Trial design of the MOTheR HDx study: a multicenter, open-label, prospective, randomized study to explore the morbidity and mortality in patients dialyzed with the Theranova HDx in comparison with online hemodiafiltration.

Background: Dialysis patients have been maintaining a high rate of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. For this reason, it is to introduce necessary new technical advances in clinical practice. There is a relation between toxins retention and inflammation, mortality and morbidity. Medium cut-off (MCO) membranes are a new generation of membranes that allow the removal of a greater number of medium-sized molecules compared with high-flux hemodialysis (HF-HD), but retaining albumin. MCO membranes have an increased permeability and the presence of internal filtration. Because of these special properties, MCO generated a new concept of therapy called expanded HD (HDx). Until now, online hemodiafiltration (OL-HDF) has demonstrated its superiority, in terms of survival, compared with HF-HD. However, the comparison between OL-HDF and HDx remains an unsolved question. Methods: The MOTheR HDx study trial (NCT03714386) is an open-label, multicenter, prospective, 1:1 randomized, parallel-group trial designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of HDx compared with OL-HDF in patients treated for dialysis in Spain for up to 36 months. The main endpoint is to determinate whether HDx is non inferior to OL-HDF at reducing the combined outcome of all-cause death and stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic), acute coronary syndrome (angina and myocardial infarction), peripheral arterial disease (amputation or revascularization) and ischemic colitis (mesenteric thrombosis). Results: The trial has already started.

Epidemiology of Fabry disease in patients in hemodialysis in the Madrid community.

This study screened for Fabry disease (FD) in patients in hemodialysis (HD) in the region of Madrid (CAM) with a cross-sectional design to evaluate HD-prevalent patients, followed by a three-year period prospective design to analyze HD-incident patients. INCLUSION CRITERIA: patients older than 18 years on HD in the CAM, excluding patients diagnosed with any other hereditary disease with renal involvement different from FD, that sign the Informed Consent (IC). EXCLUSION CRITERIA: underaged patients or not agreeing or not being capable of signing the IC. RESULTS: 3470 patients were included, 63% males and with an average age of 67.9±9.7 years. 2357 were HD-prevalent patients and 1113 HD-incident patients. For HD-prevalent patients, average time in HD was 45.2 months (SD 51.3), in HD-incident patients proteinuria was present in 28.4%. There were no statistical differences in plasmatic alpha-galactosidase A (α-GAL-A) activity or Lyso-GL-3 values when comparing HD-prevalent and HD-incident populations and neither between males and females. A genetic study was performed in 87 patients (2.5% of patients): 60 male patients with decreased enzymatic activity and 27 female patients either with a decreased GLA activity, increased Lyso-Gl3 levels or both. The genetic variants identified were: p.Asp313Tyr (4 patients), p.Arg220Gln (3 patients) and M290I (1 patient). None of the identified variants is pathogenic. CONCLUSIONS: 76% of HD Centers of the CAM participated in the study. This is the first publication to describe the prevalence of FD in the HD-population of a region of Spain as well as its average α-GAL-A-activity and plasmatic Lyso-Gl3 levels. It is also the first study that combines a cross-sectional design with a prospective follow-up design. This study has not identified any FD patient.

Advantages of the use of citrate over acetate as a stabilizer in hemodialysis fluid: A randomized ABC-treat study.

Hemodialysis (HD) with bicarbonate dialysis fluid (DF) requires the presence of an acid to prevent the precipitation of calcium and magnesium carbonate. The most used acid is acetic acid, with it several complications have been described. In a previous work we described the acute changes during an HD session with a DF with citrate instead of acetate. Now we report the results in the medium term, 16 weeks. It is a prospective, multicenter, crossover and randomized study, where 56 HD patients with bicarbonate three times a week were dialysed for 16 weeks with 3 mmol/L acetate and 16 weeks with 1 mmol/L citrate. Patients older than 18 years with a previous stay on HD of more than 3 months and with a normal functioning arteriovenous fistula were included. Epidemiological data, dialysis, bioimpedance, biochemistry before and after HD, as well as hypotensive episodes, were collected monthly. After 16 weeks of citrate treatment, preHD ionic calcium and magnesium were significantly lower and PTH higher than in the acetate period. No differences were observed in the effectiveness of dialysis. Hypotensive episodes were significantly more frequent with acetate than with citrate: 311 (14.1%) vs 238 (10.8%) sessions. The lean mass index increased by 0.96 ±â€¯2.33 kg/m2 when patients switched from LD with acetate to citrate. HD with citrate modifies several parameters of bone mineral metabolism, not only acutely as previously described, but also in the long term. The substitution of acetate for citrate improves hemodynamic stability, producing less hypotension and can improve nutritional status.

