Telehealth effectiveness for pre-exposure prophylaxis delivery in Brazilian public services: the Combine! Study.

INTRODUCTION: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) delivery based on user needs can enhance PrEP access and impact. We examined whether telehealth for daily oral PrEP delivery could change the indicators of care related to prophylactic use in five Brazilian public HIV clinics (testing centres, outpatient clinics and infectious disease hospitals). METHODS: Between July 2019 and December 2020, clients on PrEP for at least 6 months could transition to telehealth or stay with in-person follow-up. Clients were clinically monitored until June 2021. A desktop or mobile application was developed, comprising three asynchronous consultations and one annual in-person consultation visit. Predictors influencing telehealth preference and care outcomes were examined. The analysis encompassed intent-to-treat (first choice) and adjustments for sexual practices, schooling, age, duration of PrEP use and PrEP status during the choice period. RESULTS: Of 470 users, 52% chose telehealth, with the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) increasing over time for PrEP use (aOR for 25-months of use: 4.90; 95% CI: 1.32-18.25), having discontinued PrEP at the time of the choice (aOR: 2.91; 95% CI: 1.40-6.06) and having health insurance (aOR: 1.91; 95% CI: 1.24-2.94) and decreasing for those who reported higher-risk behaviour (aOR for unprotected anal sex: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.29-0.88). After an average follow-up period of 1.6 years (95% CI: 1.5-1.7), the risk of discontinuing PrEP (not having the medication for more than 90 days) was 34% lower with telehealth (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.45-0.97). When adjusted by mixed linear regression, no differences in adherence (measured by mean medication possession rate) were found between in-person and telehealth (p = 0.486) or at pre- and post-telehealth follow-ups (p = 0.245). Sexually transmitted infections increased between the pre-follow-up and post-follow-up choices and were not associated with in-person or telehealth (p = 0.528). No HIV infections were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that telehealth for PrEP delivery can enhance service rationalization and reinforce the prevention cascade. This approach reduces prophylaxis interruptions and is mainly preferred by individuals with lower demands for healthcare services.

Nonoccupational post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV after sexual intercourse among women in Brazil: Risk profiles and predictors of loss to follow-up.

Access to antiretroviral-based HIV prevention has been marked by sex asymmetries, and its effectiveness has been compromised by low clinical follow-up rates. We investigated risk profiles of women who received nonoccupational post-exposure prophylaxis (nPEP), as well as the rates and predictive factors of loss to follow-up after nPEP initiation.Retrospective study evaluating 501 women who received nPEP between 2014 and 2015 at 5 HIV centers (testing centers-VCT, outpatient clinics, and infectious diseases hospital). Risk profiles were drawn based on the characteristics of the women and their sexual partners, and then stratified by sociodemographic indicators and previous use of HIV prevention services. Loss to follow-up (LTFU) was defined as not presenting for follow-up visits or for HIV testing after nPEP initiation. Predictors of LTFU were analyzed by calculating adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs).Approximately 90% of women had sexual encounters that met the criteria established in the Brazilian guidelines for nPEP. Those who declared to be sex workers (26.5%) or drug users (19.2%) had the highest social vulnerability indicators. In contrast, women who had intercourse with casual partners of unknown HIV risk (42.7%) had higher education and less experience with previous HIV testing (89.3%) or nPEP use (98.6%). Of the women who received nPEP after sexual intercourse with stable partners, 75.8% had HIV-infected partners. LTFU rate was 72.8% and predictors included being Black (aPR = 1.15, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03-1.30), using drugs/alcohol (aPR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.01-1.32) and having received nPEP at an HIV outpatient clinic (aPR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.20-1.51) or at an infectious diseases hospital (aPR = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.11-1.69) compared with a VCT. The risk of LTFU declined as age increased (aPR 41-59 years = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.68-0.96).Most women who used nPEP had higher socioeconomic status and were not part of populations most affected by HIV. In contrast, factors that contribute to loss to follow-up were: having increased social vulnerability; increased vulnerability to HIV infection; and seeking nPEP at HIV treatment services as opposed to at a VCT.

