is elevated in COVID-19 and appears to contribute to hyperinflammation and disease severity.

Usefulness of Easy-to-Use Risk Scoring Systems Rated in the Emergency Department to Predict Major Adverse Outcomes in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients.

BACKGROUND: Several easy-to-use risk scoring systems have been built to identify patients at risk of developing complications associated with COVID-19. However, information about the ability of each score to early predict major adverse outcomes during hospitalization of severe COVID-19 patients is still scarce. METHODS: Eight risk scoring systems were rated upon arrival at the Emergency Department, and the occurrence of thrombosis, need for mechanical ventilation, death, and a composite that included all major adverse outcomes were assessed during the hospital stay. The clinical performance of each risk scoring system was evaluated to predict each major outcome. Finally, the diagnostic characteristics of the risk scoring system that showed the best performance for each major outcome were obtained. RESULTS: One hundred and fifty-seven adult patients (55 ± 12 years, 66% men) were assessed at admission to the Emergency Department and included in the study. A total of 96 patients (61%) had at least one major outcome during hospitalization; 32 had thrombosis (20%), 80 required mechanical ventilation (50%), and 52 eventually died (33%). Of all the scores, Obesity and Diabetes (based on a history of comorbid conditions) showed the best performance for predicting mechanical ventilation (area under the ROC curve (AUC), 0.96; positive likelihood ratio (LR+), 23.7), death (AUC, 0.86; LR+, 4.6), and the composite outcome (AUC, 0.89; LR+, 15.6). Meanwhile, the inflammation-based risk scoring system (including leukocyte count, albumin, and C-reactive protein levels) was the best at predicting thrombosis (AUC, 0.63; LR+, 2.0). CONCLUSIONS: Both the Obesity and Diabetes score and the inflammation-based risk scoring system appeared to be efficient enough to be integrated into the evaluation of COVID-19 patients upon arrival at the Emergency Department.

Circulating miR-146a as a possible candidate biomarker in the indeterminate phase of Chagas disease.

BACKGROUND: Chagas disease is considered important and presents intense inflammatory and fibrotic processes induced by the perpetuation of the parasite in the affected tissues and organs. Therefore, it is necessary to inquire about the host defense and attack mechanisms to have a more detailed knowledge about Chagas disease. MicroRNAs are found in blood, tissues and extracellular vesicles. These small regulators of gene expression are involved in physiological and pathological processes in both mammals and parasites. Several microRNAs have deregulated expression in chagasic heart disease, although little is known about their extracellular expression. Our main objective was to evaluate the involvement of miR-21, miR-146a and miR-155 in several samples from mice infected with the TcI Ninoa strain from the acute and indeterminate phases. We also explored a potential functional association of the selected microRNAs using STRING software. This software identified 23 pathways associated with Trypanosoma cruzi infection. In addition, eleven genes were identified through bioinformatics analysis, and we found that SMAD family member 5 was downregulated in both phases. This gene serves as a mediator in the TGF-ß signaling pathway. Thus, forty female mice of the CD1 strain were distributed into 4 groups and the expression levels of miR-21, miR-146a and miR-155 were measured in samples of heart tissue, total plasma and plasma extracellular vesicles by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Overexpression of miR-21, miR-146a and miR-155 was observed in heart and plasma in both phases. Moreover, in extracellular vesicles miR-21 and miR-146a were also overexpressed in the acute phase, whereas in the indeterminate chronic phase we found only miR-146a up-regulated. CONCLUSIONS: The expression of inflammatory microRNAs miR-21, miR-146a and miR-155 were up-regulated in each of the samples from acutely and chronically infected mice. The relevant finding was that miR-146a was up-regulated in each sample in both phases; therefore, this miRNA could be a possible candidate biomarker in Chagas disease.

Alteration in the Lipid Profile and the Desaturases Activity in Patients With Severe Pneumonia by SARS-CoV-2.