Ventajas del uso de citrato respecto al acetato como estabilizante en el líquido de hemodiálisis: estudio aleatorizado ABC-treat / Advantages of the use of citrate over acetate as a stabilizer in hemodialysis fluid: A randomized ABC-treat study

La hemodiálisis (HD) con líquido de diálisis (LD) con bicarbonato requiere la presencia de un ácido para prevenir la precipitación del carbonato de calcio y magnesio. El más usado es el ácido acético, y con él se han descrito diversas complicaciones. En un trabajo previo describimos los cambios agudos, durante una sesión, en los pacientes en HD con un LD con citrato en lugar de acetato, y en este referimos los resultados a medio plazo: 16 semanas.Es un estudio prospectivo, multicéntrico, cruzado y aleatorizado, donde 56 pacientes en HD con bicarbonato 3 veces a la semana se dializaron 16 semanas con 3mmol/l acetato y 16 semanas con 1mmol/l de citrato. Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años con una estancia en HD previa superior a 3 meses y con fístula arteriovenosa normofuncionante. Se recogieron mensualmente datos epidemiológicos, de diálisis, bioimpedancia, bioquímica pre y postHD, así como los episodios de hipotensión.Después de 16 semanas de tratamiento con citrato el calcio iónico y el magnesio preHD eran significativamente inferiores y la hormona paratiroidea (PTH) más alta que en el periodo con acetato. No se observaron diferencias en la eficacia de la diálisis. Los episodios de hipotensión fueron significativamente más frecuentes con acetato que con citrato: 311 (14,1%) vs. 238 (10,8%) sesiones. El índice de masa magra se incrementó en 0,96±2,33kg/m2 cuando los pacientes pasaron de LD con acetato a citrato.La HD con citrato modifica varios parámetros del metabolismo óseo-mineral, no solo de forma aguda como se había descrito, sino también a medio plazo. La sustitución del acetato por el citrato mejora la estabilidad hemodinámica, produciendo menos hipotensiones y puede mejorar el estado nutricional. (AU)

Hemodialysis (HD) with bicarbonate dialysis fluid (DF) requires the presence of an acid to prevent the precipitation of calcium and magnesium carbonate. The most used acid is acetic acid, with it several complications have been described. In a previous work, we described the acute changes during an HD session with a DF with citrate instead of acetate. Now, we report the results in the medium term, 16 weeks. It is a prospective, multicenter, crossover and randomized study, where 56 HD patients with bicarbonate three times a week were dialysed for 16 weeks with 3mmol/L acetate and 16 weeks with 1mmol/L citrate. Patients older than 18 years with a previous stay on HD of more than 3 months and with a normal functioning arteriovenous fistula were included. Epidemiological data, dialysis, bioimpedance, biochemistry before and after HD, as well as hypotensive episodes, were collected monthly. After 16 weeks of citrate treatment, pre-HD ionic calcium and magnesium were significantly lower and paratiroid hormone (PTH) higher than in the acetate period. No differences were observed in the effectiveness of dialysis. Hypotensive episodes were significantly more frequent with acetate than with citrate: 311 (14.1%) vs 238 (10.8%) sessions. The lean mass index increased by 0.96±2.33kg/m2 when patients switched from DF with acetate to citrate.HD with citrate modifies several parameters of bone mineral metabolism, not only acutely as previously described, but also in the long-term. The substitution of acetate for citrate improves hemodynamic stability, producing less hypotension and can improve nutritional status. (AU)

Advantages of the use of citrate over acetate as a stabilizer in hemodialysis fluid: A randomized ABC-treat study. / Ventajas del uso de citrato respecto al acetato como estabilizante en el líquido de hemodiálisis: estudio aleatorizado ABC-treat.