[From evidence to action: challenges for the Brazilian Unified National Health System in offering pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV to persons with the greatest vulnerability]. / Da evidência à ação: desafios do Sistema Único de Saúde para ofertar a profilaxia pré-exposição sexual (PrEP) ao HIV às pessoas em maior vulnerabilidade.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been considered a promising strategy for controlling the global HIV epidemic. However, it is necessary to translate the knowledge accumulated from clinical trials and demosntration studies to the reality of health services and the groups most vulnerable to infection in order to achieve broad coverage with PrEP. The article proposes a reflection on this challenge, focusing on three dimensions: users of prophylaxis, with an emphasis on the contexts of sexual practices and the potential exposures to HIV; the advantages of prophylaxis as compared to other methods and the challenges for protective and safe use; and health services, considering the organizational principles to ensure greater success in the supply and incorporation of PrEP as part of combination prevention strategies. The following principles were analyzed: uniqueness of care, freedom of choice and non-hierarchization of prevention methods, sexual risk management, scheduling flexibility, and complementary and multidisciplinary care. These principles can foster organization of the health service and care, facilitating linkage and retention in care. Some comments were offered on the relative incompatibility between the existing structure of services and the Brazilian Ministry of Health guidelines for offering PrEP. The conclusion was that the success of PrEP as a public health policy depends on two essential factors: ensuring that health services are culturally diverse settings, free of discrimination, and the intensification of community-based interventions, including social networks, in order to reduce inequalities in access to PrEP and health services as a whole.

A profilaxia pré-exposição sexual (PrEP) tem sido considerada estratégica e promissora no controle da epidemia de HIV globalmente. Contudo, faz-se necessário transpor o conhecimento acumulado pelos estudos de eficácia e demonstrativos à realidade dos serviços e das populações mais vulneráveis à infecção, de forma a alcançar uma ampla cobertura da PrEP. Propõe-se uma reflexão sobre tal desafio enfocando duas dimensões: os usuários da profilaxia, com ênfase nos contextos de práticas e de potencial exposição ao HIV; as vantagens comparativas da profilaxia em relação aos demais métodos e os desafios para um uso protetivo e seguro; e os serviços, considerando os princípios organizativos que poderão conferir maior êxito na oferta e na incorporação da PrEP, no bojo das estratégias de prevenção combinada. Foram analisados como alguns princípios - singularidade no cuidado, autonomia para escolha e não hierarquização dos métodos, gestão de risco sexual e flexibilidade de agendamento e complementaridade de uma equipe multiprofissional - podem favorecer a organização do serviço e do cuidado, facilitando a vinculação e retenção dos usuários. Teceram-se algumas considerações acerca de uma relativa incompatibilidade entre a estrutura existente nos serviços e as diretrizes do Ministério da Saúde para oferta de PrEP. Concluiu-se que o maior êxito da PrEP como política pública de saúde depende de dois aspectos centrais: assegurar que os serviços sejam ambientes culturalmente diversos e livres de discriminação e a intensificação das intervenções comunitárias, incluindo as redes sociais, de forma a reduzir iniquidades no acesso aos serviços e à PrEP.

La profilaxis pre-exposición sexual (PrEP) ha sido considerada una estratégica y prometedora acción en el control de la epidemia de VIH globalmente. No obstante, se hace necesario trasladar el conocimiento acumulado por los estudios de eficacia, que muestren la realidad de los servicios y la población más vulnerable a la infección, de manera que se alcance una amplia cobertura de la PrEP. Se propone una reflexión sobre este desafío centrándose en dos dimensiones: usuarios de profilaxis, con énfasis en contextos de prácticas y potencial exposición al VIH; ventajas comparativas de la profilaxis, respecto a los demás métodos, y los desafíos para un uso con protección y seguro; y los servicios, considerando principios organizativos que podrían otorgar un mayor éxito a la oferta e incorporación de la PrEP, en el seno de estrategias de prevención combinada. Se analizaron como algunos principios: singularidad en el cuidado, autonomía para la elección y no jerarquización de los métodos, gestión del riesgo sexual y flexibilidad de citas y complementariedad de un equipo multiprofesional. Todos ellos pueden favorecer la organización del servicio y del cuidado, facilitando la vinculación y preservación de los usuarios. Se elaboraron algunas consideraciones, acerca de una relativa incompatibilidad entre la estructura existente en los servicios y las directrices del Ministerio de Salud de Brasil para la oferta de PrEP. Se concluyó que el mayor éxito de la PrEP, como política pública de salud, depende de dos aspectos centrales: asegurar que los servicios sean ambientes culturalmente diversos y libres de discriminación y la intensificación de las intervenciones comunitarias, incluyendo redes sociales, de forma que se reduzcan las inequidades en el acceso a los servicios y al PrEP.