The kidnapping of the lipid metabolism of the host's cells by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) allows the virus to transform the cells into optimal machines for its assembly and replication. Here we evaluated changes in the fatty acid (FA) profile and the participation of the activity of the desaturases, in plasma of patients with severe pneumonia by SARS-CoV-2. We found that SARS-CoV-2 alters the FA metabolism in the cells of the host. Changes are characterized by variations in the desaturases that lead to a decrease in total fatty acid (TFA), phospholipids (PL) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs). These alterations include a decrease in palmitic and stearic acids (p ≤ 0.009) which could be used for the formation of the viral membranes and for the reparation of the host's own membrane. There is also an increase in oleic acid (OA; p = 0.001) which could modulate the inflammatory process, the cytokine release, apoptosis, necrosis, oxidative stress (OS). An increase in linoleic acid (LA) in TFA (p = 0.03) and a decreased in PL (p = 0.001) was also present. They result from damage of the internal mitochondrial membrane. The arachidonic acid (AA) percentage was elevated (p = 0.02) in the TFA and this can be participated in the inflammatory process. EPA was decreased (p = 0.001) and this may decrease of pro-resolving mediators with increase in the inflammatory process. The total of NEFAs (p = 0.03), PL (p = 0.001), cholesterol, HDL and LDL were decreased, and triglycerides were increased in plasma of the COVID-19 patients. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 alters the FA metabolism, the changes are characterized by alterations in the desaturases that lead to variations in the TFA, PL, and NEFAs profiles. These changes may favor the replication of the virus but, at the same time, they are part of the defense system provided by the host cell metabolism in its eagerness to repair damage caused by the virus to cell membranes.

High fructose exposure modifies the amount of adipocyte-secreted microRNAs into extracellular vesicles in supernatants and plasma.

BACKGROUND: High fructose exposure induces metabolic and endocrine responses in adipose tissue. Recent evidence suggests that microRNAs in extracellular vesicles are endocrine signals secreted by adipocytes. Fructose exposure on the secretion of microRNA by tissues and cells is poorly studied. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fructose exposure on the secretion of selected microRNAs in extracellular vesicles from 3T3-L1 cells and plasma from Wistar rats. METHODS: 3T3-L1 cells were exposed to 550 µM of fructose or standard media for four days, microRNAs levels were determined in extracellular vesicles of supernatants and cells by RT-qPCR. Wistar rats were exposed to either 20% fructose drink or tap water for eight weeks, microRNAs levels were determined in extracellular vesicles of plasma and adipose tissue by RT-qPCR. RESULTS: This study showed that fructose exposure increased the total number of extracellular vesicles released by 3T3-L1 cells (p = 0.0001). The levels of miR-143-5p were increased in extracellular vesicles of 3T3-L1 cells exposed to fructose (p = 0.0286), whereas miR-223-3p levels were reduced (p = 0.0286). Moreover, in plasma-derived extracellular vesicles, miR-143-5p was higher in fructose-fed rats (p = 0.001), whereas miR-223-3p (p = 0.022), miR-342-3p (p = 0.0011), miR-140-5p (p = 0.0129) and miR-146b-5p (p = 0.0245) were lower. CONCLUSION: Fructose exposure modifies the levels of microRNAs in extracellular vesicles in vitro and in vivo. In particular, fructose exposure increases miR-143-5p, while decreases miR-223-3p and miR-342-3p.

Antioxidants and pentoxifylline as coadjuvant measures to standard therapy to improve prognosis of patients with pneumonia by COVID-19.

The type 2 coronavirus causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) and produces pneumonia with pulmonary alveolar collapse. In some cases it also causes sepsis and septic shock. There is no specific treatment for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Vitamin C (Vit C), Vitamin E (Vit E), N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and Melatonin (MT) increase the intracellular content of GSH, kidnap free radicals and protect DNA, proteins in the cytosol and lipids in cell membranes. Pentoxifylline (Px) has anti-inflammatory activities. Here we evaluate the effect of Vit C, Vit E, NAC, and MT plus Px in COVID-19 patients with moderate and severe pneumonia. 110 patients of either sex were included. They were divided into five groups with 22 patients each. Group 1 received Vit C + Px, group 2 Vit E + Px, group 3 NAC + Px, group 4 MT + Px, and group 5 only Px. Oxidative stress (OS) markers such as lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and nitrites (NO2 -) were evaluated in plasma. The antioxidant therapy improved the survival scores including the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA), the Acute Physiology and chronic Health Evaluation II (Apache II), the Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II), the Critical Illness Risk Score, Launched during COVID-19 crisis (COVIDGRAM) and the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). We found that LPO (p≤0.04) and inflammation markers such as interleukin-6 (IL-6, p≤ 0.01), C reactive protein (CRP, p ≤ 0.01) and procalcitonin (PCT, p ≤ 0.05) were elevated. TAC (p ≤ 0.03) and NO2 - (p ≤ 0.04) found themselves diminished in diminished in COVID-19 patients upon admission to the hospital. The different antioxidants reversed this alteration at the end of the treatment. The treatment with antioxidant supplements such as Vit C, E, NAC, and MT plus Px could decelerate the aggressive and lethal development of COVID-19. Antioxidant therapy can be effective in this pandemia since it improves the survival scores including SOFA, Apache II, SAPS II, COVIDGRAM, GCS by lowering the LPO, IL-6, CRP, PCT and increasing systemic TAC and NO2 -.