Hemodialysis (HD) with bicarbonate dialysis fluid (DF) requires the presence of an acid to prevent the precipitation of calcium and magnesium carbonate. The most used acid is acetic acid, with it several complications have been described. In a previous work, we described the acute changes during an HD session with a DF with citrate instead of acetate. Now, we report the results in the medium term, 16 weeks. It is a prospective, multicenter, crossover and randomized study, where 56 HD patients with bicarbonate three times a week were dialysed for 16 weeks with 3mmol/L acetate and 16 weeks with 1mmol/L citrate. Patients older than 18 years with a previous stay on HD of more than 3 months and with a normal functioning arteriovenous fistula were included. Epidemiological data, dialysis, bioimpedance, biochemistry before and after HD, as well as hypotensive episodes, were collected monthly. After 16 weeks of citrate treatment, pre-HD ionic calcium and magnesium were significantly lower and paratiroid hormone (PTH) higher than in the acetate period. No differences were observed in the effectiveness of dialysis. Hypotensive episodes were significantly more frequent with acetate than with citrate: 311 (14.1%) vs 238 (10.8%) sessions. The lean mass index increased by 0.96±2.33kg/m2 when patients switched from DF with acetate to citrate. HD with citrate modifies several parameters of bone mineral metabolism, not only acutely as previously described, but also in the long-term. The substitution of acetate for citrate improves hemodynamic stability, producing less hypotension and can improve nutritional status.

Síndrome de Heyde: resolución de anemia tras reemplazo valvular aórtico en paciente en hemodiálisis / Heyde syndrome: Correction of anemia after aortic valve replacement in a hemodialysis patient

No disponible

Hiperpotasemia de causa no renal en paciente en hemodiálisis / Hyperkalemia of non-renal origin in a hemodialysis patient

No disponible

Gastrointestinal complications induced by sevelamer crystals.

BACKGROUND: Sevelamer is a phosphate binder widely used in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Sevelamer, as well as other resin-based binders, can crystallize leading to the formation of concretions. Sevelamer crystals (SC) have been associated with gastrointestinal (GI) mucosal injury. We describe three new cases of GI lesions associated with SC and review previously reported cases. METHODS: We describe three new cases of GI lesions associated with SC and review previously reported cases. RESULTS: We found 16 previously reported cases of SC-induced GI lesions. The mean patient age was 61 years (interquartile range 51.5-71.75), 62.5% were females and 10 patients were diabetic. In 13 cases, SC was found inside the GI mucosa. Six patients had history of major abdominal surgery. GI bleeding was the most common clinical symptom (n = 7), with three patients presenting with acute abdomen requiring surgical intervention. Although, SC-induced lesions were observed in all GI segments, intestine was involved in 81% of the cases. Endoscopic examination revealed mainly erosions and ulcerations (n = 7) and pseudoinflammatory polyps (n = 5). No association between sevelamer doses and the severity of GI lesions was found. However, diabetics patients seemed to develop GI lesions with smaller doses of sevelamer as compared with non-diabetic patients, in spite of their fewer GI comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS: SC-induced GI lesions should be considered in CKD patients treated with sevelamer who present GI symptoms, especially lower GI bleeding, once other causes have been ruled out. Diabetics seem more prone to develop SC- associated GI lesions. Sevelamer therapy should be avoided if possible in patients with a history of major abdominal surgery or chronic constipation, because of the high risk of serious GI complications.

Remission of Hematuria Improves Renal Survival in IgA Nephropathy.

Hematuria is a cardinal symptom in IgA nephropathy, but its influence on the risk of disease progression has been scarcely investigated. We followed a cohort of 112 patients with IgA nephropathy for a mean±SEM period of 14±10.2 years, during which clinical and analytic risk factors (including urine sediment examination) were regularly recorded. According to the magnitude of time-averaged hematuria, we classified patients as those with persistent hematuria and those with negative or minimal hematuria. We also classified patients according to the magnitude of time-averaged proteinuria (>0.75 or ≤0.75 g/d). The proportion of patients reaching ESRD or a 50% reduction of renal function was significantly greater among patients with persistent hematuria than patients with minimal or negative hematuria (30.4% and 37.0% versus 10.6% and 15.2%, respectively; P=0.01). Multivariable analysis revealed time-averaged hematuria, time-averaged proteinuria, renal function at baseline, and the presence of tubulointerstitial fibrosis on renal biopsy as independent predictors of ESRD. After hematuria disappearance, which occurred in 46% of the patients, the rate of renal function decline changed from -6.45±14.66 to -0.18±2.56 ml/min per 1.73 m2 per year (P=0.001). Patients with time-averaged proteinuria >0.75 g/d had significantly poorer renal survival than those with time-averaged proteinuria ≤0.75 g/d. However, on further classification by time-averaged hematuria, only those patients with time-averaged proteinuria >0.75 g/d and persistent hematuria had significantly worse renal survival than those in the other three groups. In conclusion, remission of hematuria may have a significant favorable effect on IgA nephropathy outcomes.