Da evidência à ação: desafios do Sistema Único de Saúde para ofertar a profilaxia pré-exposição sexual (PrEP) ao HIV às pessoas em maior vulnerabilidade / From evidence to action: challenges for the Brazilian Unified National Health System in offering pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV to persons with the greatest vulnerability / De la evidencia a la acción: desafíos del Sistema Único de Salud para ofrecer la profilaxis pre-exposición sexual (PrEP) al VIH a personas con mayor vulnerabilidad

Resumo: A profilaxia pré-exposição sexual (PrEP) tem sido considerada estratégica e promissora no controle da epidemia de HIV globalmente. Contudo, faz-se necessário transpor o conhecimento acumulado pelos estudos de eficácia e demonstrativos à realidade dos serviços e das populações mais vulneráveis à infecção, de forma a alcançar uma ampla cobertura da PrEP. Propõe-se uma reflexão sobre tal desafio enfocando duas dimensões: os usuários da profilaxia, com ênfase nos contextos de práticas e de potencial exposição ao HIV; as vantagens comparativas da profilaxia em relação aos demais métodos e os desafios para um uso protetivo e seguro; e os serviços, considerando os princípios organizativos que poderão conferir maior êxito na oferta e na incorporação da PrEP, no bojo das estratégias de prevenção combinada. Foram analisados como alguns princípios - singularidade no cuidado, autonomia para escolha e não hierarquização dos métodos, gestão de risco sexual e flexibilidade de agendamento e complementaridade de uma equipe multiprofissional - podem favorecer a organização do serviço e do cuidado, facilitando a vinculação e retenção dos usuários. Teceram-se algumas considerações acerca de uma relativa incompatibilidade entre a estrutura existente nos serviços e as diretrizes do Ministério da Saúde para oferta de PrEP. Concluiu-se que o maior êxito da PrEP como política pública de saúde depende de dois aspectos centrais: assegurar que os serviços sejam ambientes culturalmente diversos e livres de discriminação e a intensificação das intervenções comunitárias, incluindo as redes sociais, de forma a reduzir iniquidades no acesso aos serviços e à PrEP.

Abstract: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been considered a promising strategy for controlling the global HIV epidemic. However, it is necessary to translate the knowledge accumulated from clinical trials and demosntration studies to the reality of health services and the groups most vulnerable to infection in order to achieve broad coverage with PrEP. The article proposes a reflection on this challenge, focusing on three dimensions: users of prophylaxis, with an emphasis on the contexts of sexual practices and the potential exposures to HIV; the advantages of prophylaxis as compared to other methods and the challenges for protective and safe use; and health services, considering the organizational principles to ensure greater success in the supply and incorporation of PrEP as part of combination prevention strategies. The following principles were analyzed: uniqueness of care, freedom of choice and non-hierarchization of prevention methods, sexual risk management, scheduling flexibility, and complementary and multidisciplinary care. These principles can foster organization of the health service and care, facilitating linkage and retention in care. Some comments were offered on the relative incompatibility between the existing structure of services and the Brazilian Ministry of Health guidelines for offering PrEP. The conclusion was that the success of PrEP as a public health policy depends on two essential factors: ensuring that health services are culturally diverse settings, free of discrimination, and the intensification of community-based interventions, including social networks, in order to reduce inequalities in access to PrEP and health services as a whole.

Resumen: La profilaxis pre-exposición sexual (PrEP) ha sido considerada una estratégica y prometedora acción en el control de la epidemia de VIH globalmente. No obstante, se hace necesario trasladar el conocimiento acumulado por los estudios de eficacia, que muestren la realidad de los servicios y la población más vulnerable a la infección, de manera que se alcance una amplia cobertura de la PrEP. Se propone una reflexión sobre este desafío centrándose en dos dimensiones: usuarios de profilaxis, con énfasis en contextos de prácticas y potencial exposición al VIH; ventajas comparativas de la profilaxis, respecto a los demás métodos, y los desafíos para un uso con protección y seguro; y los servicios, considerando principios organizativos que podrían otorgar un mayor éxito a la oferta e incorporación de la PrEP, en el seno de estrategias de prevención combinada. Se analizaron como algunos principios: singularidad en el cuidado, autonomía para la elección y no jerarquización de los métodos, gestión del riesgo sexual y flexibilidad de citas y complementariedad de un equipo multiprofesional. Todos ellos pueden favorecer la organización del servicio y del cuidado, facilitando la vinculación y preservación de los usuarios. Se elaboraron algunas consideraciones, acerca de una relativa incompatibilidad entre la estructura existente en los servicios y las directrices del Ministerio de Salud de Brasil para la oferta de PrEP. Se concluyó que el mayor éxito de la PrEP, como política pública de salud, depende de dos aspectos centrales: asegurar que los servicios sean ambientes culturalmente diversos y libres de discriminación y la intensificación de las intervenciones comunitarias, incluyendo redes sociales, de forma que se reduzcan las inequidades en el acceso a los servicios y al PrEP.