Effectiveness and Safety of Extracorporeal Shockwave Myocardial Revascularization in Patients With Refractory Angina Pectoris and Heart Failure.

Extracorporeal shockwave myocardial revascularization (ESMR) is a therapy for refractory angina pectoris. Our aim was to assess the efficacy and safety of ESMR in the management of patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) and heart failure as well as its effects on inflammation and angiogenesis. In this single-arm prospective trial, we included 48 patients with CAD, myocardial ischemia assessed by radionuclide imaging, echocardiographic evidence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction and without revascularization options. Changes in angina grading score, myocardial perfusion, left ventricular ejection fraction, and six-minute walk test after ESMR therapy were used for efficacy assessment. Changes of inflammation and angiogenesis biomarkers were also evaluated. ESMR therapy was performed using a commercially available cardiac shockwave generator system (Cardiospec; Medispec). After 9 weeks of ESMR therapy, a significant improvement was found regarding the initial angina class, severity of ischemia, left ventricular ejection fraction, and six-minute walk test in most patients. No deleterious side effects after treatment were detected. Regarding biomarkers, endothelial progenitor cells and angiopoietin-3 were significantly increased whereas IL-18 and TGF-ß were significantly decreased after ESMR in the total group. Notably, VEGF, IL-1ß, and lipoxin A4 levels were significantly increased only in patients with myocardial ischemia improvement. In conclusion, ESMR therapy is safe and effective in most but not all patients with CAD and heart failure. ESMR is associated with increased markers of angiogenesis and decreased markers of inflammation. Myocardial ischemia improvement after ESMR is associated with increased markers of angiogenesis and pro-resolving mediators.

Modification of Serum Natriuretic Peptide Profile and Echocardiographic Parameters After Surgical Left Atrial Appendage Exclusion/Resection During Mitral Valve Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Being a well-recognised source of cardiac embolism, the left atrial (LA) appendage (LAA) is frequently excluded during mitral valve (MV) surgery. However, the LAA is also a source of cardiac hormones and a new drug (sacubitril), which beneficially interferes with hormonal imbalance during heart failure, leads to re-evaluation of the LAA for the maintenance of adequate hormone production in the heart. We compared the effects of LAA surgical resection/exclusion in patients with MV replacement (MVR) on natriuretic peptides (NPs) and related enzymes versus similar patients, in whom the LAA was preserved. A comparison of clinical response was also carried out. METHOD: Haemodynamically stable patients scheduled for MV surgery with or without elimination of the LAA were studied before and 3 months after surgery. Serum NPs, furin, corin, and neprilysin were determined. A transthoracic echocardiogram was also performed before and after surgery. RESULTS: Patients in the LAA intervention group exhibited lower levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) 3 months after surgery than patients with intact LAAs. There were no differences in NP and related enzyme levels pre- or postsurgery. The echocardiograms indicated a similar decrease in the diameters and volumes of the LA, and normal pulmonary arterial pressure values, in both groups. The indexed LA volume showed a positive correlation with postoperative brain natriuretic peptide. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical resection or exclusion of the LAA in patients with MVR promotes a decrease in ANP production at 3 months postsurgery. Echocardiography is useful when evaluating surgical replacement of the MV with elimination of the LAA.