Eficacia de los antivirales de acción directa en la infección por el virus de la hepatitis C en pacientes en hemodiálisis / Effectiveness of direct-acting antivirals in Hepatitis C virus infection in haemodialysis patients

La infección por el virus de la hepatitis C (VHC) es muy prevalente entre los pacientes en hemodiálisis y condiciona un peor pronóstico respecto a los que no la padecen. El tratamiento con interferón y ribavirina es mal tolerado y existen pocos datos sobre la experiencia con los nuevos antivirales de acción directa (AAD). El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar retrospectivamente la prevalencia actual de la infección por el VHC y los resultados de eficacia y seguridad con distintas pautas de AAD en la población en hemodiálisis de 2áreas hospitalarias. Estudio multicéntrico, retrospectivo y observacional en el que se analizan los anticuerpos frente al VHC en 465 pacientes, entre los que 54 de ellos eran positivos (11,6%). Entre estos, 29 casos (53,7%) con genotipos 1 y 4 fueron tratados con distintas pautas de AAD, que incluían combinaciones de paritaprevir/ritonavir, ombitasvir, dasabuvir, sofosbuvir, simeprevir, daclatasvir y ledipasvir, con/sin ribavirina. La edad media era de 53,3+7,9 años, el 72,4% eran varones y la causa más importante de la enfermedad renal crónica eran las alteraciones glomerulares. En el 100% de los casos se obtuvo una respuesta viral sostenida a las 24 semanas independientemente de la pauta de AAD recibida. Los efectos secundarios fueron poco relevantes y ningún caso precisó suspender el tratamiento. En 15 de ellos, se asoció ribavirina a los AAD. En estos casos, el efecto adverso más destacable fue la tendencia a la anemización, reflejada en el incremento de la dosis de agentes estimulantes de la eritropoyesis, aunque ninguno precisó transfusiones. En resumen, concluimos que los nuevos AAD para el tratamiento del VHC en pacientes en hemodiálisis presentan una gran eficacia, con mínimos efectos secundarios, y constituyen un avance muy importante en su manejo, con lo que cabe esperar un pronóstico mucho mejor que el que presentaban hasta muy recientemente (AU)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is highly prevalent among patients on haemodialysis and leads to a poorer prognosis compared to patients who do not have said infection. Treatment with interferon and ribavirin is poorly tolerated and there are limited data on the experience with new direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). The aim of this study is to retrospectively analyse the current prevalence of HCV infection and efficacy and safety results with different DAA regimens in the haemodialysis population of 2hospital areas. This is a multicentre, retrospective and observational study in which HCV antibodies were analysed in 465 patients, with positive antibody findings in 54 of them (11.6%). Among these, 29 cases (53.7%) with genotypes 1 and 4 were treated with different DAA regimens, including combinations of paritaprevir/ritonavir, ombitasvir, dasabuvir, sofosbuvir, simeprevir, daclatasvir and ledipasvir, with/without ribavirin. Mean age was 53.3±7.9 years, 72.4% of patients were male and the most important aetiology of chronic kidney disease involved glomerular abnormalities. In 100% of cases, a sustained viral response was achieved after 24 weeks, regardless of DAA regimen received. Adverse effects were not relevant and no case required stopping treatment. In 15 cases, ribavirin was combined with the DAA. In these cases, the most significant adverse effect was anaemic tendency, which was reflected in the increase of the dose of erythropoietin stimulating agents, although none required transfusions. In summary, we conclude that new DAAs for the treatment of HCV in haemodialysis patients are highly effective with minimal adverse effects; it is a very important advance in HCV management. These patients are therefore expected to have a much better prognosis than they have had until very recently (AU)

