Description of a new subspecies of Chonala laurae Bozano, 1999 from Southeastern China (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae).

The satyrid species Chonala laurae Bozano, 1999, formerly only known from southern Shaanxi and western Hubei Provinces in the central part of China, is recorded from Mt. Wuyi, Fujian Province in southeastern China for the first time, and the population is described as a new subspecies herein: C. laurae wuyishana Huang, Guo & Wang, ssp. n. The new subspecies can be distinguished from the nominate one by the pattern at the costa and in space 2 on the forewing upperside in males and the ground color in females, and from the closely related C. houae by the coloration of the pattern on the forewing upperside and in space 2 on the forewing underside as well as the male genital character. A brief discussion on the relationship among C. laurae laurae, C. laurae wuyishana ssp. n., and C. houae is also presented. In addition, an updated key to species and subspecies of Chonala is provided.

A new species of the genus Phengaris (s. str.) (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) from China.

A new species of the genus Phengaris Doherty, 1891 (s. str.), namely Phengaris chloe sp. nov., has been discovered in Wuyi Mountain National Park, E. China. This species is markedly different from the other members in the genus Phengaris Doherty, 1891 (s. str.) and can be identified by the following characteristics: Forewing without markings in the distal of space CuA1 and CuA2, the marginal marking of underside wings weaker than other species in this genus and the distinct short protuberance at distal of valve. Photographs of adults and male genitalia are provided. A key to the Phengaris (s. str.) species based on wing pattern and male genitalia morphology is presented.

Application of the robot-assisted implantation in deep brain stimulation.

Introduction: This work aims to assess the accuracy of robotic assistance guided by a videometric tracker in deep brain stimulation (DBS). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed a total of 30 DBS electrode implantations, assisted by the Remebot robotic system, with a novel frameless videometric registration workflow. Then we selected 30 PD patients who used stereotactic frame surgery to implant electrodes during the same period. For each electrode, accuracy was assessed using radial and axial error. Results: The average radial error of the robot-assisted electrode implantation was 1.28 ± 0.36 mm, and the average axial error was 1.20 ± 0.40 mm. No deaths or associated hemorrhages, infections or poor incision healing occurred. Conclusion: Robot-assisted implantation guided by a videometric tracker is accurate and safe.

Neopheosia pseudofasciata sp. nov., a new species of Notodontidae (Lepidoptera) from Wuyishan National Park, southeastern China.

A new species of the genus Neopheosia Matsumura, 1920, N. pseudofasciata sp. nov. is described and illustrated from Fujian province. The species resembles N. fasciata (Moore, 1888) but differs in a forewing pattern in M3 cell; diagnostic differences are observed in genitalia characters as well. DNA barcode data of the new species and its relatives are deposited in GenBank. A key to the Neopheosia species based on morphology is presented. The holotype is deposited in the Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou.

Taxonomic study of the Oriental genus Catullioides Bierman, 1910 (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Tropiduchidae), with description of a new species from China.

The tropiduchid genus Catullioides Bierman, 1910 is redescribed and illustrated. Catullioides includes two species, C. rubrolineata Bierman, 1910 (the type species) and C. taishunensis Zhu, Wang & Song, sp. nov. A key to the species of the genus is provided.

Butterfly Conservation in China: From Science to Action.

About 10% of the Earth's butterfly species inhabit the highly diverse ecosystems of China. Important for the ecological, economic, and cultural services they provide, many butterfly species experience threats from land use shifts and climate change. China has recently adopted policies to protect the nation's biodiversity resources. This essay examines the current management of butterflies in China and suggests various easily implementable actions that could improve these conservation efforts. Our recommendations are based on the observations of a transdisciplinary group of entomologists and environmental policy specialists. Our analysis draws on other successful examples around the world that China may wish to consider. China needs to modify its scientific methodologies behind butterfly conservation management: revising the criteria for listing protected species, focusing on umbrella species for broader protection, identifying high priority areas and refugia for conservation, among others. Rural and urban land uses that provide heterogeneous habitats, as well as butterfly host and nectar plants, must be promoted. Butterfly ranching and farming may also provide opportunities for sustainable community development. Many possibilities exist for incorporating observations of citizen scientists into butterfly data collection at broad spatial and temporal scales. Our recommendations further the ten Priority Areas of China's National Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (2011-2030).

Fourteen complete mitochondrial genomes of butterflies from the genus Lethe (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) with mitogenome-based phylogenetic analysis.

The mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) can help us understand the phylogenetic relationships within the genus Lethe and the subfamily Satyrinae. In this study, we sequenced the complete mitogenomes of 14 Lethe species, which range in size from 15,225 to 15,271 bp, with both 37 genes (13 PCGs, 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs) and a noncoding A + T-rich region. The gene arrangement and orientation is similar to typical mitogenomes of Lepidoptera. The Ka/Ks ratio shows that cox1 has the slowest evolutionary rate. The secondary structure of trnN lacks the Pseudouracil loop (TψC loop) in most Lethe species. The inferred phylogenetic analyses show that Lethe is a well-supported monophyletic group, and reveal 2 major clades within the genus Lethe, which is consistent with previous morphological classifications.

Heritability and evolutionary potential in thermal tolerance traits in the invasive Mediterranean cryptic species of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).

With advancing global climate change, the analysis of thermal tolerance and evolutionary potential is important in explaining the ecological adaptation and changes in the distribution of invasive species. To reveal the variation of heat resistance and evolutionary potential in the invasive Mediterranean cryptic species of Bemisia tabaci, we selected two Chinese populations-one from Harbin, N China, and one from Turpan, S China-that experience substantial heat and cold stress and conducted knockdown tests under static high- and low-temperature conditions. ANOVAs indicated significant effects of populations and sex on heat knockdown time and chill coma recovery time. The narrow-sense heritability (h2) estimates of heat tolerance based on a parental half-sibling breeding design ranged from 0.47 ± 0.03 to 0.51 ± 0.06, and the estimates of cold tolerance varied from 0.33 ± 0.07 to 0.36 ± 0.06. Additive genetic variances were significantly different from zero for both heat and cold tolerance. These results suggest that invasive B. tabaci Mediterranean cryptic species possesses a strong ability to respond to thermal selection and develops rapid resistance to climate change.

[A DTI study of the contralateral corticospinal tract modeled through simulated intracranial space-occupying lesions in macaque brain motor areas].

Recent studies found that a loss of motor function following corticospinal tract (CST) damage can, to some extent, be restored. Few studies, however, examine how space-occupying lesions in the brain motor area may affect the contralateral CTS structure and function. We performed a simulation of intracranial space-occupying lesions in the brain motor area by implanting of balloons into the brains of the two healthy macaques. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was performed on the macaques' brains four times to measure the FA values of the contralateral CST operative area. The results showed that on the day of balloon implantation, the FA values had no obvious effect, but with time the effect increased, becoming increasingly apparent one week after removing the balloons. Experimental results demonstrated that this model was both feasible and reliable. After the simulated space-occupying lesions occurred in the brain motor area, DTI showed a compensatory response of the contralateral CTS, which remained for a short period of time even after the lesions were removed. This result suggests that the contralateral CST may then also contribute to recovery of limb function.