RESUMO
Compared with the conventional ECG lead systems, the corrected orthogonal leads by Frank and the leads by Nelson constitute progress, especially if one considers their mathematical and physical comparability and the possibility of recording vectorcardiograms projected on to three orthogonal levels. The discussion about these lead systems and their application in infancy and childhood cannot be considered concluded; above all questions of their information content must be definitively clarified.
Assuntos
Superfície Corporal , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Eletrocardiografia/estatística & dados numéricos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Eletrocardiografia/métodos , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Valores de Referência , Vetorcardiografia/métodos , Vetorcardiografia/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
As a consequence of advanced growth episondes and an increase in the final height of adolescents, resulting in changes in the cardiovascular system, an "acceleration" of electrocardiographic parameters and special morphological features of the ECG can be observed. The trend towards a closer relation between ECG parameters and body height than age, as seen in our probands as well as in the literature, reflects the influence of acceleration on the electrocardiogram.
Assuntos
Estatura/fisiologia , Desenvolvimento Infantil/fisiologia , Eletrocardiografia/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Alemanha , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Valores de ReferênciaRESUMO
The introduction of the Doppler ultrasound measurements opened a new functional dimension in ultrasound diagnosis. For the first time, there is a possibility of estimating both the physiology and the pathophysiology of the uteroplacentofoetal haemodynamics with a noninvasive method during pregnancy. On the basis of more than 400 Doppler ultrasound vascular tests in uteroplacental arteries and in the umbilical artery of 110 pregnant women the blood flow velocity wave-forms were analyzed qualitatively with the pulsatility index, the resistance index and the S/D ratio. The gestational age-related decrease of these values in normal pregnancies reflects a reduction of the flow resistance in placental villous circulation. The values in retroplacentary arteries depend on the location of the tested vessel. The reference values are presented and the problems of the Doppler ultrasound numerical value inquiry and interpretation are discussed.
Assuntos
Sangue Fetal/fisiologia , Troca Materno-Fetal , Gravidez/fisiologia , Diagnóstico Pré-Natal , Ultrassonografia , Artérias , Velocidade do Fluxo Sanguíneo , Feminino , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Placenta/irrigação sanguínea , Valores de Referência , Artérias Umbilicais , Útero/irrigação sanguíneaRESUMO
The influence of the unspecific stress factors at the distribution of the lymphocyte subpopulations in spleen and thymus was investigated in skin transplantation model of the mouse after operation. The parameters total lymphocyte content, electrophoretic distribution pattern, activity and isoenzyme pattern of the LDH were compared in allogenic, syngenic, and sham transplanted mice with untreated control animals. Stress reactions were observed in the electrophoretic distribution pattern of the spleen cells as an increase of the quickly moving fraction (S-fraction) still on the 14th day after transplantation. Such reactions as an increase of the S-fraction were provable in the thymus cells on the 3rd and 7th day. The influence of the operation stress was further shown in a changed isoenzyme pattern of the thymus cells LDH. The relative portions of the LDH 1 and LDH 2 were reduced still 10 days after transplantation with an increase of the LDH 5.
Assuntos
Transplante de Pele , Baço/imunologia , Estresse Fisiológico/imunologia , Timo/imunologia , Animais , Movimento Celular , Eletroforese , Isoenzimas , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/análise , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos , Baço/enzimologia , Estresse Fisiológico/enzimologia , Linfócitos T/enzimologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Timo/enzimologia , Timo/patologia , Fatores de Tempo , Imunologia de TransplantesAssuntos
Doença das Coronárias/diagnóstico , Eletrocardiografia/educação , Infarto do Miocárdio/diagnóstico , Instruções Programadas como Assunto , Adolescente , Adulto , Angina Pectoris/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Eletrocardiografia/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Glomerular perm selectivity can be approximately estimated from the apparent glomerular protein clearance in terms of molecular weight since the relative protein clearance is approximately identical with the corresponding screen coefficient relation. Systematic relativization of individual protein clearances by reference to albumin (or transferrin) clearance requires the application of special calculations to find out the regression coefficients relevant to functional diagnosis. A PAH load influences tubular protein reabsorption so that the clearance of higher-molecular proteins (IgA alpha 2-macroglobuli, IgM) rises. Taking the changes in protein clearance under renotubular PAH load into account allows a more precise estimation of glomerular permeability to be made, in comparison with protein analyses not using PAH load.