Universal Sustained Viral Response to the Combination of Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir and Dasabuvir with/without Ribavirin in Patients on Hemodialysis Infected with Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes 1 and 4.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is highly prevalent among patients on hemodialysis (HD) and is associated with poor prognosis. Treatment with interferon and ribavirin is poorly tolerated, and few data are available on the impact of new direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). This study was intended to analyze the efficacy and safety of treatment with a combination of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir with/without ribavirin in HCV-infected patients on HD from 3 hospitals. METHODS: This is a multicentric study. We analyze the clinical course of all patients on HD with HCV infection who had been treated with the combination of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir in 3 hospitals in Madrid, Spain. All patients under treatment had undergone Transient elastography (FibroScan®) and HCV RNA (PCR) and HCV genotype were determined simultaneously. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients aged 53.3 ± 8.9 years (68.6% males) and with genotypes 1 and 4 were treated with the DAA regimen, and 17 were also given ribavirin. The most common etiology was glomerular disease. Sustained viral response was achieved in 100% of patients. Adverse effects were negligible, and no patient had to discontinue treatment. The most significant side effect was anemia, which led to a significant increase in the dose of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. Anemia was more marked in patients receiving ribavirin. No patients required transfusions. CONCLUSION: A combination of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir with/without ribavirin for the treatment of HCV in patients on HD is highly effective and causes minimal side effects. This regimen represents a major advance in disease management. A considerable improvement in prognosis seems likely.

Effectiveness of direct-acting antivirals in Hepatitis C virus infection in haemodialysis patients. / Eficacia de los antivirales de acción directa en la infección por el virus de la hepatitis C en pacientes en hemodiálisis.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is highly prevalent among patients on haemodialysis and leads to a poorer prognosis compared to patients who do not have said infection. Treatment with interferon and ribavirin is poorly tolerated and there are limited data on the experience with new direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). The aim of this study is to retrospectively analyse the current prevalence of HCV infection and efficacy and safety results with different DAA regimens in the haemodialysis population of 2hospital areas. This is a multicentre, retrospective and observational study in which HCV antibodies were analysed in 465 patients, with positive antibody findings in 54 of them (11.6%). Among these, 29 cases (53.7%) with genotypes 1 and 4 were treated with different DAA regimens, including combinations of paritaprevir/ritonavir, ombitasvir, dasabuvir, sofosbuvir, simeprevir, daclatasvir and ledipasvir, with/without ribavirin. Mean age was 53.3±7.9 years, 72.4% of patients were male and the most important aetiology of chronic kidney disease involved glomerular abnormalities. In 100% of cases, a sustained viral response was achieved after 24 weeks, regardless of DAA regimen received. Adverse effects were not relevant and no case required stopping treatment. In 15 cases, ribavirin was combined with the DAA. In these cases, the most significant adverse effect was anaemic tendency, which was reflected in the increase of the dose of erythropoietin stimulating agents, although none required transfusions. In summary, we conclude that new DAAs for the treatment of HCV in haemodialysis patients are highly effective with minimal adverse effects; it is a very important advance in HCV management. These patients are therefore expected to have a much better prognosis than they have had until very recently.

Hipertensión arterial maligna: una forma de presentación de la nefropatía IgA con mal pronóstico / Malignant hypertension: a type of IgA nephropathy manifestation with poor prognosis

Introducción: La hipertensión arterial maligna (HTAM) es una manifestación clínica poco frecuente de la nefropatía IgA (NIgA). Su prevalencia, patogenia y evolución son escasamente conocidas. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo que muestra las características al diagnóstico y la evolución de 13 enfermos con NIgA demostrada por biopsia e HTAM (NIgA-HTAM) diagnosticados en nuestro centro. Resultados: La prevalencia de HTAM en nuestros pacientes con NIgA fue del 7 % (13/186). La edad media de los enfermos fue de 37 ± 12 años. El 84 % eran varones. La presión arterial media al debut del cuadro fue de 219 ± 32/132 ± 18 mmHg. Todos presentaban insuficiencia renal, con una creatinina sérica (Crs) media de 4,73 ± 3,12 mg/dl. Ningún enfermo presentaba datos clínicos de anemia hemolítica microangiopática. El daño histológico fue moderado, existiendo datos de microangiopatía trombótica en cuatro pacientes. Todos los enfermos se trataron con bloqueantes del sistema renina-angiotensina y dos recibieron esteroides. Pese a ello, la función renal se deterioró progresivamente en todos los casos. Al final del seguimiento un enfermo había muerto, diez estaban en diálisis y los dos restantes presentaban una insuficiencia renal crónica estadio 3b. La probabilidad de supervivencia renal fue del 69 % y del 35 % a los 3 y 6 años de seguimiento. Seis enfermos recibieron un trasplante renal: la NIgA recidivó en cuatro de ellos y uno presentó un nuevo episodio de HTAM asociado a síndrome HELLP. Conclusiones: La HTAM es una forma de presentación de la NIgA con un pronóstico renal muy desfavorable y para la que no disponemos de tratamientos eficaces en la actualidad (AU)

Introduction: Malignant hypertension (MHT) is an uncommon clinical manifestation of IgA Nephropathy (IgAN). Its prevalence, pathogenesis and evolution are not well known. Material and methods: We performed a descriptive and retrospective study to report the clinical characteristics and evolution of thirteen patients diagnosed as having IgA nephropathy by renal biopsy in our hospital who developed MHT (IgAN-MHT). Results: The prevalence of MHT in our IgAN patients was 7% (13/186). The mean age was 37±12 years and 84% were males. Mean systolic/diastolic blood pressure at presentation were 219±32/132±18mmHg, respectively. Renal function impairment was detected at admission in all the patients, with a mean serum creatinine of 4.73±3.12mg/dL. No patient showed analytical data that suggested thrombotic microangiopathy. Renal biopsies showed mild chronicity lesions and only four patients presented features of thrombotic microangiopathy. All patients were treated with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone blockers and two received steroids. They all showed a progressive loss of renal function. At the end of follow up one patient had died, ten were on chronic dialysis and two presented chronic kidney disease stage 3b. Renal survival was 69% and 35% at 3 and 6 years, respectively. Six patients received a kidney transplant: IgAN relapsed in four patients. One of them presented a new episode of MHT associated with a HELLP syndrome. Conclusions: Malignant hypertension is a form of IgAN clinical presentation having a remarkably worse renal outcome and without specific effective treatment

Malignant hypertension: a type of IgA nephropathy manifestation with poor prognosis.

INTRODUCTION:  Malignant hypertension (MHT) is an uncommon clinical manifestation of IgA Nephropathy (IgAN). Its prevalence, pathogenesis and evolution are not well known.  MATERIAL AND METHODS:  We performed a descriptive and retrospective study to report the clinical characteristics and evolution of thirteen patients diagnosed as having IgA nephropathy by renal biopsy in our hospital who developed MHT (IgAN-MHT).  RESULTS:  The prevalence of MHT in our IgAN patients was 7% (13/186). The mean age was 37±12 years and 84% were males. Mean systolic/diastolic blood pressure at presentation were 219±32/132±18mmHg, respectively. Renal function impairment was detected at admission in all the patients, with a mean serum creatinine of 4.73±3.12mg/dL. No patient showed analytical data that suggested thrombotic microangiopathy. Renal biopsies showed mild chronicity lesions and only four patients presented features of thrombotic microangiopathy. All patients were treated with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone blockers and two received steroids. They all showed a progressive loss of renal function. At the end of follow up one patient had died, ten were on chronic dialysis and two presented chronic kidney disease stage 3b. Renal survival was 69% and 35% at 3 and 6 years, respectively. Six patients received a kidney transplant: IgAN relapsed in four patients. One of them presented a new episode of MHT associated with a HELLP syndrome.  CONCLUSIONS:  Malignant hypertension is a form of IgAN clinical presentation having a remarkably worse renal outcome and without specific effective treatment.

Mycophenolate in refractory and relapsing lupus nephritis.

BACKGROUND: Mycophenolate (MF) is effective as induction and maintenance treatment in patients with lupus nephritis (LN). This study evaluates the efficacy and safety of MF in patients with refractory and relapsing LN. METHODS: Data were retrospectively obtained for 85 patients (35 refractory and 50 relapsing) from 11 nephrology departments in Spain. The primary endpoints were the incidence and cumulative number of renal responses and relapses and their relationship with baseline clinical and analytical data. The secondary endpoint was the appearance of side effects. RESULTS: The main clinical and analytical variables were similar both in refractory and relapsing LN. Most of the patients had received cyclophosphamide, and all of them switched to MF. 74 patients (87%) achieved a response (69% partial, 31% complete). Age at starting MF, gender, pathological classification, body mass index, blood pressure, baseline renal function, and proteinuria were not associated with achieving response. After stopping MF, 3 of 19 patients (15.7%) relapsed, all at 6 months of follow-up. No differences were found between clinical and analytical variables and number of relapses. Side effects were unremarkable, except for 1 patient, who died of thrombocytopenia and ovarian hemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS: Switching to MF from other immunosuppressive treatments is effective and safe in refractory and relapsing LN.